Abstract: Provided is an inspection system for an article treatment machine for the packaging of pourable food products and having an isolation chamber delimiting an inner environment from an outer environment. The inspection system includes at least a separation housing mounted to the isolation chamber protruding into the inner environment. The separation housing includes a cavity fluidically separated from the inner environment. The inspection system further includes a camera at least partially arranged within the cavity.

Abstract: A cocktail dispensing assembly includes a housing that is positionable in an establishment licensed to sell alcohol and a dispensing outlet is integrated into the housing. An alcohol dispensing unit is integrated into the housing to dispense a pre-determined volume of a distilled spirit outwardly through the dispensing outlet. A mixer dispensing unit is integrated into the housing to dispense a pre-determined volume of a cocktail mixer outwardly through the dispensing outlet. In this way the distilled spirit and the mixer can be dispensed in the beverage container. A point of sale unit is integrated into the housing to conduct a financial transaction to purchase a cocktail. An identification reader is integrated into the housing to read a state issued identification card. A facial recognition unit is integrated into the housing to scan a face of a user for to inhibiting an unauthorized user from purchasing alcohol.

Abstract: A water-dispensing device includes a cold water tank and a fill valve. The tank is in selective fluid communication with a water intake via the fill valve. The device further includes a cold dispensing valve, a spigot in selective fluid communication with the tank via the cold dispensing valve, an ozone generator in fluid communication with the tank, and a drip tray positioned beneath the spigot. The drip tray is in fluid communication with a drain via a drain hose. A controller is configured to perform a cleaning operation by: (i) activating the ozone generator to ozonate water stored in the tank, (ii) opening the cold dispensing valve to empty the tank by dispensing the ozonated water from the tank through the spigot and into the drip tray, and (iii) upon determining the tank is empty, opening the fill valve to refill the tank.

Abstract: A water purifier including a water discharge unit configured so that purified, cold, and hot water are selectably dischargeable therethrough, the water discharge unit including a rotatable body, a water discharge tube having a changeable position according to rotation of the body, and a display device including a first and a second light source, a light guide cover, and a guide case to guide light emitted from the first and second light source so as to be incident on the light guide cover, and to prevent mixing of the light from the first and the second light sources. The light guide cover projects the light from the first light source in a direction of water discharge from the water discharge tube, and projects the light from the second light source toward an outer peripheral surface of the display device to indicate which of purified, cold, and hot water is selected.

Abstract: Athletes in an athletic organization are provided access to a network of beverage dispensers associated with the organization. User profiles for each of the athletes are actively synchronized on the beverage dispensers within the network in response to changes to any of the user profiles. The user profiles are centrally maintained on a profile database and each profile includes performance parameters and personal parameters. Different users are given different levels of access to the user profiles. Each athlete is given access to view their entire profile and make modifications to personal parameters in their profile. Likewise, trainers or other training staff of the athletic organization are given access to view personal parameters of athlete's profiles and access to make modifications to performance parameters. Upon receiving a selection of an athlete's profile, a dispenser in the network is configured according to the personal and performance parameters stored in their profile.

Abstract: A fuel delivery system and method for controlling a fuel delivery system includes a fuel control device including a valve and an electronic sensor assembly integrated to the fuel control device and is arranged to detect an operational positioning of the valve, to generate a record of the real-time activation of the valve, and to compare records of real-time activation against a schedule of fuel deliveries to detect unauthorized fuel access.

Abstract: In the automated parking lot, a plurality of facilities having respectively different functions enabling automated driving vehicles to be restored to a runnable state in accordance with the causes of disablement acquired from the automated driving vehicles when the automated driving vehicle becomes disabled and stop are provided. When the automated driving vehicle becomes disabled and stops in the automated parking lot, a facility having a function enabling the automated driving vehicle to be restored to a runnable state for the cause of disablement of that automated driving vehicle is selected from the plurality of facilities and the automated driving vehicle disabled is conveyed by the vehicle conveyance robot to the selected facility.

Abstract: A MEMS device includes a layer stack having a plurality of MEMS layers arranged along a layer stack direction. The MEMS device includes a movable element formed in a first MEMS layer and arranged between a second MEMS layer and a third MEMS layer of the layer stack. A driving unit is further provided, comprising a first drive structure mechanically firmly connected to the movable element and a second drive structure mechanically firmly connected to the second MEMS layer. The driving unit is configured to generate on the movable member a drive force perpendicular to the layer stack direction, and the drive force is configured to deflect the movable member.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) die comprises a first diaphragm having a first side and a second side, and a second diaphragm having a first side facing the first side of the first diaphragm. A first plurality of interconnect strips is disposed along at least the first side of the first diaphragm, a second plurality of interconnect strips is disposed along the first side of the first diaphragm, and a third plurality of interconnect strips is disposed along the first side of the second diaphragm. First, second, and third runner strips are disposed along the second side of the first diaphragm transverse to the first, second, and third plurality of interconnect strips, respectively. Each of the first, second, and third runner strips is electrically connected to at least a subset of the first, second, and third plurality of interconnect strips, respectively, via electrical connections disposed through the first diaphragm.

Abstract: A MEMS angular rate sensor is presented with two pairs of suspended masses that are micromachined on a semiconductor layer. A first pair includes two masses opposite to and in mirror image of each other. The first pair of masses has driving structures to generate a mechanical oscillation in a linear direction. A second pair of masses includes two masses opposite to and in mirror image of each other. The second pair of masses is coupled to the first pair of driving masses with coupling elements. The two pairs of masses are coupled to a central bridge. The central bridge has a differential configuration to reject any external disturbances. Each of the masses of the two pairs of masses includes different portions to detect different linear and angular movements.

Abstract: The disclosure relates generally to methods as well as configurations for cryogenically separating carbon dioxide and hydrogen and particularly to methods and configurations for cryogenically separating carbon dioxide and hydrogen from a syngas stream to produce high quality carbon dioxide stream(s) and/or high quality hydrogen stream(s). In an embodiment, a system for cryogenically separating carbon dioxide from a syngas stream comprises a pressure swing adsorption system, wherein the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system separates a syngas input stream into a hydrogen-rich stream and a carbon dioxide-rich stream. The PSA unit outputs the hydrogen-rich stream and the carbon dioxide-rich stream and a carbon dioxide capturing unit cryogenically converts the carbon dioxide-rich stream to a dense phase. The hydrogen-rich stream may be used as a fuel source and/or a feedstock for chemical synthesis, and the dense phase carbon dioxide may be sequestered and stored, or used as a chemical feedstock.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for reducing the carbon intensity of hydrogen by replacing, at a hydrogen production facility, a fraction of a non-renewable gaseous feedstock with a biomethane feedstock, wherein the non-renewable gaseous feedstock replaced is (a) a feedstock fed to methane reforming and/or (b) a feedstock used to generate heat for the reforming in the hydrogen production, and wherein the fraction of the non-renewable gaseous feedstock replaced by the biomethane feedstock is less than 50% and is at least r defined by Equation A herein. The disclosed process for reducing the carbon intensity of hydrogen is designed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate climate change. The biomethane feedstock in some examples has a carbon intensity (CI) value within a range that is between 15 g CO2 eq/MJ and ?500 g CO2 eq/MJ.

Abstract: A process is described for steam reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock containing one or more nitrogen compounds, comprising passing a mixture of the hydrocarbon feedstock and steam through a catalyst bed consisting of one nickel steam reforming catalysts disposed within a plurality of externally heated tubes in a tubular steam reformer, wherein each tube has an inlet to which the mixture of hydrocarbon and steam is fed, an outlet from which a reformed gas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, steam, ammonia and methane is recovered, and the steam reforming catalyst at least at the outlet of the tubes is a particulate eggshell steam reforming catalyst comprising 2.5 to 9.5% by weight nickel, expressed as NiO, wherein the nickel is provided in a layer at the surface of the catalyst and the thickness of layer is in the range of 100 to 1000 ?m.

Abstract: Reactors and systems for producing fuel gases are provided herein. In some embodiments, the reactor comprises: an outer sleeve, and inner reaction tube received within the outer sleeve, and an induction heater comprising an induction coil wrapped around the outer sleeve, wherein the induction coil is approximately the same length as the inner reaction tube and longitudinally aligned with the inner reaction tube. Systems including the reactor can be modular such that they can be installed on site at fuel stations and other locations. Related methods for making a fuel gas are also provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for hydrogen production as well as apparatuses useful in such systems and methods. Hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of a hydrocarbon in a gas heated reformer that is heated using one or more streams comprising combustion products of a fuel in an oxidant, preferably in the presence of a carbon dioxide circulating stream.

Abstract: Techniques for converting carbonate material to carbon monoxide include transferring heat and at least one feed stream that includes a carbonate material and at least one of hydrogen, oxygen, water, or a hydrocarbon, into an integrated calcination and syngas production system that includes a syngas generating calciner (SGC) reactor; calcining the carbonate material to produce a carbon dioxide product and a solid oxide product; initiating a syngas production reaction; producing, from the syngas production reaction, at least one syngas product that includes at least one of a carbon monoxide product, a water product or a hydrogen product; and transferring at least one of the solid oxide product or the at least one syngas product out of the SGC reactor.

Abstract: The subject invention provides safe, environmentally-friendly, compositions and methods for extracting minerals and/or metals from ore. More specifically, the subject invention provides for bioleaching using a composition comprising one or more biosurfactant-producing microorganisms and/or microbial growth by-products. In specific embodiments, the composition comprises biosurfactant-producing yeasts and/or their growth by-products.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for preparing lithium manganese iron phosphate, which includes the following steps: S1: mixing a manganese source and/or an iron source in solid phase to obtain a first mixture; S2: sintering the first mixture in solid phase at 300° C. to 1200° C. to obtain a manganese iron oxide (MnxFe1?x?y)mOn; S3: mixing the manganese iron oxide (MnxFe1?x?y)mOn with a lithium source, a phosphorus source, and optionally a manganese source and/or an iron source in solid phase to obtain a second mixture; and S4: sintering the second mixture in solid phase at 350° C. to 900° C. to obtain lithium manganese iron phosphate LiMnxFe1?x?yPO4, wherein 0?x?1, and 0?y?1. The method of the present invention can be used to prepare a lithium manganese iron phosphate material with high tap density, long cycle life, low costs, and high cost-effectiveness.

Abstract: Disclosed are a preparation method and application of iron phosphate. The preparation method comprises: subjecting iron phosphate waste to calcination, dissolving it in an acid solution, and filtering to obtain filtrate, namely a solution A containing iron phosphorus; stirring a mixed solution of the solution A and a first alkali solution, adjusting pH of the mixed solution to acidity for reaction, and after washing and filtering to obtain second filter residue, namely an amorphous yellow iron phosphate filter cake; subjecting the yellow iron phosphate filter cake to aging and heating, adding phosphoric acid and a second alkali solution for reaction, followed by washing and filtering to obtain third filter residue, namely a basic ammonium iron phosphate filter cake, then drying to obtain basic ammonium iron phosphate crystal powder; and subjecting the basic ammonium iron phosphate crystal powder to calcination for dehydration and cooling to obtain iron phosphate.

Abstract: A reaction system comprises a reactor vessel, a secondary vessel, a transfer line providing fluid communication between the reactor vessel and the secondary vessel, a return line providing fluid communication between the secondary vessel and the reactor vessel, a filter disposed within the secondary vessel, and at least one freeze plug valve disposed within the transfer line or the return line.

Abstract: The present invention provides an efficient and effective method to produce a graphene material by a high shear mechanical process to exfoliate a natural graphite dispersion in a solvent, followed by supercritical exfoliation and drying. The method exfoliates all graphitic flakes into mostly few-layer graphene flakes. This method is more efficient than traditional mechanical exfoliation techniques and completely avoids the need of multiple sampling/centrifugation cycles. The graphene flakes are generally uniform in both size (area) and thickness and show no clumping or aggregation. After drying, this graphene material has high dispersibility in a suitable solvent; the prepared graphene dispersion is stable for at least three months and shows no indication of settling or separation.

Abstract: The introduction of graphene as a carrier for enzymes and catalysts is disclosed.

Abstract: The process for preparing high purity SiC powders according to embodiments not only solves the environmental problems by using waste SiC, but also reduces the manufacturing cost with high yield, high productivity, and high uniformity.

Abstract: Amorphous silicon carbon composite particles contain, as components of the particles, 85 to 99.63 wt.-% silicon content, 0.3 to 15 wt.-% carbon content, and at least 0.07 wt.-% hydrogen content, where the components sum up to 100 wt.-%. The carbon content in the area beneath the surface of the particles, starting from the surface and reaching up to at least 30 nm from the surface in a direction to the centre of the particles, is at least 3 wt.-% higher than in the area of the centre of the particles. The area of the centre is the remaining part of the particles and is directly joined to the area beneath the surface.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a new technology that enables reducibility to be maintained for a prolonged period of time. [Solution] A composition having reducing ability, comprising a substance having reducing ability and a wet ball mill-treated product of yeast cell wall and/or a hydrothermal reaction-treated product of yeast cell wall.

Abstract: An anti-vibration material used in an engine mount is provided to include: a clay mineral; and a solvent, the solvent containing water and a polyhydric alcohol having a molecular weight of 106 or less, wherein the solvent has a polyhydric alcohol content of 35% by mass or more and 55% by mass or less.

Abstract: Zeolites for extraction of heavy metals are given enhanced purification in a first method stage and further processed in a second method stage to form liquid and solid phases including swollen clinoptilolite fragments ranging from 200 to 2000 Daltons and formed as liposomes and usable to substantially reduce heavy metal ppm burdens for purposes of safe ingestion by mammals and reduction of heavy metal contaminants of gut, vascular and lymphatic systems of a mammalian host.

Abstract: The invention generally relates to methods of removing potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium, selectively or in combination, from brines using tetrafluoroborates. Also disclosed are methods of producing potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium chlorides using ionic liquids and exchange media. This invention also generally relates to treated geothermal brine compositions containing reduced concentrations of silica, iron, and potassium compared to the untreated brines. Exemplary compositions of the treated brine contain a concentration of silica ranging from about 0 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg, a concentration of iron ranging from about 0 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, and a concentration of potassium ranging from about 300 mg/kg to about 8500 mg/kg. Other exemplary compositions of the treated brines also contain reduced concentrations of elements like rubidium, cesium, and lithium.

Abstract: A carbonator reactor includes a cylindrical body, a nozzle for supplying a gas stream, inside the carbonator reactor and above the surface of a liquid phase and where the nozzle is located at the top of the reactor body, an inlet, an outlet, means for regulating the temperature and the pressure, a stirring system and at least one baffle regulating the stirring of the liquid phase and the mass transfer of the gas into the liquid surface, at least one impeller having inclined blades that make an angle from 5° to 60° with respect to the vertical axis. The reactor prepares sodium carbonate and has a configuration for the mass transfer of a gas phase in a liquid phase. A method for the preparation of sodium carbonate by means of the carbonator reactor by capturing CO2 in an NaOH aqueous solution, directly on the free surface of the liquid phase.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing alkali carbonate/bicarbonate salts, comprising continuously feeding aqueous alkali hydroxide solution into a gas-liquid contactor; forcing incoming CO2-containing gas stream through a sparging device submerged in the gas-liquid contactor below the surface level of the aqueous alkali hydroxide solution, to generate bubbles and/or microbubbles; adding hydrogen peroxide in proximity to orifices of the sparging device, from which the bubbles and/or microbubbles evolve, wherein the supply of hydrogen peroxide is adjusted to decrease alkali carbonate formation and increase alkali bicarbonate formation; and continuously discharging an effluent from the gas-liquid contactor and recovering therefrom carbonate and bicarbonate alkali salts predominated by the bicarbonate component. A gas liquid-contactor and an apparatus are also provided by the invention.

Abstract: Provided are a method of extracting lithium, which includes adding a phosphorus source material to a first solution containing a lithium cation (Li+) and an alkaline earth metal cation to produce a precipitate containing lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and phosphorus, wherein the total concentration of the alkaline earth metal cations in the first solution is 100,000 mg/L or more, a method of preparing lithium carbonate using the same, and a method of preparing lithium hydroxide using the same.

Abstract: Methods for synthesizing and using metal oxide nanomaterials are provided. The methods include heating a solution including large inverse micelles of a metal chelate in a solvent to a temperature greater than the solvent boiling point to form a dried product and calcining the dried product to form the metal oxide nanomaterial.

Abstract: A method of making aluminum alkoxide nanowires is disclosed. In some embodiments, the method includes: (1) treating an alloy comprising aluminum (Al) and lithium (Li) with a reactive solvent to form a porous metal comprising Al; and (2) treating the porous metal with an alcohol-comprising solvent to form the Al alkoxide nanowires. In some embodiments, the reactive solvent has a pKa value at 25° C. that is less than 15. In some implementations, water is employed as the reactive solvent and ethanol is employed as the alcohol-comprising solvent. Methods of making Al oxide nanowires, Al hydroxide nanowires, an aerogel, and a lithium-ion battery are also disclosed.

Abstract: In one aspect, methods of producing polyaluminum chlorides are described herein which, in some embodiments, provide increased reaction rates and/or reductions in stoichiometric excesses of aluminum feedstock. In some embodiments, a method of producing polyaluminum chloride comprises providing a feedstock comprising aluminum, contacting the feedstock with a solution comprising hydrochloric acid and one or more transition metal compounds, and catalyzing formation of the polyaluminum chloride with the one or more transition metals. As described further herein, the one or more transition metal compounds can comprise a transition metal coordination complex, transition metal salt, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: This surface-treated hydrotalcite is obtained by surface-treating a hydrotalcite having a compositional makeup represented by formula (1) and satisfies (A)-(C). This hydrotalcite has excellent dispersibility. (M2+)(1-x)(M3+)x(OH)2(An?)x/n·mH2O??(1) (Wherein, respective signs in formula (1) are as defined in the claims.) (A) The proportion of a surface-treating agent is 20-50 mass %. (B) The average width of primary particles is 5-120 nm. (C) The monodispersity is 75% or more.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the technical field of preparation of copper chloride, and in particular to a method of preparing an electronic-grade copper chloride dihydrate, which mainly includes the following steps: dissolving a copper salt in a first hydrochloric acid solution to obtain a copper salt solution; performing two solid-liquid separations for the copper salt solution to obtain a filtrate; wherein, the two solid-liquid separations do not have sequence and include an adhesive separation and a co-precipitation separation; the adhesive separation is a solid-liquid separation performed by adding a waste PCB board powder and continuously stirring; the co-precipitation separation is a solid-liquid separation performed by adding tin chloride compound and continuously stirring; adding a second hydrochloric acid into the filtrate and adjusting pH and then performing evaporation concentration to a supersaturated solution, adding copper chloride seed crystal and then performing cooling crystallization a

Abstract: Methods for synthesizing chalcogenide perovskites and chalcogenide perovskites synthesized thereby. Such s method includes providing a precursor solution containing a metal precursor, depositing the precursor solution onto a substrate to form a precursor film, and heating the precursor film in the presence of a chalcogen source to form a chalcogenide perovskite. The precursor solution is oxygen-free, and the steps of depositing and heating are conducted in an inert atmosphere.

Abstract: A hybrid photoactive heterojunction including a copper vanadate, Cu2V2O7 (CVO) and a zinc vanadate, Zn2V2O6 (ZVO). Particles of the ZVO are dispersed in particles of the CVO to form the hybrid photoactive heterojunction. The hybrid photoactive heterojunction in the form of a photoactive film includes a substrate which is at least partially coated with the hybrid photoactive heterojunction. A method of photodegrading a dye includes contacting the photoactive film and the dye in a solution and exposing the solution to light. A method of photoelectrochemically oxidizing water includes contacting the photoactive film with water in a solution and exposing the solution to light.

Abstract: A more efficient and lower cost method for producing electrochemically stable, and thus safe from thermal runaway, high electrochemical capacity coated lithium nickelate is disclosed. The coated nickelate hydroxide particles are formed from a mixed metal sulfate solution (MMS) serving as the starting material that is obtained from recycled lithium ion and/or nickel metal hydride batteries. The coating of the particles includes a relatively small amount of cobalt/manganese oxide forming the surface of the nickelate particles, while the core of the particles includes a relatively large amount of nickel in relation to the weight of the coating. Battery cathode electrodes may be manufactured by using the obtained coated lithium nickelate particles as the cathode active material (CAM) in forming the battery cathodes.

Abstract: A positive electrode material, including a core and a shell layer are provided. In some embodiments, a molecular formula of the core is Li1+aNixCoyMn1-x-yM1zO2, 0.8?x<1.0, 0<y<0.2, 0<a<0.1, 0?z<0.1, and M1 is selected from at least one of Al, Ta, and B; and a molecular formula of the shell layer is Li1+bComA1nNb1-m-nM2cO2, 0.85?m<1.0, 0<n<0.15, 0<b<0.1, 0.001?1-m-n?0.02, 0?c<0.05, and M2 is selected from at least one of W, Mo, Ti, Zr, Y, and Yb.

Abstract: In a method for producing a coated active material, a coating layer containing niobium is formed on at least a part of a surface of an active material. The method includes: transforming a slurry containing the active material and a coating solution containing niobium into droplets to obtain slurry droplets; drying the slurry droplets in a heated gas stream to obtain a precursor; and baking the precursor. The active material that is used to obtain the slurry droplets contains less than 0.68 wt% of sulfur as an impurity.

Abstract: A method of preparing a positive electrode active material includes forming a pre-sintered product by mixing a transition metal precursor having a nickel content of 70 atm % or more and a lithium raw material and performing primary sintering, and forming a lithium composite transition metal oxide by performing secondary sintering on the pre-sintered product, wherein the primary sintering is performed such that a ratio of a spinel phase of the pre-sintered product is in a range of 7% to 16%.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a system 1 intended for measuring water quality in a system having the capability of recirculating water and flowing water to waste, depending on water quality, said system 1 being a module system comprising a water channel base unit 2, a sensor module unit 3 for water quality measurement and a water distribution module unit 4 for distribution of water to recirculation, wherein the water distribution module unit 4 are attachable to and detachable from the water channel base unit 2.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device for efficiently recycling nickel from wastewater and a method. The device includes a housing, and an extraction unit and an electro-deposition unit which are respectively arranged inside the housing. The device is reasonable in overall structural design. An oscillating and floating component and a rotating component in an extraction cavity are used to fully and uniformly mix a solution to maximize the extraction strength. A mixing component in an electro-deposition cavity is used to accelerate ion dispersion, to better recycle nickel. The device is easy to operate, low in cost and suitable for mass promotion.

Abstract: A drainage treatment system is applied to receive drainage from a large number of factories and overflow while reducing the size of a storage tank. The drainage from the storage tank is purified by a water treatment device having a combination of solid detergent and liquid regenerant, and includes a solid detergent filtering device that performs a purification operation in which the drainage from the storage tank is transformed into purified water. The regeneration device performs regeneration in which impurities absorbed to the solid detergent filtering device are desorbed; and the treatment facility control device acquires operating plan information to predict the amount of drainage discharge from the factories, and to predict the transition of a physical quantity at each part of the storage tank and the water treatment device associated with the predicted amount of drainage discharge, and controls the timing of operation in accordance with the prediction result.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for ion exchange wherein process fluid is injected at multiple points within the ion exchange vessel simultaneously, allowing the contaminants and/or the contaminated process fluid to be distributed homogeneously throughout the ion exchange media. These systems and methods may be implemented in one or more of fixed, mobile, and modular embodiments.

Abstract: A system for producing steam includes a source of superheated water with superheated water output; a membrane filtration system in fluid communication with the superheated water output and including a membrane filter with a permeate side and an opposing retentate side. The membrane filter includes a separation membrane constructed to reject organic molecules. The system may be used for removing organic compounds, such as anti-corrosion agents or contaminants, from superheated water to produce steam. A method for producing steam includes directing a cross-flow of heated pressurized water including a first concentration of an organic compound across a membrane filter. The membrane filter includes a separation membrane constructed to reject the organic compound; and one or more support layers adjacent the separation membrane. A steam permeate including a second concentration of the organic compound is collected, where the second concentration is lower than the first.

Abstract: An improved spacer and a process for the manufacture thereof for use in electrodialysis and electrodeionization stacks. The spacer can provide reduced leakage and improved sealing between stack compartments, as well as reduced output product loss and reduced energy consumption per unit volume of output product.

Abstract: A process of treating a waste stream comprising organic amine compounds complexed with heavy metal ions. The process includes the steps of: (1) adjusting the pH of the waste stream to between about 4 and about 10; (2) b) adding a chloride salt to the waste stream to produce a concentration of chloride ions in the waste stream; and (3) circulating the waste stream through an electrochemical reactor. The electrochemical reactor comprises an array of electrodes comprising alternating anodes and cathodes. The waste stream is circulated through the electrochemical reactor for a period of time sufficient to hydrolyse amine compounds in the waste stream.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods, electrodes, and systems for electrochemical oxidation of polyfluoroalkyl and perfluroalkyl (PFAS) contaminants using Magnéli phase titanium suboxide ceramic electrodes/membranes. Magnéli phase titanium suboxide ceramic electrodes/membranes can be porous and can be included in reactive electrochemical membrane filtration systems for filtration, concentration, and oxidation of PFASs and other contaminants.