Abstract: A handheld vacuum cleaner includes a fluid flow path extending from a dirty air inlet to a clean air outlet, a main body, and a motor assembly positioned in the main body and along the fluid flow path. The motor defines a motor rotational axis. The handheld vacuum cleaner also includes a cyclonic chamber positioned in the fluid flow path. The cyclonic chamber defines a separator axis. The separator axis and the motor rotational axis form an obtuse angle extending between the cyclonic chamber and the motor assembly. The handheld vacuum cleaner further includes a pre-motor filter in the fluid flow path downstream from the cyclonic chamber and upstream from the motor assembly, a plenum in the fluid flow path immediately upstream from the motor assembly, and a sensor positioned on the plenum. The sensor is operable to measure a characteristic of the fluid flow path.

Abstract: A dust detection device, in particular a dust extraction device, for cleaning the air, in particular from wood dust, is configured to be worn around the waist of a user of the dust detection device.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a robot cleaner, more particularly, to a robot cleaner that may be escaped from a trapped state by an escaping unit formed in an inner surface of a wheel, when a body of the robot cleaner is caught in a protrusion to put the robot cleaner in a trapped state where the robot cleaner cannot run during the running on the floor of a cleaning area.

Abstract: A surface cleaning apparatus is provided. The surface cleaning apparatus includes a dirt inlet, a rotatable brushing member, and a brush motor drivingly connected to the rotatable brushing member. The brush motor includes a plurality of field coils, a first motor sub-unit, a second motor sub-unit, and a motor controller. The first motor sub-unit includes a first rotor portion, a first stator portion, and a first field coil. The second motor sub-unit includes a second rotor portion, a second stator portion, and a second field coil. The first and second rotor portions are rotatable about a motor axis and are drivingly connected to the brushing member. The second motor sub-unit is axially spaced along the motor axis from the first motor sub-unit. The motor controller is operable to direct electric current through the plurality of field coils generating magnetic fields and driving rotation of the rotor portions.

Abstract: A removable rotatable driven agitator is used in a surface cleaning head and is driven by a drive mechanism that axially engages a driven end of the agitator. The removable rotatable driven agitator may be located in an openable agitator chamber for purposes of removing debris and/or removing the agitator. The openable agitator chamber may be covered by an external cover that is movable between an open position and a closed position. The removable agitator may be secured in the agitator chamber by the external cover. The removable rotatable agitator may have an end cap mounted on a rotatable bushing at a non-driven end and may have a splined driven member at the driven end to engage a splined drive member on the drive mechanism.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an adjusting structure of a floor brush wheel, which includes a bottom housing, a top housing, a transmission member, a first pulley assembly, and a second pulley assembly. The bottom housing and the top housing are fastened to form a receiving cavity. The transmission member is received in the receiving cavity and movably connected to the bottom housing. The first pulley assembly and the second pulley assembly are movably connected to the bottom housing, respectively. One end of the transmission member abuts against the first pulley assembly, and the other end of the transmission member abuts against the second pulley assembly. When the transmission member slides in a first direction, the first pulley assembly and the second pulley assembly are pressed by the transmission member to slide in a direction away from the bottom housing.

Abstract: An intelligent cleaning device, comprising: a machine body (100); and a cleaning assembly (200) that is detachably connected to the machine body (100) along the forward or backward direction of the machine body (100). The cleaning assembly (200) comprises a liquid containing box, a connecting plate and a flexible cleaning body that are stacked. The liquid containing box is detachably connected to the machine body (100) along the forward or backward direction of the machine body (100), and the liquid containing box at least partially surrounds the outer side of a fan in the machine body (100). The connecting plate is detachably connected to the liquid containing box along the forward or backward direction of the liquid containing box. The flexible cleaning body is detachably connected onto the connecting plate.

Abstract: A filter device for a vacuum cleaner having a turbine device for generating at least one first and one second main air flow through at least a portion of the vacuum cleaner having and a control unit. The filter device has a first chamber including a first filter element, a first outflow opening, a first inlet opening and a first pressure surge element dividing the first chamber into a first chamber first space and a first chamber second space and reversibly movable between a first pressure surge element first position and a first pressure surge element second position, and a second chamber including a second filter element, a second outflow opening, a second inlet opening and a second pressure surge element dividing the second chamber into a second chamber first space and a second chamber second space reversibly movable between a second pressure surge element first position and a second pressure surge element second position.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a sealing structure and a smart cleaning device. The sealing structure is configured to seal an infrared wall-following module of the smart cleaning device. The sealing structure includes a housing and a lens. The housing is connected to a side of the infrared wall-following module facing a protective shell of the smart cleaning device. The lens is connected to the housing, and the lens covers a side surface of the housing facing the protective shell. The lens includes an arc-shaped panel and a connecting plate that is arranged on an edge of the arc-shaped panel and that extends toward the infrared wall-following module.

Abstract: Walk-behind floor treatment machine comprising: a base portion provided with and supported by at least one rotatable work head for treating the floor, a handle portion for steering or guiding the machine along a working direction of travel and adapted to be pivotable with respect to the base portion, drive means for rotating the work head with respect to the base portion, floor-engaging wheel means for supporting the handle portion, the wheel means having a substantially transverse axis of rotation so as to permit travel in the working direction, the wheel means being coupled to the base portion by a linkage which permits vertical travel of the base portion and associated work head or heads with respect to the wheel means, but which provides transverse constraint to limit or prevent yawing of the base portion with respect to the wheel means, wherein a lower region of the handle portion is pivotably connected to the wheel means so that the handle portion may pivot through a generally vertical arc, and wherein

Abstract: A vertical household floor scrubber is provided, including: a base, where a traveling wheel and a cleaning component are disposed on the base; a floor scrubber body disposed on the base and capable of rotating relative to the base to help the cleaning component to perform a cleaning operation, where a mounting portion is disposed on the floor scrubber body, and one side of the mounting portion away from the base is provided with a mounting groove; a rechargeable battery, where the rechargeable battery is detachably mounted in the mounting groove, and the rechargeable battery is electrically connected to a component in the mounting portion; and a mounting structure, where the mounting structure is disposed between the rechargeable battery and the mounting groove, and the mounting structure is configured to implement detachable assembly between the rechargeable battery and the mounting groove.

Abstract: A vertical surface cleaning device comprising a main body, a cleaning arm, a cleaning head, and leg mechanisms with grippers. The cleaning head applies a cleaning fluid on a surface to carry out a cleaning operation. A waste collector is provided to collect a waste material arising from the cleaning operation. The grippers may remain in a grip or in a release state. The segments of the leg mechanisms are articulatable to configure a first group of the leg mechanisms to stably hold the main body at a first place with the grippers remaining in the grip state. A second group of the leg mechanisms move in a desired direction with their grippers in release state while the first group stably holds the main body. The first group of the leg mechanisms then moves in the same direction while the second group holds the main body at a second place.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method includes receiving data regarding an area to be cleaned, the data comprising data regarding movement of people or machines through the area to be cleaned; training a machine learning cleaning model based on the data; creating a floor cleaning plan using the machine learning cleaning model, the floor cleaning plan identifying a cleaning time to minimize a likelihood of a robotic cleaning device encountering a person or a machine while cleaning; and transmitting the floor cleaning plan to a robotic cleaning device

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a cleaning assembly and a smart cleaning device. The cleaning assembly is capable of being mounted on a machine body of a smart cleaning device and includes a connecting plate and a soft cleaning body, wherein the connecting plate and the soft cleaning body are detachably connected through a slide assembly, the slide assembly includes a mounting groove and a guide bar which are mutually matched, the mounting groove is provided on one of the connecting plate and the soft cleaning body, and the guide bar is disposed on the other one of the connecting plate and the soft cleaning body.

Abstract: A grout cleaning attachment configured for removably attaching to a shoe enables a user to scrub a grout line with their foot. The grout cleaning attachment includes a brush that extends out and away from a toe section of the shoe so that a person using the attachment can see where the brush bristles are and locate the brush over the grout line. The grout cleaning attachment includes a cup section that slides over the front section of the shoe and a strap on the aft section that wraps around the person's shoe and ankle to secure the grout cleaning attachment to the shoe. The grout cleaning attachment is light in weight and easy to install and remove from a shoe being worn by a person. The brush is narrow in width and long in length so that most of the bristles will be used to brush over the grout line. Also, the brush can be curved upward in order to improve the brushing performance for cleaning a grout line.

Abstract: Novel cleaning implements and novel components of cleaning implements are provided. Aspects relate to a cleaning implement that includes a wringer structure that is slidable along an elongate shaft member. The wringer structure further includes a removably coupled scrubbing brush structure.

Abstract: This is a device for releasing and detaching a cleaning cloth from the base that retains it; and in particular the release and detachment device of the invention allows you to release and detach from the base a cleaning cloth that has pockets within which are inserted the lateral ends of said base supporting the cloth.

Abstract: A spin mop and bucket system to assist in dewatering a mop is disclosed. The spin mop may have a handle assembly slidably connected with a spiral member, and a mop head that is attached to the spiral member. When the handle assembly moves along the spiral member, the spiral member rotates causing the mop head to rotate. The mop head may articulate relative to the handle assembly and may be pivotally connected to the spiral member and also pivotally connected to a swivel member located between the spiral member and a mop head base. The mop head may be received in a wringer basket of a bucket assembly, such that when the mop head spins, the wringer basket spins to expel any excess fluid from the mop head.

Abstract: A double action wringer assembly for wringing a mop in a mop bucket includes a mop bucket and a wringer that is positioned on the mop bucket. A handle is included that has a pair of legs each extending between a grip such that the handle has a U-shape. The handle is movably integrated into the wringer for wringing the mop. A foot pedal is movably disposed on the mop bucket and the foot pedal can be stepped upon. Additionally, the foot pedal is in mechanical communication with the wringer. The foot pedal urges the wringer into the compressed condition when the foot pedal is stepped upon to wring the mop.

Abstract: A household appliance includes a control device configured to carry out a treatment program from a plurality of treatment programs, with each of the plurality of treatment programs being determined by a plurality of program parameters, an output unit configured to output a feedback survey in accordance with a feedback cycle to a user of the household appliance, and an adjustment unit configured to adjust the feedback cycle depending on a user feedback detected by an input means.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a dishwasher. The dishwasher includes, a tub provided in the cabinet to form a washing chamber, and a drying apparatus arranged on a side wall of the tub and including a flow path provided to allow air sucked from the washing chamber to flow, a heater arranged in the flow path to heat air in the flow path, and a switch arranged upstream of the heater to turn off the heater in response to air, which is adjacent to the heater, reaching a predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A system is provided for wireless transmission of data and/or power using an on-body antenna apparatus (40) and an implant device inside the body. The system comprises the implant device and the on-body antenna apparatus (40) as well as an antenna control system. The implant device, is for use within the body and comprises an implant antenna (16) arranged to receive wirelessly transmitted power and/or to wirelessly transmit data. The on-body antenna apparatus (40) is arranged to transmit power and/or data acting as a radiative antenna, wherein the on-body antenna apparatus (40) comprises a pair of patch antennas (42) arranged to be placed on the surface of the body (44) spaced apart from one another to form an antenna circuit that is coupled by the body tissue around and between the patch antennas (42).

Abstract: Systems and methods may determine an amount of current being drawn by a light source and determine, based on the amount of current, a type of light source. Based on the type of light source, an amount of time associated with disabling the light source may be determined. A voltage may be supplied to the light source for the amount of time.

Abstract: A medical system according to the present invention comprises: a medical device comprising an insertion part comprising an angulating part, and angulation wires attached to the angulating part; and an actuator, detachably connected to the medical device, that electrically actuates the angulation wires to angulate the angulating part. The angulation wires comprise a first angulation wire and a second angulation wire. When the medical device is not attached to the actuator, the first angulation wire and the second angulation wire are in a mechanically connected looped state. When the medical device is connected to the actuator, the first angulation wire and the second angulation wire are in a second state in which the two are independently electrically actuated.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure include an endoscope tip assembly for use on an endoscope, during procedures. The endoscope tip assembly may include a base configured to receive an endoscope tip configured to not disengage from the endoscope tip during a procedure. The endoscope tip assembly may also include a plurality of struts which is connected by a webbing, may fold flat during insertion, and may assume a balloon-like shape during withdrawal.

Abstract: A falloposcope is described, and a method of screening a patient for fallopian tube and/or ovarian cancer with the falloposcope. The falloposcope can perform optical imaging, including fluorescence imaging and/or optical coherence tomography (OCT), and optionally include a channel for a sampling wire, within a diameter of about 0.7 millimeter. The method includes inserting the falloposcope through a lumen of vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tube so a tip of the falloposcope is in proximity to a first fallopian tube or ovary of the patient; providing fluorescence stimulus wavelength through an illumination fiber of the falloposcope while imaging light at fluorescence emission wavelength through a coherent fiber bundle to form fluorescence emissions images; and determining suspect tissue. Then the sampling wire is used to collect cells from the suspect tissue for karyotype and other analysis.

Abstract: Disclosed are medical examination or diagnostic instruments and methods of operating such instruments. The method can include coupling an instrument head to a handle to form a medical examination or diagnostic instrument; detecting by the instrument head, a characteristic of the handle; and based at least in part on detecting the characteristic of the handle, determining, by the instrument head, a handle type associated with the handle, or detecting by the handle, a characteristic of the instrument head, and based at least in part on detecting the characteristic of the instrument head, an instrument head type associated with the instrument head. In some implementations, the emission of light can be controlled to be approximately linear in relation to a user input signal, as perceived by a user.

Abstract: An endoscope reprocessor includes: a pump; a port; a tube connected to the port; a connector disposed in the tube and connected to a pipe sleeve of a treatment instrument channel, which is a pipe of an endoscope, and configured to allow a fluid to be leaked from a connection region of the connector to the pipe sleeve to an outer circumferential surface of the pipe sleeve; a valve disposed in a flow path; a pressure sensor configured to measure a pressure of the fluid; and a processor configured to repeatedly control the valve such that the valve is closed when the pressure exceeds a first pressure and the valve is opened when the pressure is lower than a second pressure, and determine a feeding state of the fluid based on a time period until an opening/closing number of the valve reaches a predetermined number more than one.

Abstract: An omni-directional endoscope mechanism, one-handed joystick drives steel cable traction frame to swing and tilt, pulls steel cables and achieves bending part at front bent.

Abstract: Various apparatuses to attach a first medical device to a second medical device are described that allow the physician to grasp only a single device while the other device remains securely attached to the one being grasped. The apparatuses, once they are attached to the first medical device, are designed to be easily and quickly attached and detached to a second medical device, normally only requiring the use of one hand. Furthermore, the apparatuses oftentimes include a base that can easily couple and decouple from the portion that is attached to the second medical device so that if the need arises to separately use the second medical device, it can be decoupled from the first medical device without completely removing the apparatus from the second medical device.

Abstract: A visualized medical system with a cavity expanding device includes a cavity expanding mechanism and an observation mechanism. The cavity expanding mechanism includes an expanding end arranged at a front end of the operating mechanism and configured to expand a cavity at the front end of the observation mechanism to expand a field of view of the observation mechanism. The observation mechanism includes a lighting module, a lens module, a signal processing module, and a housing. An image and a video observed in the lens module in a light field of the lighting module are processed by the signal processing module, and then outputted to a display system by a circuit system for displaying. The visualized medical system with a cavity expanding device can introduce a surgical instrument into a body from a sheath to perform various surgical operations such as biopsy sampling, electrocution, electrocoagulation, and ablation during observation.

Abstract: A method for supplementing a component (20) of a medical instrument (10) by way of a plastic component comprises the steps of inserting (106) the component (20) of the medical instrument (10) into a casting mold (70) and closing (107) the casting mold (70), a first region (72) of a mold surface of the casting mold (70) being placed against the component (20) and a casting chamber (78) remaining between a second region (74) of the mold surface of the casting mold (70) and the component (20); a step of supplying (108) a liquid plastic to the casting chamber (76); and a step of coupling (111) electromagnetic radiation into the liquid plastic within the casting chamber (76) in order to trigger a solidification of the plastic and in order to form the plastic component.

Abstract: A surgical camera system includes a camera with at least one sensor configured to capture image data comprising a first range of wavelengths and a second range of wavelengths. An excitation light source emits an excitation emission at an excitation wavelength. A controller is in communication with the at least one sensor of the camera. The controller is configured to process the image data from the at least one sensor and detect at least one fluorescent portion of the image data in response to a fluorescent emission generated by a fluorescent agent in the second range of wavelengths. The controller is further configured to generate enhanced image data demonstrating the at least one fluorescent portion of the surgical implement in the image data.

Abstract: An endoscope system includes an endoscope that can be inserted in and pulled out from a subject, and includes a tip portion provided with an imaging unit including an optical system and an image sensor, a posture control sensor that is arranged at the tip portion of the endoscope, and detects posture information in at least three directions, a front-rear direction, an up-down direction, and a left-right direction, of the tip portion, and a calculation device that calculates presence or absence of deviation in the up-down direction of an image captured by the imaging unit, based on the posture information in the three directions detected by the posture control sensor. The calculation device displays an indicator indicating the presence or absence of deviation in the up-down direction of the image in association with the image on a monitor.

Abstract: A liquid feeding conduit includes: a tube body of a cleaning tube through which a fluid passes; an endoscope-side connector provided at an end of the tube body, the endoscope-side connector being connected to a conduit cap of an endoscope conduit; a valve element provided in the endoscope-side connector, the valve element being configured to move toward a side of the conduit cap by a supply pressure of the fluid to thereby watertightly connect the endoscope-side connector and the conduit cap; a spring configured to bias the valve element toward an opposite side of the conduit cap; and a buffer unit configured to delay the movement of the valve element toward the side of the conduit cap.

Abstract: Provided are an endoscope capable of preventing a cleaning liquid from remaining on a surface of an observation optical system with a simpler configuration, and a method for manufacturing the endoscope. In the endoscope that includes a convex observation optical system provided at a distal end of an insertion portion and in which a cleaning liquid is ejected from an air and water supply nozzle, a distal end surface surrounding the observation optical system and having an uneven shape is provided.

Abstract: An instrument head for attachment to a plurality of instrument handles having different power sources is described. The instrument head includes at least one light-emitting diode, and a controller. When the controller detects an instability in a voltage input from a power source in an instrument handle attached to the instrument head, the controller transitions from a normal mode of operation to a mitigation mode of operation. The mitigation mode of operation prevents an increase in output of the at least one light-emitting diode for a predetermined period of time.

Abstract: A support rig for a medical instrument can hold a medical instrument that is inserted into a patient in a fixed position and orientation relative to patient, so that the position and orientation of the medical instrument is not affected by the breathing or other motion of the patient. The support rig and medical instrument can be radiolucent and non-metallic, so that an image can be taken of the patient while the medical instrument is inserted in the patent and held by the support rig. The radiolucent support rig and medical instrument can allow for imaging, including x-ray, CT, and/or MRI, to occur simultaneously during the surgery. Surgical outcomes can be improved by using imaging to provide information about a tumor and/or anatomical structures during surgery.

Abstract: An aspiration prevention system may be configured to keep items from moving from a mouth of a patient into a throat of the patient. The system may include a mouth prop, a frame, and an air-permeable barrier. The mouth prop may have a top surface configured to abut top teeth of the mouth, a bottom surface configured to abut bottom teeth of the mouth, and a frame coupling feature. The frame may have a barrier retention feature configured to retain an air-permeable barrier, and a prop coupling feature that is attachable to the frame coupling feature of the mouth prop in a position in which the frame at least partially covers the throat.

Abstract: A rigid intubation stylet with an extended tip for use during video laryngoscopic intubations. This tip is hyper angulated from the end of the stylet back towards the stylet body. The shape of the tip is conical and tapers down away from the body of the stylet. The tip is more pliable than the rigid stylet body. The stylet body is longer than traditional rigid stylets to allow the tip to extend past an endotracheal tube during endotracheal intubation.

Abstract: A device for visualization of internal tissue of a patient's uterus, the device including a hand-held control unit, an elongated member, and an image capturing tip. To provide better light conditions, to reduce heat generation and related problems with excessive heating and to improve the ergonomic conditions, a device including an illumination structure having at least a first and a second optical fibre is provided.

Abstract: An object sizing system sizes an object positioned within a patient. The object sizing system identifies a presence of the object. The object sizing system navigates an elongate body of an instrument to a position proximal to the object within the patient. An imaging sensor coupled to the elongate body captures one or more sequential images of the object. The instrument may be further moved around within the patient to capture additional images at different positions/orientations relative to the object. The object sizing system also acquires robot data and/or EM data associated with the positions and orientations of the elongate body. The object sizing system analyzes the captured images based on the acquired robot data to estimate a size of the object.

Abstract: A holder for intervertebral foramen endoscope fusion includes an inner rod, an anti-torsion sleeve and an outer sleeve which are sleeved from inside to outside and are movable relatively along an axial direction. The inner rod is configured for pushing the expanding part inside a fusion cage. A head end of the anti-torsion sleeve is provided with an external thread section, the external thread section is configured for matching and connecting with the screw plug mounting hole of a holding body of the fusion cage, and the tail end of the anti-torsion sleeve is provided with a matching structure for matching with the bone grafting funnel. A head end of the outer sleeve is matched with the holding body of the fusion cage to restrict the rotation of the fusion cage along an axis of the fusion cage. A surgical instrument assembly is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a visual target display unit (100) which displays a visual target image (B) for causing a subject (P) to focus on a visual target region (Ba), and a light emitting unit (200) which is arranged at the front side of the visual target display unit (100) such that a first region (Ba) of the visual target display unit (100) is exposed toward the subject (P) and which emits interfering light (C) from a second region (Ca) positioned around the first region (Ba).

Abstract: A concise representation illustrating essential elements of a subjective refraction eye test that includes choices of optics offered to a test subject, responses by the test subject indicating respective choices among the optics, and time durations of, between, or both of and between, responses by the test subject indicating the respective choices of optics. The concise representation includes a presentation that illustrates the essential elements of the eye test.

Abstract: A contrast sensitivity measurement apparatus (1) generates a stimulating image to be output to an external display device (20) for measuring contrast sensitivity of a user. An image scale setting unit (12) determines the spatial frequency in units of pixels on the basis of an observation distance, physical characteristics of the external display device (20), and visual characteristics of a human. A carrier waveform generation unit (13) generates a luminance map in which a change of luminance along a first axis follows the spatial frequency. A contrast map generation unit (14) generates a contrast map in which contrast gradually decreases from one end to another end along a second axis, and an equal contrast line forms a given waveform. A stimulating image synthesis unit (15) generates the stimulating image by synthesizing the luminance map and the contrast map.

Abstract: An apparatus and method: project a plurality of light spots onto a cornea of an eye having a tear film disposed thereon, wherein the light spots are broadband light spots or are narrowband light spots whose bandwidth is tuned in time across a broad bandwidth; image the light spots from the cornea onto at least one two-dimensional detector array; spectrally resolve each of the plurality of imaged light spots; perform interferometry on the spectrally resolved imaged light spots to identify an anterior interface and a posterior interface of the tear film of the eye; and determine a thickness of the tear film as a distance between the anterior interface and the posterior interface.

Abstract: Method for measuring the stability of a tear film of a patient using a device including a backlit translucent plate provided with a test chart positioned in front of at least one eye of the patient, at least one digital photographic camera connected to a computing system, and a camera lens pointing towards the patient's eye to photograph a reflection of a test chart pattern on the patient's. The method includes, from a starting time constituted by an eyelid blink, capturing a succession of images, detecting a succession of micro-movement areas in the images, and computing and storing data on the position, surface area and number of micro-movement areas of the tear film in each image, and computing and storing surface area and number of micro-movement areas of the tear film, and a measurement of the amplitude of the micro-movement areas as a function of time.

Abstract: A measurement device including a light source configured to emit a broad-band light beam, an interference section configured to split the broad-band light beam into a measurement light beam and a reference light beam, and to generate an interference light beam from the reference light beam and a measurement light beam reflected from an object after shining the measurement light beam onto the object, a sweeper section configured to perform wavelength sweeping of the interference light beam, and a detection section configured to detect an interference light beam output from the sweeper section.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for producing images of the retina or fundus with improved quality and visualization of its features. This is accomplished by adjustment of specific pupil size, pupil position, detector pinhole size and wavelength parameters of the instrument to give improved image quality as described by a chosen image quality metric. Methods are less complex than adaptive optics and give an improved image in a region of interest and potentially over a larger field of view. Thus, it will be useful in instruments designed for the screening of retinal disease(s). The methodology is applicable to an individual's eye, on the basis of either the group that said individual falls into or measurements of the quality of their eye's optics. As described herein, the settings (including optimum pupil size, pupil position, detector pinhole size and/or wavelength for imaging) can be chosen to give improved the retinal image quality.