Abstract: A dual heat transfer structure, comprising: at least a heat pipe and at least a vapor chamber; the heat pipe having a first end, an extension portion, and a second end, the first and second ends disposed at the two ends of the extension portion; the vapor chamber being concavely bent with its two ends being joined together and selectively compasses, encircles, encloses, or surrounds one of the first and second ends and extension portion. The dual heat transfer structure of the present invention is a complex structure that can both transfer heat with a large area and to the distal end of the structure.

Abstract: A heat pipe comprises a tube and a wick structure. The tube includes a hollow chamber and has two sealed ends along an axial direction. The wick structure is disposed in the hollow chamber and extended along the axial direction of the tube. The wick structure has a first section near one of the sealed ends, a third section near the other of the sealed ends, and a second section between the first and third sections. The wick structure is composed of the first, the second and the third sections, and cross-sections of the first section, the second section and the third section in the axial direction are rectangles, respectively. A cross-sectional area of the first section is greater than that of the second and that of third section. The edge of each of the sections of the wick structure has a smooth form without the sectional difference.

Abstract: A heat transfer device includes a sleeve, which forms an interior in which a working medium and one vaporization element having structural elements, or multiple vaporization elements having structural elements, for converting at least part of the working medium from the liquid to the gaseous state are contained, wherein the vaporization element or the vaporization elements has or have a porosity, and is or are connected to the sleeve.

Abstract: A method includes providing a first metal sheet and a second metal sheet, printing a channel pattern on the first metal sheet, bonding the first metal sheet and the second metal sheet to each other, forming a plurality of channels by introducing a fluid between the first metal sheet and the second metal sheet, introducing working fluid in the plurality of channels, sealing the first metal sheet and the second metal sheet, and forming a plurality of through holes in locations where the first metal sheet and the second metal sheet are bonded to each other. The plurality of through holes are arranged in a plurality of rows, each row including at least two through holes, and each location where the first metal sheet and the second metal sheet are bonded to each other includes a single through hole of the plurality of through holes.

Abstract: A method includes providing a first metal sheet and a second metal sheet, printing a plurality of channels on the first metal sheet, bonding the first metal sheet and the second metal sheet to each other to obtain a fin body, bending a first portion of the fin body to be transverse to a second portion of the fin body, separating the first metal sheet and the second metal sheet from each other to form the plurality of channels, introducing working fluid in the plurality of channels, and sealing the first metal sheet and the second metal sheet.

Abstract: A rotating heat pipe is used for temperature control of electric motors and generators and other rotating heat generating assemblies to ensure their proper operation. The heat pipe is integral with the shaft, and unlike conventional devices, incorporates a solid-liquid phase change material as the heat transfer/transport material. In addition, it comprises a scraped surface heat exchange mechanism at the heat dissipation region to allow for high cooling rates as required. This scraped surface mechanism is preferentially driven by a magnetic coupling to eliminate issues related to leaks of the heat transfer material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat exchanger and, more specifically, to a heat exchanger, which has a manifold coupled to a header tank, allowing easy attachment between a manifold and a header tank as well as avoidance of interference between the manifold and a support by forming a baffle-shaped fixed baffle on one length direction of the header tank to which the manifold is inserted and attached.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heat exchanger comprising first fluid inlets, first fluid outlets, second fluid inlets and second fluid outlets. Each of the first fluid inlets, the first fluid outlets, the second fluid inlets and the second fluid outlets are arranged on four different sides of a heat exchanger core. A manifold covers one of the four different sides of the heat exchanger core, wherein a first sidewall of the manifold is arranged at an angle smaller than 90 degree to the one side of the heat exchanger core which is covered by the manifold. An edge of the heat exchanger core between the one side of the heat exchanger core which is covered by the manifold and a neighbouring side of the four different sides of the heat exchanger core forms a common weld line with a connecting edge of the first sidewall of the manifold. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a heat exchanger comprising a heat exchanger core and a manifold.

Abstract: A radiative cooling device and a radiative cooling method that effectively suppress ultraviolet light absorption. The radiative cooling device includes an ultraviolet reflection layer that reflects ultraviolet light UV, a light reflection layer that reflects visible light and infrared light, and an infrared radiative layer that radiates infrared light IR. Infrared light IR is radiated form a radiative surface. The ultraviolet reflection layer, the infrared radiative layer and the light reflection layer are laminated in this order as viewed from the side of the radiative surface.

Abstract: A heat sink comprising a heat exchange device having a plurality of heat exchange elements each having a surface boundary with respect to a heat transfer fluid, having a fractal variation therebetween, wherein the heat transfer fluid is induced to flow with respect to the plurality of fractally varying heat exchange elements such that flow-induced vortices are generated at non-corresponding locations of the plurality of fractally varying heat exchange elements, resulting in a reduced resonance as compared to a corresponding heat exchange device having a plurality of heat exchange elements that produce flow-induced vortices at corresponding locations on the plurality of heat exchange elements.

Abstract: A thermal ground plane (TGP) is disclosed. A TGP may include a first planar substrate member comprising copper and a second planar substrate member comprising a metal, wherein the first planar substrate member and the second planar substrate member enclose a working fluid. The TGP may include a first plurality of pillars disposed on an interior surface of the first planar substrate and a mesh layer disposed on the top of the first plurality of pillars, wherein the mesh layer comprises at least one of copper, polymer encapsulated with copper, or stainless steel encapsulated with copper. The TGP may also include a second plurality of pillars disposed on an interior surface of the second planar substrate member within an area defined by the perimeter of the second planar substrate member and the second plurality of pillars extend from the second planar substrate member to the mesh layer.

Abstract: The modular upper receiver assembly for firearms is an adapter allowing interchanging of barrels of different calibers to attach to an upper receiver assembly. The adapter assembly serves to provide a quick changeover coupling means for connecting an assortment of barrels of different calibers and lengths to the receiver. The coupling includes a barrel retaining bushing and adapter pair with threaded surfaces on the receiver for a threaded engagement, reinforced with threaded fastener compression for improved rigidity.

Abstract: A firearm system is provided. A pump-action firearm, such as a shotgun, includes a buffer attached to a trigger housing. The buffer consists of a resilient or semi-resilient material and is positioned such as to face towards an opening the receiver in which the magazine tube is partially received. The buffer includes a contoured bottom surface and an upper surface, configured in a way which shortens the space available within an opening of a receiver while accommodating the loading of shells into a magazine tube. Upon moving a shell into the opening, such as by pumping the action, the shell impacts the buffer, which stabilizes the shell prior to being lifted by an elevators. For shorter shells, this reduces the risk of a jamming event. For longer shells, the buffer is configured to compress to accommodate the additional length.

Abstract: A firearm with dual-acting safety mechanism includes a hammer, sear operable to hold the hammer in a cocked position, and trigger mechanism including a trigger and trigger bar which collectively operates to rotate the sear to release the hammer. The safety mechanism includes a safety mode selector or actuator cooperating with a secondary safety link. In one arrangement, linearly moving the selector actuates and rotates the safety link which simultaneously both blocks the hammer and displaces the trigger bar such that the sear can no longer be actuated via a trigger pull.

Abstract: Trigger guard assemblies for firearms include a trigger guard movable between a closed positon; and an open position providing greater access to a trigger bow of the firearm. The trigger guard assemblies also include a post that engages the trigger guard, and is movable in relation to the trigger guard between a retracted position and an extended position. When in the retracted position, the post does not interfere with movement of the trigger guard between the open and closed positions. When in the extended position, the post interferes with movement of the trigger guard between the open and closed positions, and exerts a lateral force on the firearm to further secure the trigger guard to the firearm.

Abstract: Disclosed is a linear trigger mechanism for a firearm. In certain examples, the trigger mechanism includes a trigger housing defining a linear pathway and configured to house a trigger, a sear, and a disconnector. The trigger has a top surface, and a sear ramp and a disconnector ramp disposed on the top surface. The trigger is configured to move along the linear pathway that is substantially parallel with a bore axis of the firearm. The trigger mechanism also includes a trigger return compression spring configured to urge the trigger into a default position, and a sear compression spring configured to urge the sear into a default position.

Abstract: A firearm includes a quick-change barrel including: (a) at least two barrel-mounting features, each configured to selectively interact with a barrel-receipt feature of the firearm during mounting of the quick-change barrel to a mounting structure of the firearm, or (b) at least one barrel-mounting feature configured to selectively interact with at least two barrel-receipt features of the firearm during mounting of the quick-change barrel to a mounting structure of the firearm. The barrel is selectively mountable to the firearm in at least two orientations depending, per (a), upon which of the at least two barrel-mounting features interact with the barrel-receipt feature or, per (b), upon which of the at least two barrel-receipt fixtures interact with the barrel-mounting fixture.

Abstract: An archery bow is provided including a cam rotatable about an axis, a bowstring disposed in a bowstring track of the cam having a plane of rotation perpendicular to the axis, and a power cable that is displaced along the axis toward the plane of rotation to concentrate a force of the power cable near a force of the bowstring along the axis to inhibit twisting of a limb, when the bow is drawn. A related method of use is provided.

Abstract: An archery bowstring weight is provided including a sleeve that is encapsulated and suspended at least partially within an overmolded polymeric body forming an exterior of the bowstring weight. The sleeve can be a metal body, such as a ring, that floats or moves inside the polymeric body when the bowstring vibrates to dampen vibration of the bowstring. The sleeve can be isolated or separated from the bowstring by an inner wall of the polymeric body that is disposed between the bowstring and the sleeve when the weight is installed on the bowstring. The oscillation of the sleeve inside the overmolded polymeric body also can attenuate string oscillation and reduce string noise. A related method is provided.

Abstract: A toy gun capable of illuminating soft projectile being ejected therefrom, comprising a gun body, a grip assembly is fixedly attached to the gun body, and a trigger assembly mounted on the grip assembly. The gun body has a power source, a motor, a launch assembly with a launch tube, a light source and a light reflecting unit. When the trigger assembly of the toy gun is actuated, the power source activates the motor and switches on the light source. The activated motor causes the launch assembly to discharge a soft projectile in the launch tube and the light emitted from the light source is reflected by the light reflecting unit onto the soft projectile once it is discharged, thereby illuminating the soft projectile.

Abstract: A stock assembly and related method are provided. The stock assembly can include a base that can be joined with a weapon and a butt portion that movably extends from the base so the stock assembly can be adjusted in length. The stock can include an adjustment limiter configured to stop extension of the butt portion at a predetermined length, which can be set by a user to fit their stature. The butt portion can include a longitudinal axis and a limiter surface offset at an angle relative to the axis. The adjustment limiter can be a wedge that wedges against the limiter surface to set the stock assembly at the predetermined length, thereby automatically setting that length in a consistent and repeatable manner. A lock, separate from the adjustment limiter, can selectively lock the butt portion in a fixed position as or after the stock assembly attains the predetermined length.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a grip for a shooting device comprises a first body portion configured for attachment to the shooting device and a second body portion engaged with the first body portion. The second body portion is moveable with respect to the first body portion between first and second positions. A biasing member is arranged to bias the second body portion to the first position. In some embodiments, the second body portion comprises a guard defining a guard cavity and at least a portion of the first body portion is oriented in the guard cavity.

Abstract: A magnetic concealed carry pocket system includes a concealed carry pocket coupled to a surface of an object for concealing a firearm and a magnet pouch coupled to the surface of the object and at least partially covered by the concealed carry pocket. The magnetic concealed carry pocket system also includes a magnet sized to fit within the magnet pouch and rated to hold the firearm in position within the concealed carry pocket.

Abstract: An apparatus implementable on a firearm includes a lens, a light source, a control unit coupled to control the light source to project an image of an aim point onto the lens, and a housing structure that houses the lens, the light source, and the control unit, with a portion of the housing structure forming a shroud that surrounds the lens. The lens includes an ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive lens that darkens responsive to sensing a UV light. Alternatively, or additionally, the shroud is sensitive to the UV light and a color of the shroud darkens responsive to sensing the UV light.

Abstract: A target marking system includes a light source emitting a thermal beam having a predetermined temporal modulation, and an optics assembly directing the thermal beam to impact a target, the target directing radiation to the optics assembly in response to the impact. A portion of the radiation having the predetermined temporal modulation. The target marking system further includes a detector configured to distinguish the portion of the radiation having the predetermined temporal modulation from a remainder of the radiation, the portion of the radiation passing to the director through the optics assembly. The system also includes a readout integrated circuit, the detector directing an input signal to the readout integrated circuit, and the readout integrated circuit producing a digitally enhanced output signal in response to receipt of the input signal.

Abstract: Seeker optics and a related method comprising: an objective for collecting and transmitting light from a target; at least one scattering surface; and a photo detector; wherein: the light transmitted from the objective at small off-boresight target angles propagates to and impinges upon the photo detector without impinging upon the scattering surface; the light transmitted from the objective at large off-boresight target angles propagates to, impinges upon and scatters upon the scattering surface; and the light scattered by the scattering surface propagates to and impinges upon the photo detector; whereby: the target may be detected and tracked at both small and large off-boresight angles, in a wide field of regard.

Abstract: A mounting device for the detachable mounting of a telescopic sight on a weapon consisting of a weapon-side base rail and a telescopic sight-side mounting rail connected thereto via at least one locking element wherein at least one clamping force acting perpendicularly to the surface of the two rails can be generated by actuating the locking element resulting in a positive and non-positive connection between the two rails wherein a clamping shaft of the locking element is held rotatably in the one rail and supports at least one wedge recess which, during rotating actuation of the locking element can be brought into non-positive engagement with a recess of a stay bolt which is arranged on the opposite rail, wherein the locking element during clamping or locking between the weapon-side base rail and the mounting rail mounted positively thereon, additionally generates a displacement force acting in the axial direction (longitudinal direction) of the two rails wherein further the stay bolt is mounted in a spring-

Abstract: A deltoid guard has a body-conforming surface and can be removably attached to a body armor component by an expandable, releasable connector to facilitate articulation and expansion and contraction relative to the body armor component. An expandable strap is located on one side of the deltoid guard to retain the guard against the wear's body. A bicep guard can be attached to the deltoid guard such that the bicep guard can articulate with respect to the deltoid guard. The deltoid guard includes an opening to receive ballistic material. An identification panel can be removably attached to the surface of the deltoid guard.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to an improved ballistic construct including ballistic concrete cured in a ballistic fiberglass mold, where the ballistic fiberglass mold remains part of the construct after curing. The fiberglass ballistic construct is stronger than concrete alone and does not significantly increase the weight of the construct. The improved construct is useful for firearms training and in the erecting of bulletproof structures which need ballistics protection.

Abstract: Aluminum structures, such as tactical vehicle hulls, include plural aluminum components formed from a first alloy composition and joined by one or more welded seam(s). The welded seam(s) may be formed by friction stir welding and/or gas metal arc welding using welding wire made from the first alloy composition. In this manner, all component parts are made from the same alloy composition, providing a more homogeneous structure. The welded component parts then may be placed in a heat treatment furnace to temper the structure. Because essentially all of the aluminum structure before heat treating—the welded seam(s) and the individual component parts—is formed of the same starting material and these parts/seam(s) are simultaneously and evenly heat treated, the resultant hardened, heat-treated part (e.g., a vehicle hull) has a more homogeneous hardened/heat treated structure in the individual parts and across the welded seam(s).

Abstract: An aluminum lighted nock with an external switch preferably includes a nock body, a light unit, a compression spring and a power source. The nock body preferably includes a string portion and a shank portion extending from one end of the string portion. A string receiver is formed in the other end of the string portion. A battery bore is formed through the shank portion and into the string portion. A light hole is formed through a bottom of the battery bore. The light unit preferably includes a top hat LED, a LED housing and a slide pin, which is slid into the battery bore. The pin battery is pressed into the battery bore. The shank portion is inserted into a nock end of an arrow. The top hat LED is pushed back during a launch of the arrow and creates an electrical connection with the power source.

Abstract: A guided projectile having a nose portion, a body portion, a tail portion, and a central axis. In various embodiments the projectile includes a control support portion and a collar assembly pivotally mounted to the control support portion. In various embodiments the collar assembly includes a collar having an exterior sidewall with a plurality of fixed aerodynamic surfaces thereon for spinning the collar and a plurality of variable sweep wings for directional control of the projectile. In various embodiments the plurality of variable sweep wings each have a first end coupled to a wing actuator configured to rotate a second end portion between and including a first position, where the wings are oriented generally parallel to the central axis of the projectile to a second position, where the lengthwise wing axis of the plurality of wings are oriented generally perpendicular to the central axis of the projectile.

Abstract: A projectile for use in a firearm ammunition cartridge, and a method of forming the projectile the projectile including a core, a jacket in which the core is disposed, the jacket having a closed rearward end and an open forward end, the forward end tapering inwardly toward a longitudinal centerline of the jacket to define an ogive portion of the projectile, and extending past a forward end of the core to form an open space inside the jacket between the forward end of the core and the forward end of the jacket, and a plurality of ventilation ports formed proximate the forward end of the jacket, each of the ventilation ports having a first opening on an inner surface of the jacket defining the open space, and a second opening on an outer surface of the jacket.

Abstract: A bullet (100), having: a main body (102) with a bore (106) bounded by a sidewall (124); an insert (104) that is disposed in the bore and that has longitudinal splines (460) configured to form a longitudinal flute (4620 in the insert and to provide radial support for the sidewall of the bore. A leading end (466) of the flute is open.

Abstract: A damper system for a pyrotechnic time delay may comprise: a firing pin; a moveable housing defining a chamber therein; a fixed piston comprising a piston head disposed in the chamber, a first rod extending from the piston head axially outward of the moveable housing, and a second rod configured to fixedly couple to a housing; a first spring extending axially from the moveable housing to the firing pin; and a second spring extending axially from the moveable housing to the firing pin.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of delaying a mechanism in a firearm and a delay unit for a projectile comprising i) a first and a second pressure chamber (3a, 3b) arranged to receive combustion gases in a firearm via at least one inlet (1a, 1b) arranged to each of said first and second pressure chambers (3a, 3b) following firing of a projectile ii) at least one outlet for transferring the combustion gases (4a, 4b), arranged to each of said first and second pressure chambers (3a, 3b), to a piston chamber in which a displaceable piston (6) is arranged dividing the piston chamber into a compartment (5b) having a volume V1 upstream the piston (6) and a compartment (5a) having a volume V2 downstream the piston (6), wherein said at least one outlet (4a, 4b) from the first and second pressure chambers (3a, 3b) are arranged to transfer said combustion gases to said compartments (5a, b) of said piston chamber to provide an overall pressure difference between compartments (5a) and (5b) pressing the piston (6) at an

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus and method for preventing surrounding loose rock fragments from falling or collapsing into a blast hole. The apparatus includes a flexible sheet including a pair of spaced apart longitudinally extending side edges and a pair of spaced apart laterally extending end edges. The sheet has a curved form defining a longitudinal passage extending between openings at longitudinally opposite ends, one end of the curved sheet being insertable into the open end of a blast hole whereby the curved sheet closely faces an internal surface of the blast hole and forms a barrier preventing surrounding loose rock fragments from falling or collapsing into the open end of the blast hole. The invention also provides a bench blasting method and a deployment device for deploying the apparatus into a blast hole.

Abstract: A munition includes a warhead having a warhead axis and axially opposed first and second warhead ends. The warhead includes: a tubular shock attenuation barrier including an axially extending passage extending from a first barrier end proximate the first warhead end to a second barrier end proximate the second warhead end; an explosive core charge disposed in the passage; an explosive main charge surrounding the shock attenuation barrier; projectiles surrounding the main charge; a core charge detonator; and a main charge detonator. The warhead is configured to be activated in each of a first projection mode and an alternative second projection mode. When the warhead is activated in the first projection mode, the main charge detonator detonates the main charge to thereby forcibly project the projectiles from the warhead with a first set of projection velocities and velocity profile.

Abstract: The present invention provides a measuring tape having one or more guiding elements, provides the ability for quick and easy cutting and/or scribing of lines on drywall and other materials. A guiding element comprising a rigid attachment having an elongated aperture is provided that can receive a writing utensil tip or cutting blade. In addition, the main body of the tape measure may contain a second guiding element that can be placed against the outer edge of whichever construction material is being marked or cut, thereby providing an appropriate surface to facilitate the travel of the tape measure body along the edge of the material. This guide also acts as protection of the fingers/hand that holds the main body of the tape measure during travel.

Abstract: A ground-fixing system for a tire characteristics sensor housing (10) comprises: a fixing plate (1) comprising a plurality of recesses (2) of a given profile distributed over the surface of the fixing plate; and a plurality of fixing pins (3) of substantially corresponding profile, similarly distributed on a fixing face of said sensor housing (10), the shapes and dimensions of the recesses (2) and of the pins (3) for fixing being provided so as to allow, on the one hand, in a position of insertion of the pins, engagement of the latter in said recesses and, on the other hand, in a locking position of the pins, fixing of the sensor housing (10) on the fixing plate (1).

Abstract: According to one implementation, a feeding device of a hole inspection device having a probe includes an attaching jig, a movement mechanism, and a positioning jig. The probe is inserted into a hole to be inspected of an object in a central axis direction of the hole, for inspecting the hole. The attaching jig attaches the hole inspection device to the feeding device. The movement mechanism linearly reciprocates the hole inspection device together with the attaching jig. The positioning jig positions the movement mechanism to the object. A moving direction of the attaching jig and the hole inspection device is made parallel to the central axis direction of the hole by positioning the movement mechanism.

Abstract: An apparatus for deformation measurement and a method for deformation measurement are provided. The apparatus includes a housing, a sample holder, a moving mechanism, a first heating device and a second heating device. The sample holder is in the housing. The moving mechanism is over the sample holder. The first heating device is on the moving mechanism. The second heating device is below the sample holder.

Abstract: An inductive angle sensor includes an inductive target arrangement with k-fold symmetry and a first pickup coil arrangement with k-fold symmetry and a second pickup coil arrangement with k-fold symmetry. A combination apparatus is designed to combine signals of the first pickup coil arrangement with signals of the second pickup coil arrangement and, on the basis thereof, to ascertain an angle-error-compensated rotation angle. The single pickup coils of the first and second pickup coil arrangements are each rotationally offset about the axis of rotation R by a geometric offset angle ? relative to one another. Additionally, the entire first pickup coil arrangement is rotationally offset relative to the entire second pickup coil arrangement about the axis of rotation R by a geometric offset angle ?.

Abstract: Various methods, systems and apparatus are provided for imaging and sensing using interferometry. In one example, a system includes an interferometer; a light source that can provide light to the interferometer at multiple wavelengths (?i); and optical path delay (OPD) modifying optics that can enhance contrast in an interferometer output associated with a sample. The light can be directed to the sample by optics of the interferometer. The interferometer output can be captured by a detector (e.g., a camera) at each of the multiple wavelengths (?i). In another example, an apparatus includes an add-on unit containing OPD that can enhance contrast in an interferometer output associated with a sample illuminated by light at a defined wavelength (?i). A detector can be attached to the add-on unit to record the interferometer output at the defined wavelength (?i).

Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring displacements at the picometer level are provided. A system can include a Michelson interferometer having a fixed arm and a measurement arm. As the length of the measurement arm changes, the output supplied to the interferometer from a variable wavelength light source is changed until the intensity of the resulting inference pattern is maximized. The wavelength of the light at the point the interference pattern is maximized is then measured by mixing light from the light source with the output from a frequency comb generator. The resulting frequency measurement is then converted to a length measurement.

Abstract: An optical displacement sensor includes: a splitting unit that splits the light radiated from the light source into a first light ray and a second light ray; a reflection unit including a first reflection part and a second reflection part provided at a predetermined angle with respect to the first reflection part; and a fold-back reflection unit that folds-back and reflects the light that has gone through the reflection unit to the reflection unit. The optical displacement sensor is characterized in that the reflection unit reflects the first light ray and the second light ray that are split by the splitting unit and have gone through the diffraction unit from the first reflection part to the second reflection part, and reflects the first light ray and the second light ray that are reflected by the fold-back reflection unit from the second reflection part to the first reflection part.

Abstract: An optical method of measurement and an optical apparatus for determining the spatial position of at least one luminous object on a sample. A sequence of at least two compact luminous distributions of different topological families is projected onto the sample, and light re-emitted by the at least one luminous object is detected. At least one optical image is generated for each luminous distribution on the basis of the light detected. The optical images are analyzed to obtain spatiotemporal information regarding the light re-emitted by the at least one luminous object, or location of the at least one luminous object.

Abstract: Techniques for determining a depth of a buried asset are provided. A first point on an AR model of the buried asset is identified. The first point is where a depth of the buried asset is to be determined. An AR device is used to determine coordinates of a second point on a surface corresponding to the first point on the AR model. Coordinates of a third point on the buried asset corresponding to the first point on the AR model are determined. The depth of the buried asset is determined based on the coordinates of the second point on the surface and coordinates of the third point on the buried asset.

Abstract: An intra-oral optical scanning method for intra-oral optical scanning including projecting a pattern, the pattern including at least a first area illuminated by a first color of light and a second area illuminated by a second color of light and at least one non-illuminated area onto an intra-oral feature, making a first image of the first area, the second area and the non-illuminated area differentiating between the first color of light and the second color of light in the first image of the projected pattern, and determining from the image of the non-illuminated area at least one of an ambient light level, a level of scattered light, a level of light absorption and a level of light reflected from at least one of the first area and the second area. Related apparatus and methods are also described.

Abstract: Analyzing a buried layer on a sample includes milling a spot on the sample using a charged particle beam of a focused ion beam (FIB) column to expose the buried layer along a sidewall of the spot. From a first perspective a first distance is measured between a first point on the sidewall corresponding to an upper surface of the buried layer and a second point on the sidewall corresponding to a lower surface of the buried layer. From a second perspective a second distance is measured between the first point on the sidewall corresponding to the upper surface of the buried layer and the second point on the sidewall corresponding to the lower surface of the buried layer. A thickness of the buried layer is determined using the first distance and the second distance.