Abstract: There is disclosed a fluid and/or material detection device (2) comprising an electromagnetic transmitter and/or receiver arrangement (4) comprising a cable (6) or transmission line that acts as an antenna (e.g., transmitter and/or receiver). The device (2) comprises a liquid level detection device and/or particulate (particulate containing fluid) detection device. At least a portion of the cable (6) is rigid/stiff, e.g., at least a portion of the cable (6) having a length of from 0.1 meters to 10 meters. The cable (6) advantageously comprises a coaxial cable or triaxial cable, a radiating cable (RC) or a leaky feeder (LF). The device (2) finds use in an enclosed structure (36), e.g., a cased borehole or well, which can be sealed or unsealed during use of the device (6). The enclosed structure (36) provides a space (34), e.g., an annulus between a production tubing and a wellbore casing or a bore of a production tubing.

Abstract: In an embodiment an ultrasonic transducer includes an ultrasonic unit with a housing in which a piezoelectric element is located, wherein the ultrasonic unit includes at least one electrical connecting lead leading out of the housing, the connecting lead being configured for connection to control and/or evaluation electronics arranged separately from the ultrasonic unit, and wherein the ultrasonic unit is configured to operate in a thickness oscillation mode.

Abstract: An arrangement includes a pipeline and a Coriolis volumetric flow meter for measuring a mass flow rate of a medium flowing through the pipeline. A first pressure sensor is attached at an inlet-side of the pipeline and a second pressure sensor is attached at an outlet-side of the pipeline, or wherein a differential pressure sensor is configured to detect a difference between an inlet-side and an outlet-side. The pressure sensors and/or the differential pressure sensor are configured to measure a media pressure and to determine, for each differential pressure, a volumetric flow velocity of the medium through the pipeline. A first monitoring sensor is attached at an inlet-side portion of the pipeline and a second monitoring sensor is attached at an outlet-side portion of the pipeline, wherein the monitoring sensors are configured to monitor a measurement variable different from the media pressure to identify a static media state.

Abstract: A method for calibrating a gas flow metrology system for a substrate processing system includes a) measuring temperature using a first temperature sensor and a reference temperature sensor over a predetermined temperature range and determining a first transfer function; b) measuring pressure using a first pressure sensor and a reference pressure sensor over a predetermined pressure range using a first calibration gas and determining a second transfer function; c) performing a first plurality of flow rate measurements in a predetermined flow rate range with a first metrology system and a reference metrology system, wherein the first metrology system and the reference metrology system use a first orifice size and the first calibration gas; and d) scaling temperature and pressure using the first transfer function and the second transfer function, respectively, and determining a corresponding transfer function for the first calibration gas based on the first plurality of flow rate measurements.

Abstract: A weighing scale has a measuring platform which is supported by at least three supporting feet resting on a floor, wherein to each supporting foot a load cell is assigned, wherein each load cell senses the share of the weight force originating from the measuring platform supported by the respective supporting foot. Each supporting foot is designed as a vertically extending measuring foot and comprises a load cell carrier on which the load cell rests and is attached, and an adjusting foot located below the load cell carrier. The load cell carrier is screwed with its external thread into the internal thread of the adjusting foot such that, by turning the adjusting foot relative to the load cell carrier, a vertical height of the measuring foot along a vertical screw axis is adjustable.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a weighing device in which dropping of articles from gripping means and reductions in weighing precision are suppressed. In a weighing device (100), when at least one of an operation state of grippers (30) and weighing results from weighing units (40) fulfills any condition from among “a weight value of articles (A) weighed by the weighing units (40) not being a preset target weight value,” “an operating distance in an operation in which the articles (A) are held by gripping members (32) being greater than a prescribed range,” and “the operating distance in the operation in which the articles (A) are held by the gripping members (32) being less than the prescribed range,” the articles (A) gripped by the grippers (30) are returned to an article group accommodation container (52) by a control unit (70) without said articles (A) being discharged to a discharge chute.

Abstract: A windshield for an electronic balance is provided which includes air cylinders incorporated inside as driving mechanisms, doors supported by a hanging manner by guide holes at least one end portion of which is open, and joint members interposed between the air cylinders and the doors. The joint members are also supported in a hanging manner in the guide holes, and upper portions of the joint members are joined to the air cylinders incorporated inside. The doors can be automatically opened and closed, and can be easily joined to and released from the driving mechanisms, and easily detached from the windshield by a simple structure.

Abstract: According to examples, an optical fiber-based sensing membrane may include at least one optical fiber, and a substrate. The at least one optical fiber may be integrated in the substrate. The optical fiber-based sensing membrane may include, based on a specified geometric pattern of the at least one optical fiber, an optical fiber-based sensing membrane layout. The substrate may include a thickness and a material property that are specified to ascertain, via the at least one optical fiber and based on the optical fiber-based sensing membrane layout, a thermal and/or a mechanical property associated with a device, or a radiation level associated with a device environment.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for monitoring subsurface steam chamber development in a thermal hydrocarbon recovery operation, which employ a fiber optic cable in a horizontal wellbore beneath the steam chamber as part of a distributed acoustic sensing technique in which the cable receives attenuated sound waves passing through the steam chamber and transmits a signal corresponding to the attenuated sound waves and unattenuated sound waves for subsequent signal processing.

Abstract: There is provided a system for estimating a total acoustic attenuation of a hearing protection device including an interface at a distal end and a sound canal extending from the interface to a sound opening at a medial end of the hearing protection device. The system comprises: a measurement unit including a loudspeaker and a microphone and being attachable to the interface in such a manner that, when the hearing protection device is worn in an ear canal of a user, the loudspeaker and the microphone are in acoustic communication, via the sound canal of the hearing protection device; a control unit configured to provide the loudspeaker with test audio signals to generate test sounds in the occluded ear canal volume and to receive test response audio signals captured by the microphone from the test sounds; and an evaluation unit configured to estimate a leakage acoustic impedance.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to irradiance sensing devices and methods. One such device includes a housing and an optical diffuser coupled to the housing. The housing has an opening that extends into the housing from an outer surface, and the opening has a circular shape at the outer surface of the housing. The optical diffuser has a first region that extends at least partially beyond the outer surface of the housing and a second region housed within the housing. The first region of the optical diffuser has a curved surface, and the optical diffuser includes a cavity extending at least partially into the second region.

Abstract: A sensor apparatus for detecting the wetness of window, with a radiation emitter and a radiation receiver, with an optical guide element which can be coupled to the inner side of the window, the radiation inlet side and the radiation outlet side of the guide element are each embodied as a lens arrangement, and a lens arrangement is embodied by lens contours arranged side by side. The lens arrangement on the radiation inlet side has at least two lens contours. The inlet surfaces of the lens contours on the radiation inlet side, through which the radiation is able to enter the guide element, are inclined towards each other. The lens arrangement on the radiation outlet side has at least two lens contours. The outlet surfaces of the lens contours on the radiation outlet side, through which the radiation can exit the guide element, are inclined towards each other.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a device including: at least one array of photoconductors, where each photoconductor is configured for exhibiting an electrical resistance dependent on an illumination of its light-sensitive region, where at least one photoconductor of the array is designed as characterizing photoconductor; at least one bias voltage source, where the bias voltage source is configured for applying at least one alternating bias voltage to the characterizing photoconductor or at least one direct current (DC) bias voltage to the characterizing photoconductor; at least one photoconductor readout circuit, where the photoconductor readout circuit is configured for determining of a response voltage of the characterizing photoconductor generated in response to the bias voltage, where the response voltage is proportional to a variable characterizing the array of photoconductors, where the photoconductor readout circuit is configured for determining of the response voltage of the characterizing photoconductor duri

Abstract: Provided herein are a system and a method thereof which allows for calibrating a laser or getting characteristics of the laser by measuring the temporally and spatially resolved beam profile and power density cross-section using non-contact radiometry. An example method includes receiving a radiation beam from a light source by protrusions that protrude from a plate. The example method further includes imaging the protrusions, measuring a respective temperature of each of the protrusions based on the imaging, and profiling the radiation beam based on the measuring.

Abstract: A method of stabilizing data of digital signals is provided. The method includes steps of: setting a boundary coefficient; reading a piece of digital data; defining a value of the piece of digital data as a center value; outputting the value of the piece of digital data; reading a next piece of digital data; subtracting a value of the next piece of digital data from the previously outputted value to obtain a positive difference or a negative difference; and determining whether or not an absolute value of the positive or negative difference is larger than the boundary coefficient, if not, outputting the center value, if yes, updating the center value such that the updated center value is equal to the value of the next piece of digital data, and outputting the updated center value.

Abstract: A marker is arranged to indicate the presence of ultraviolet radiation. The marker includes at least an emitting layer having a fluorescent material arranged to emit visible light in a first range of wavelengths in response to excitation by ultraviolet radiation in a second range of wavelengths. The emission of visible light is reversible, and the marker is reusable. The marker may be a warning sign, and may be adhered to a surface or incorporated into a freestanding portable apparatus.

Abstract: A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

Abstract: An embodiment of a cell-oxygenation monitoring system includes a probe and a base. The probe is connectable to the base, configured to direct electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in an approximate range of 400 nm-900 nm into a body having at least one cell, and configured to receive a portion of the electromagnetic energy redirected by the body during a time. The base includes a generator configured to generate the electromagnetic energy during the time, and a computing circuit configured to determine, in response to the portion of redirected electromagnetic energy, a level of oxygenation of one or more of the at least one cell.

Abstract: Provided are a hyperspectral sensor and a hyperspectral camera in which influence of external information such as a reflecting material is reduced such that the spectral data accuracy of a subject to be acquired can be improved. In the hyperspectral sensor in which light from a subject is split into light components in a plurality of wavelength ranges by a spectral optical element and each of the light components in the wavelength ranges is received by a sensor array consisting of a plurality of photodetection elements to acquire spectral data in which spectral information of the subject is associated with each of the photodetection elements, a polarization diffraction element that emits polarized light is used as the spectral optical element.

Abstract: A light detection device includes a Fabry-Perot interference filter provided with a light transmitting region on a predetermined line, a light detector disposed on one side with respect to the Fabry-Perot interference filter on the line, a package having an opening positioned on the other side with respect to the Fabry-Perot interference filter on the line, a light transmitting member provided in the package such that the opening is blocked, and a temperature control element having an endothermic region thermally connected to the Fabry-Perot interference filter and the light detector. The endothermic region is positioned on one side with respect to the light detector on the line.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a base component and collimators housed within the base component. The collimators correspond to collection cylinders for sampling optical emission spectroscopy (OES) signals with respect to locations of a wafer in an etch chamber. The apparatus further includes a guide, operatively coupled to the plurality of collimators, to guide the sampling of the OES signals along paths for sampling the OES signals.

Abstract: A method of determining a peak intensity in an optical spectrum is described. The method includes producing a two-dimensional array of spectrum values by imaging the optical spectrum onto a detector array. An offset using an actual location and an expected location of a peak of an interpolated subarray is used to adjust an expected location of another peak that is within another two-dimensional subarray. Interpolated spectrum values are then used to produce a peak intensity value of the second peak.

Abstract: A detector device for the remote analysis of materials, in particular hazardous materials, including at least one laser, which is designed to emit pulsed laser light onto a sample located at a detection distance, and a telescope, which is designed to collect and/or focus laser light scattered on the sample and to forward the scattered laser light into an optical spectrometer. The optical spectrometer is designed for a spectral analysis of the laser light scattered on the sample. The laser is followed by a first beam path with a first reference beam and an additional beam path with a second reference beam for the scattered laser light. A unit is provided for determining a time difference between pulses of the first reference beam and pulses of the second reference beam, wherein the detection distance can be determined from the time difference. The unit is designed to determine the detection distance in real-time.

Abstract: A system and method includes an infrared camera; a processing unit; and an output unit. The infrared camera is configured to acquire a plurality of infrared images of the device, wherein the plurality of infrared images comprises a first infrared image and a second infrared image acquired a time period after the first infrared image. The processing unit is configured to determine a pixel in the first infrared image with a hottest temperature and determine a pixel in the second infrared image with a hottest temperature. The processing unit is configured to determine a first number of pixels in the first infrared image that have a temperature within a threshold temperature of the hottest temperature of the first infrared image and determine a second number of pixels in the second infrared image that have a temperature within the threshold temperature of the hottest temperature of the second infrared image.

Abstract: Described herein is a modulation device for periodically modulating light emitted by a light source. The modulation device includes at least one enclosing tube being rotatable about a cylinder axis of the enclosing tube. The enclosing tube includes at least one aperture disposed within a cylindrical wall of the enclosing tube. The modulation device further includes at least one driving system for rotating the enclosing tube about the cylinder axis. Also described herein are a modulated illumination device and a spectrometer device.

Abstract: An example object of the present invention is to provide a bolometer-type detector capable of reducing heat transfer between pixels. A bolometer-type detector according to an example aspect of the present invention includes a plurality of pixels, and at least includes: a substrate, a heat insulating layer provided on the substrate, bolometer films provided on individual pixels on the heat insulating layer, and a wiring for signal output connected to contact electrodes provided in contact with the bolometer films, wherein the wiring for signal output is disposed in a layer different from the bolometer films, and the heat insulating layer between adjacent pixels is removed at least partially in the depth direction and in a region of a length of 50% or longer and a width of 100 nm or wider of a closed curve that surrounds each bolometer film.

Abstract: Various embodiments include heat and volatile-organic-compounds detecting systems. In one example, the heat-detecting system includes at least one heat sensor mounted externally to a device, such as a local power-box (LPB). The heat sensor has an area-of-detection to detect heat emitted from at least one face of the LPB at one or more locations. The heat-detecting system also includes a high-absorptance infrared-collector (HAIC) formed within the LPB to collect excessive heat generated by a component within the LPB. The excessive heat is correlated to a pre-determined temperature level, and a temperature of the collected excessive heat is measured by the heat sensor. Each of the heat sensor and the HAIC are coupled to a control module. Other apparatuses, designs, and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: An imaging system includes a focal plane array, readout electronics, and a computing system in which the number of active pixels is either set at a low-fraction of the total pixels thereby reducing the effect of radiation damage, or radiation damage over time is detected and automatically compensated. Machine learning is used to identify radiation damaged pixels and damaged regions which are subsequently eliminated and replaced by the computational system. The machine learning is used to identify changes in the fixed pattern signal/noise and/or noise of the system, and is then computationally corrected.

Abstract: The invention of the present disclosure may be a temperature probe comprising a probe body. The probe body may comprise a tip, a tube, a sleeve configured to join the tip and the tube, the sleeve having one or more tapered ends configured to at least partially enter the tip and the tube, and an end, where a cavity may extend from the proximal end to the distal end, and where the cavity may be internal to the tip, the tube, the sleeve, and the end. The temperature probe may comprise a printed circuit board (PCB) comprising a proximal rigid PCB, a flex PCB, and a distal rigid PCB and a temperature sensor disposed within the tip. A battery may be disposed between the proximal rigid PCB and the distal rigid PCB, the battery at least partially surrounded by the flex PCB.

Abstract: A portable electronic device can include a housing at least partially defining an internal volume, a set of temperature sensors disposed in the internal volume, a display assembly, and a processor or main logic board. The set of temperature sensors can be positioned adjacent to or affixed to components of the portable electronic device. The processor can determine a temperature of an environment based on an adjustment factor and weighted temperature measurements taken by a subset of the set of temperature sensors.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer-storage media, for a device with improved ambient temperature detection. In some implementations, a device includes a housing that forms an interior space, and the housing includes an exterior surface, a pass-through region that defines a through-hole between the interior space to the exterior surface, and a recess at the exterior surface adjacent to the pass-through hole. The device includes a printed circuit board disposed within the interior space of the plastic housing.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for extracting temperature information for an array from a signal through first and second contacts based on temperature dependent properties of the a PN junction. An example method includes connecting first and second PN junctions to a bias source to reverse bias the first and second PN junctions, connecting a first contact to the first PN junction, connecting a second contact to N type material forming a junction with P type material of the first PN junction, and extracting temperature information for the first PN junction from a signal through the first and second contacts based on temperature dependent properties of the first PN junction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method, a device and a system for monitoring the IGBT junction temperature, wherein the linear relationship between each turn-off DC bus ringing peak voltage and the corresponding turn-off IGBT junction temperature, the phase current directions, and the initial and secondary states of the half-bridge arms are used to accurately determine the monitoring time of the turn-off DC bus ringing peak voltage, thereby obtaining the IGBT junction temperature at a converter level with higher sensitivity. The IGBT junction temperature obtained using the junction temperature monitoring method provided by the invention is an appropriate converter-level parameter, which has a good application prospect in multi-IGBT junction temperature estimation.

Abstract: A temperature sensing assembly includes a sheath defining an interior space, a first temperature sensor and a second temperature sensor. The first temperature sensor has first and second conductors extending within the interior space of the sheath and joined at a first junction point. The first conductor is constructed of a first material and the second conductor is constructed of a second material that is different than the second material. The second temperature sensor has third and fourth conductors extending within the interior space of the sheath and joined at a second junction point. The third conductor is constructed of a third material and the fourth conductor is constructed of a fourth material that is different than the fourth material. The first material is different than each of the third and fourth materials. The first junction point is adjacent to the second junction point.

Abstract: The present invention includes an apparatus for determining and/or monitoring a process variable, especially the temperature, or the flow, of a medium in a containment, including a temperature sensor for registering temperature and a flexible, a heat insulating support element, which is arrangeable on an outer surface of a wall of the containment, wherein the temperature sensor is secured to the support element.

Abstract: There is provided a temperature sensor including an optical fiber, and a sensing element spaced from the optical fiber. The sensing element is encapsulated in a optically transparent, non-porous material, isolating the sensing element from a surrounding environment. The optical fiber is aligned with the sensing element to deliver a source beam to interact with the sensing element and detect a return beam, where the return beam exhibits a temperature dependent property that is measured to determine a temperature of a measured object thermally coupled to the sensing element.

Abstract: A deep well grounding electrode and a deep well grounding electrode monitoring system. The deep well grounding electrode comprises a feeding rod, a feeding head, a steel casing, a temperature measurement optical cable, an exhaust pipe, and a drainage cable; the steel casing is located in the well body; the feeding head is located at the bottom of the steel casing; the feeding rod, the temperature measurement optical cable, the exhaust pipe, and the drainage cable are located in the steel casing; the temperature measurement optical cable extends from a bottom end of the feeding rod to a monitoring module; the exhaust pipe extends from the bottom end of the feeding rod to the ground; and one end of the drainage cable is welded on the feeding rod, the other end extends to the monitoring module, and the drainage cable is fixed to the feeding rod by bolts.

Abstract: A detection system according to the present disclosure includes an optical fiber (10) configured to detect environment information, an acquisition unit (21) configured to acquire the environment information included in an optical signal received from the optical fiber (10), and a detection unit (22) configured to detect an event in the vicinity of the optical fiber (10) on the basis of a first environment pattern based on environment information acquired from an optical signal associated to a first period and a second environment pattern based on environment information acquired from an optical signal associated to a second period.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for measuring temperature via distributed temperature sensing comprising transmitting light through a fiber optic cable; detecting backscattered light in the fiber optic cable, wherein the backscattered light comprises an anti-Stokes band and a Stokes band; calculating a ratio between an intensity of the anti-Stokes band and an intensity of the Stokes band; and using the calculated ratio to determine a temperature being sensed in the fiber optic cable; wherein the fiber optic cable comprises, from the center to the periphery; a central core having a refractive index that decreases progressively from a center of the central core to an edge of the core, wherein the refractive index follows an alpha profile; wherein a bandwidth-length product of the multimode optical fiber has a value greater than 2000 MHz-km at 1550 nm.

Abstract: A force gauge includes a housing, comprising a first and a second plate elements. The gauge further comprises a foil-based sensor element to output an electric signal in response to a force exerted on the sensor element in a thickness direction (T) or in a direction of force application (F), at least one spring element arranged to provide a counter force in T or F and having a defined spring characteristic, and at least one abut element to limit a maximum compression of the sensor element in T or F. The sensor element, the spring element and the abut element are sandwiched between inner sides of the first and the second plate elements and, together, at least partly define a signal characteristic of the force gauge within an operational range with a lower limit (L2) and an upper limit (L1).

Abstract: A load sensing device for a shoe includes a base element having a first side and an opposite second side. The first side has a predefined area. A first load sensing element and a second load sensing element are positioned at the first side of the base element. The first load sensing element is positioned in a first area of the predefined area of the first side, and the second load sensing element is positioned in a second area of the predefined area of the first side. The first load sensing element has a fixed position relative to the second load sensing element during use. The first load sensing element and the second load sensing element are configured to measure a load applied to at least part of the predefined area of the first side.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for using a structure as a sensor are disclosed. An apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure comprises an additively-manufactured component comprising a channel, a sensor including an connection point, wherein the sensor is arranged in the channel, and an adhesive arranged in the channel, the adhesive coupling the additively-manufactured component to the sensor, such that the connection point is accessible external to the adhesive, the sensor being configured to provide a signal at the connection point, wherein the signal provides information of an applied force on the additively-manufactured component.

Abstract: A pressure sensing device is provided. In the pressure sensing device, the rigid structure includes rigid blocks arranged at intervals, and strain amplification zones are formed between every two adjacent rigid blocks. The force sensors include first sensors and second sensors. The first sensors are arranged on the two installation surfaces of the strain amplification zones and capable of following the deformation of the measured object, the second sensors are arranged on the two installation surfaces of the rigid blocks and located close to corresponding first sensors. At least four force sensors are connected to form a bridge circuit, and the bridge circuit is electrically connected to a signal processing circuit, so as to detect deformation of the rigid structure and obtain a force acted on the measured object. An output signal of each of the second sensors serves as a temperature compensation signal of the corresponding first sensors.

Abstract: An optical fiber measurement device includes a light source, a light detector, a direction-changing member, and a tension-applying member. The light source emits light toward an optical fiber. The light detector receives the light that has propagated through the optical fiber. The optical fiber is hung on the direction-changing member. The direction-changing member changes an extending direction of the optical fiber to extend downward, the optical fiber being optically connected to the light source and the light detector at each of two end parts of the optical fiber. The tension-applying member applies a tension to the optical fiber hanging from the direction-changing member.

Abstract: An angular position sensor may include a housing, and a rotor including a rotor assembly with a rotor latching device. The rotor and the housing are connected by the rotor latching device secured by a retaining ring. The retaining ring can be transferred into a secured position in an axial direction. The retaining ring is integral with the rotor assembly and features at least one retaining element with which the retaining ring secures the connection of rotor and housing. The retaining ring and the rotor latching device each feature corresponding latching elements. The rotor assembly features axial position-securing elements. The latching elements interact such that the retaining ring is secured in an axial direction along the rotary axis relative to the rotor. The axial position-securing elements interact so that the rotor is secured essentially free of play on the housing in an axial direction along the rotary axis.

Abstract: A pressure sensing unit, a capacitive hybrid sensor device, and an input apparatus using the same are provided. The pressure sensing unit for detecting pressing events includes a pressure sensing pad group and a floating conductive element. The pressure sensing pad group includes a first pressure sensing pad, a second pressure sensing pad, and a ground pad that are spaced apart from one another. The first pressure sensing pad and the second pressure sensing pad are electrically shielded from each other by the ground pad. One of the floating conductive element and the pressure sensing pad group is configured to be movable in a movement direction relative to another one of the floating conductive element and the pressure sensing pad group. The floating conductive element overlaps with the pressure sensing pad group in the movement direction.

Abstract: A pressure transmitter is mounted to the sampling output of a sampling meter resetter. The pressure transmitter and the sampling meter resetter are mounted in a subterranean meter box. In embodiments, the pressure transmitter is removably mounted to a spring-loaded sampling valve.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method 100 for determining a pressure in a vacuum system, wherein the method comprises the steps of: a) generating 101 a plasma in a sample chamber which is fluid-dynamically connected to the vacuum system and which is in electrical contact with a first electrode and a second electrode; b) measuring 102 a current intensity of an electrical current flowing through the plasma between the first electrode and the second electrode; c) measuring 103 a first radiation intensity of electromagnetic radiation of a first wavelength range which is emitted from the plasma, wherein the first wavelength range contains at least a first emission line of a first plasma species of a first chemical element; d) measuring 104 a second radiation intensity of electromagnetic radiation of a second wavelength range which is emitted from the plasma, wherein the second wavelength range contains a second emission line of the first plasma species of the first chemical element or of a second plasma species of th

Abstract: A vehicle wheel imbalance measurement system having a rotationally driven spindle for receiving a vehicle wheel assembly, a motor drive for rotating the spindle and wheel assembly about an axis of rotation, and a set of force transducers for measuring imbalance forces generated by the rotating wheel assembly, and in particular, to a structure within the vehicle wheel imbalance measurement system for conveying a portion of the generated imbalance forces to be measured from the wheel assembly to a fixed ground.

Abstract: There is provided a housing unit having an immersion detection function, as a housing of an electronic device requiring waterproofing. A housing unit includes a casing liquid-tightly defining an internal housing space and housing an internal device in the housing space, and an immersion detector that detects whether liquid leak into the housing space of the casing, The casing includes a sealing means for waterproofing a joint, an entryway, or an opening. The immersion detector includes an electrolyte salt and a continuity detector that detects a change in conductivity when the liquid comes into contact with the electrolyte salt. The electrolyte salt is arranged inside the casing and further inside the casing than the sealing means.