Abstract: A two-component biomaterial and method that replicates both the structural complexity and diverse molecular composition necessary to create a tissue's form and function. It is an objective of the current invention to use the unique combination material and methods herein to provide a pharmaceutical composition, a medical device, a tissue regeneration scaffold, as well as a scaffold for 3D organ culture (tissue on a chip, lab grown meat, research stem cell differentiation) comprising a significant amount of acellular tissue particles packed tightly and held together via crosslinking between the acellular particles and a thiolated protein.

Abstract: In some aspects, the present disclosure pertains to systems for forming a hydrogel that comprise (a) an iodinated polyamino compound and (b) a reactive multi-arm polymer that comprises a plurality of hydrophilic polymer arms having unsaturated end groups that are reactive with amino groups of the iodinated polyamino compound. Other aspects of the present disclosure pertain to medical hydrogels that are formed by crosslinking the iodinated polyamino compound and the reactive multi-arm polymer of such systems. Further aspects of the present disclosure pertain to medical procedures that can be performed using such systems.

Abstract: The disclosed subject matter relates to extracorporeal blood processing or other processing of fluids. Volumetric fluid balance, a required element of many such processes, may be achieved with multiple pumps or other proportioning or balancing devices which are to some extent independent of each other. This need may arise in treatments that involve multiple fluids. Safe and secure mechanisms to ensure fluid balance in such systems are described.

Abstract: A dialysis apparatus has a replenisher passage selectively connectable to an arterial side passage (pre-replenishment) or a venous side passage (post-replenishment) in a blood circuit. A supply side pressure sensor measures a pressure of a dialysate supply passage and a collection side pressure sensor measures a pressure of a dialysate collection passage. The connection passages each have one end communicating with the arterial side passage or the venous side passage of the blood circuit and another end connected to the dialysate collection passage. It is determined whether the replenisher passage is connected to the arterial side passage or the venous side passage, based on a differential pressure of pressures measured by the supply side pressure sensor and the collection side pressure sensor, in a state where a dialysate pump (liquid delivery device) causes dialysate to flow into the blood circuit from the replenisher passage.

Abstract: Bioartificial ultrafiltration devices comprising a scaffold comprising a population of cells enclosed in a matrix and disposed adjacent a plurality of channels are provided. The population of cells provides molecules such as therapeutic molecules to a subject in need thereof and is supported by the nutrients filtered in an ultrafiltrate from the blood of the subject. The plurality of channels in the scaffold facilitate the transportation of the ultrafiltrate and exchange of molecules between the ultrafiltrate and the population of cells.

Abstract: A blood filtration system may include a blood circuit. The blood filtration system may include an adjustable cuff configured to receive a portion of a limb of a patient. The cuff may selectively engage with the limb to apply an external force to the limb. Applying force to the limb with the cuff may inhibit flow of blood within the vasculature of the limb. The system may adjust the cuff to change the force applied to the limb, for example to correspondingly change flow of blood from the vasculature to the blood circuit. The blood filtration system may include a controller. The controller may communicate with the cuff. The controller may operate the cuff to adjust the force applied to the limb of the patient.

Abstract: A device for establishing venous inflow to a blood reservoir of an extracorporeal blood circulation system includes a restricting unit for gradually closing a venous inflow line and a vacuum unit for supplying vacuum to the blood reservoir. The device includes a control unit that supplies a first actuating signal to the restricting unit for restricting venous inflow to the blood reservoir and supplies a second actuating signal to the vacuum unit for establishing a degree of vacuum within the blood reservoir.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for extracellular vesicle enrichment are described in which apparatus may be used to create plasma preparations that are enriched in EV-containing fluid sample. Generally, one variation of a method may generally comprise contacting the fluid sample with a plurality of absorbent chromatographic beads to concentrate EVs from the fluid sample, and separating the beads from the fluid sample.

Abstract: Systems and methods for treating cellulite including an apparatus that applies or a method involving disrupting, stretching, re-orienting or tearing septa to eliminate or reduce the appearance of cellulite. In one approach, an expandable member is placed between tissue layers to stretch or tear septa connecting tissue layers between which fat deposits are contained.

Abstract: This disclosure describes devices, systems, and methods related to two-piece dressings. In one aspect, a two-piece dressing includes a drape including a first light switchable adhesive, and a pad. The pad includes a second light switchable adhesive configured to couple the pad to the drape and a light source configured to emit light and activate at least the second light switchable adhesive. In another aspect a two-piece dressing includes a drape and a pad. The pad is configured to be coupled to the drape and to a light source, and the pad includes a light switchable adhesive configured to couple the pad to the drape. The light source is configured to emit light to activate the light switchable adhesive to decouple the pad from the drape, and the pad is configured to direct the light to activate second light switchable adhesive to decouple the drape from a tissue site.

Abstract: An apparatus (1) for negative pressure wound therapy comprises a source of reduced pressure (10) and first (22a) and second (26a) chambers, the first chamber being in fluid communication with the source of reduced pressure such that a negative pressure may be generated in the first chamber, the negative pressure being prevented from exceeding a predetermined value by way of a pressure release means (30), and the second chamber comprising means (28) for establishing a fluid connection with a wound. A valve (24) between the first and second chambers permits the negative pressure in the second chamber to increase in response to an increase in the negative pressure in the first chamber and prevents the negative pressure in the second chamber from dropping in response to a drop in the negative pressure in the first chamber.

Abstract: A device for dispensing medicine to an eye from a container in a non-gravitational manner includes a housing defining a space for receiving the container of medicine. A pair of motors is provided on the housing on opposite sides of the receiving space. Each motor has an actuatable arm. A dispenser assembly is connected to the housing and includes a first end for securing to the container and a second end having a delivery port. The first and second ends are in fluid communication with each other and with the medicine in the container. The arms are actuatable into engagement with the container for urging the medicine out of the container, through the dispenser assembly, and out through the delivery port into the eye.

Abstract: A device is for the infusion of medical solutions containing drugs or other physiologically useful substances. The medical solution infusion device assembly includes an infusion device and a housing containing it. The infusion device includes an elastomeric pump having a closed end and an open end, a cannula and a filling valve configured to fill the elastomeric pump with a medical solution. The housing of the infusion device has a first half-shell and a second half-shell, configured to be sealingly coupled to each other and to the infusion device. The sealed coupling with the infusion device is arranged in a position adjacent to the open end of the elastomeric pump.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods are provided herein for delivering medication (e.g., insulin) via a wearable pump having a patch-style form factor for adhesion to a user's body. The reusable pump may be coupled to a disposable cap housing a microdosing system for delivering precise, repeatable doses of medication to a cannula configured to deliver medication to a target infusion area beneath the user's outer skin layer. The system further may include an applicator for inserting the cannula into the user's skin and/or applying an adhesive pad to the skin.

Abstract: A bidirectional electroosmotic pump may be provided. The bidirectional electroosmotic pump may be made of materials that are biocompatible and non-ferrous. The bidirectional electroosmotic pump may be part of an implantable medical device for the purpose of medicine delivery. The bidirectional electroosmotic pump may contain a working fluid and may facilitate the delivery of a separate payload fluid. In an exemplary embodiment, the bidirectional pump may contain bellows which may allow the pump to deliver the payload fluid through a series of valves and/or catheters. In another embodiment the bidirectional electroosmotic pump may contain a pump sensing mechanism to monitor the state of the pump.

Abstract: An auto-injector may include a container capable of comprising a medicament; a shuttle coupled to the container and on a horizontal path with a first state and a second state; an energy source configured to release energy to translate the container and to translate the shuttle, preferably the energy source is pressurized fluid from a can; an impediment preventing horizontal movement of the shuttle before activation of the auto-injector; and a needle having a first end configured to extend out of the auto-injector, and a second end configured to extend into the container, wherein the second end of the needle and the container are not in fluid communication with one another before activation of the auto-injector.

Abstract: Tissue access devices and methods of using and making the same are disclosed. The devices can have a sensor configured to occlude a flow path by deflecting a membrane into the flow path when the devices become dislodged from tissue. The sensor can be configured to partially or fully occlude the flow path. The sensor can have a spring, can be a spring, or may not have a spring. The sensor can be static or can be moved from a sensor first configuration to a sensor second configuration. The membrane can be deflected into the flow path when the sensor is in the sensor second configuration.

Abstract: A device and method of controlling a device. The device may include a controller for controlling operation of a pumping device to producing a flow of fluid in the pump set, the controller including a processor and a memory, the controller being adapted to store in the memory, syringe size data, the controller configured to execute in the processor a syringe detection program to determine a presence and size of the syringe loaded onto a flow control apparatus.

Abstract: A stable flow regulator assembly includes a body having a tube slot adjacent a perimeter of the body and having an opening at the perimeter to slidingly receive a portion of an intravenous (IV) tube, and a spiral slide groove extending into the body from the tube slot, wherein a width of the spiral slide groove narrows as the spiral slide groove extends further into the body. A tube arm is rotatingly coupled to the body, the tube arm having a slot open to the perimeter of the body and configured to slidingly receive the IV tube when the slot is aligned with the tube slot of the body and to regulate a flow rate through the IV tube based on the compression of the IV tube due to a position of the IV tube within the spiral slide groove. Methods of operating a stable flow regulator assembly are also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system and method implementing a software-based method for detecting or confirming the detection of occlusions in the fluid path of an automatic drug delivery system. The invention uses real time glucose readings from a continuous glucose monitor in collaboration with past insulin delivery history and user indications of ingestion of carbohydrates, to determine cases where the user's glucose concentration is not being sufficiently impacted by the expected insulin delivery, which may indicate a significant pump site issue.

Abstract: In one embodiment there is an injector comprising a housing having a proximal end and a distal end, a shell, a plunger, a needle guard, a first member, and an actuation assembly. The shell may be within the housing and may have a cavity to receive at least a portion of a medicament chamber. The shell may be moveable with respect to the housing from an initial position to an injecting position. The plunger may be moveable with respect to the shell. The needle guard may be moveable between an extended position and a retracted position. The first member may be within the housing. The actuation assembly may be coupled to the housing and the shell. The needle guard may move the first member with respect to the housing as the needle guard moves from the extended position to the retracted position. The actuation assembly may move the shell from the initial position to the injecting position when the first member moves with respect to the housing.

Abstract: A deployment device for deploying a transcutaneous sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology includes a housing including a plunger, a frame, and a cap. The deployment device further includes a spring and a carrier within the housing. The frame defines a deployment window through which the carrier is configured to move the transcutaneous device into contact with a target surface of a subject. This can occur at least partially in response to the frame moving in a second direction relative to the plunger, the second direction being opposite the first direction. The deployment device also include a stop that, when engaged, is configured block separation of the cap from the plunger, thereby enabling the spring to be removed from the housing. The stop is configured to disengage at least partially in response to the frame moving in the second direction relative to the plunger.

Abstract: A liquid formulation of an ophthalmic drug in a pre-filled pharmaceutical package, for example a syringe, cartridge, vial or any other vessel made in part or in whole of a thermoplastic polymer, coated on the interior with a tie coating or layer, a barrier coating or layer, a pH protective coating or layer, and optionally a lubricity coating or layer. A blister, a pouch, a bag, a tray or a tub may encompass as a secondary packaging the syringe, vial, cartridge, tube or any other vessel. The package is suitable for sterilization (e.g., surface and/or terminal sterilization) with sterilization gas residuals being minimal and/or lower than required by ISO 10993-7; and/or the stability of the ophthalmic drug is maintained, during a prolonged time period following the sterilization. The sterilization gas may be EO, propylene oxide, chlorine dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, or vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP), among others.

Abstract: A hand grip adapter for a syringe formed from a body having a first end wall and a second end wall with a support base therebetween. The support base includes a centrally disposed receptacle for receipt of a syringe flange. The first end wall formed perpendicular to the support base having a curvature outer surface to conform to the palm of an individual's hand. The second end wall is formed parallel to the first end wall and includes four finger depressions wherein an individual can place their index, middle, ring, and little finger. At least one of the depressions includes a rim forming a circular opening for ease of grasping. The first side wall is configured to rest in the palm of an individual's hand and said second end wall is configured to receive the finger tips from the individual's hand with a syringe secured in the support base.

Abstract: A needleless injection system includes a pusher that pushes a plunger within a tapered bore of a cartridge. The pusher includes a nib, the tip of which is a ball.

Abstract: Safety and accuracy measures may be provided in a medicament delivery device. The medicament delivery device may be able to identify the inadvertent delivery of duplicate medicament boluses by a user. The exemplary embodiments may set limits for maximum allowable medicament bolus doses and maximum cumulative bolus doses over an interval. The exemplary embodiments may provide automatic meal detection and may use detection of meals in determining whether a user-requested medicament bolus dose should be adjusted or rejected. The exemplary embodiments may facilitate delivery of partial boluses and the delivery of remainders of the boluses contingent on acceptable glucose level trends of the user. The exemplary embodiments may resolve potential conflicts among multiple medicament delivery devices via a broker or by providing a single actor, such as a medicament delivery controller, that has sole control of dosing and delivery of medicament boluses.

Abstract: An injector is disclosed for injecting an injectable substance into at least one of the epidermal tissue and the dermal tissue of a subject. The injector includes an outer housing and a control member disposed within the outer housing. A needle head, which is configured to support a plurality of needles, is operatively coupled to the control member. First means are provided in communication with the control member and are configured to be driven by the control member for converting a movement of the control member into a movement of the needle head along an injection direction and toward an injecting position of the needle head. Second means are configured to move the needle head in a direction having a component that is normal to the injection direction and absent movement of the outer housing relative to the skin of the subject.

Abstract: A dosage verification system for use prior to administering an injection of a medicinal fluid drawn into a medical syringe, the system comprising a medical syringe having a barrel with an outwardly facing, flat indicia display surface, plunger having a plunger seal disposed inside and slidably engaging an inwardly facing wall of the barrel and a plunger handle projecting rearwardly from the barrel, and a hypodermic needle projecting forwardly from the barrel, all in combination with an imaging device configured to view and selectively capture, store or transmit a digital image of the plunger position relative to the barrel when a dose of the medicinal fluid is drawn into the fluid chamber of the barrel prior to an injection to verify and provide a record of the dosage drawn, and to alert a user prior to injection when an incorrect dosage is drawn into the fluid chamber of the syringe.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a safe puncture needle, and relates to the technical field of medical devices, which comprises a needle holder, a base and a needle tubing, wherein the needle tubing comprises a needle tubing body and a needle tubing tip having a bent structure, the base comprises a base body and a guide block, the base body is provided with a second inner space, the base body is provided with a first through-hole and a second through-hole communicating with the second inner space, the guide block is provided with a third through-hole, the needle tubing body passes through the first through-hole and the third through-hole and is slidably connected to the guide block, and the needle tubing tip retracts from the second through-hole.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of inhalation devices for liquids. In particular, the invention relates to an improved seal construction for an inhalation device having a nebulizing nozzle and a piston which moves relative to a pumping chamber in order to generate pumping pressure and to an inhalation device comprising such seal.

Abstract: A nebulizer has a body, a fluid reservoir, and a flutter valve. The body has a first end that has a mouthpiece, a second end, an aerosol delivery channel extending through the body from the first end to the second end, and a fluid reservoir receiving compartment in communication with the aerosol delivery channel. The fluid reservoir is positioned in the fluid reservoir receiving compartment. The fluid reservoir contains a volume of fluid and has a vibrating mesh disc for delivering the fluid to the aerosol delivery channel in an aerosol form upon the vibrating mesh disc being energized. The flutter valve is positioned in the aerosol delivery channel of the body near the second end of the body. The flutter valve is moveable between a closed position and an open position when the expiratory pressure greater than a predetermined expiratory pressure is exerted on the flutter valve.

Abstract: A system for delivery of gas to a tissue, comprises: a first container containing the gas, an applicator having a distal end arranged to deliver the gas to the tissue, a second container containing a purging gas; and a flow control system for controlling flow of gas. The system also comprises a three-port valve having a first port for receiving the gas from the first container, a second port for receiving the purging gas from the second container, and a third port in fluid communication with the applicator. The valve is switchable between a first state at which the first port fluidly connects to the third port, and a second state at which the second port fluidly connects to the third port.

Abstract: A control device for an electronic aerosol provision system is provided. The control device is configured to receive a replaceable component to form an electronic aerosol provision system. The control device includes a communication interface for performing communications external to the electronic aerosol provision system; a memory configured to hold a set of stored identifiers; and a control system. The control system is configured to: receive control information from a remote server via the communication interface; update the set of stored identifiers based on the control information received from the remote server; receive an identifier from a replaceable component received by the control device; make a comparison of the received identifier against the set of stored identifiers; and perform a control action for the electronic aerosol provision system dependent upon the result of said comparison.

Abstract: The e-vaping device includes a vaporizer assembly, which includes a heating element, a pre-vapor formulation reservoir, a pre-vapor formulation level indicator including a plurality of discrete indicator segments, and at least one processor. The pre-vapor formulation reservoir may be configured to contain a pre-vapor formulation and the at least one processor may be configured to determine a difference between a first duty cycle of power supplied to the heating element and a second duty cycle of power supplied to the heating element; and adjust the indicator based on the determined duty cycle difference.

Abstract: A nozzle for use in delivering a mixture of aerosol propellant and drug formulation. The nozzle includes a drug product inlet configured to receive a mixture of aerosolized propellant and an intranasal dosage form. The inlet is disposed at the proximal end. A nozzle body is secured to the drug product inlet. Two or more channels are disposed within the body. Two or more orifice apertures are disposed at the distal end of the nozzle.

Abstract: A connector for a patient ventilation system serves for connecting to a heatable breathing air tube portion for conducting ventilation air from a breathing air source to a patient and for connecting the breathing air tube portion to a patient air interface. At least one portion of the connector is formed of a thermochromic material. This results in a connector in which a temperature of the heatable breathing air tube portion is reliably displayed.

Abstract: Various implementations of the present disclosure are directed to systems and methods for leak detection in a respiratory therapy system using acoustic data. According to some implementations, a method includes receiving acoustic data associated with airflow caused by operation of a respiratory therapy system during a sleep session of a user. The method also includes analyzing at least a portion of the acoustic data to determine a value of a parameter associated with the at least a portion of the acoustic data. The method further includes determining an occurrence of a leak during the sleep session in response to the determined value of the parameter satisfying a condition.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for accurate leak estimation in a flow generation system includes measuring a total flow through the flow generation system, measuring a pressure in in the primary flow circuit of the flow generation system, determining when the measured pressure is within a predetermined threshold of EPAP, and calculating an intentional leak flowrate and an unintentional leak flowrate based on the relationship QFS(t)=QIL(t)+QUL(t) when the measured pressure is within the predetermined threshold. In another embodiment, a flow generation system includes in one embodiment an airflow generator connected in-line to a flow sensor, a pressure sensor and a patient interface connection by a first gas flow circuit, and a controller electrically coupled to the airflow generator, the flow sensor and the pressure sensor.

Abstract: A positive airway pressure apparatus is automatically adjusting. Pressure increases in response to apnea events when the apparatus is in one or more responsive states. Pressure does not increase in response to apnea events when the apparatus is in a non-responsive state. The apparatus switches between responsive and nonresponsive states depending upon any of a number of different criteria that help differentiate between open airway apnea events and closed airway apnea events.

Abstract: A laryngeal mask airway device that establishes pulmonary breathing of a patient and receives a endotracheal tube includes an airway tube with a distal end mask, the mask having a peripheral cuff to form a seal around the patient's laryngeal inlet. An endoscope channel is formed separately from the airway tube so as to receive an endoscope capable of illuminating and viewing the laryngeal anatomy. The endoscope channel may be closed by a transparent viewing window at a distal end. In an embodiment the endoscope channel has a mechanical asymmetry to ensure proper insertion of the visualizaton stylet. The airway device may include an additional channel for monitoring pressure in the laryngeal region. A visualization stylet to be used with the airway device is preferably connected wirelessly to display equipment. The airway device can also include markings to be imaged by the visualization stylet during insertion, for correct placement and to assess dimensions of a patient's anatomical features.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for treating dysphagia related to neurological disease, and promoting deglutition. The apparatus includes a tube with inner diameter larger than the outer diameter of a standard nasogastric/enteric tube, and can be advanced over the standard nasogastric/enteric tube platform through the oropharynx and esophagus into the stomach. The apparatus sequentially stimulates muscles involved in deglutition (swallowing) to monitor and promote recovery from dysphagia. Another iteration uses a long sleeve placed circumferentially around the standard nasogastric/enteric tube. The sleeve can be inflated in the proximal portion using a bolus of air or another solution and the bolus can move down the sleeve propelled by contraction of oropharyngeal and esophageal muscles with segmentation ensured by valves or adhesions at regular intervals.

Abstract: Provided herein is an endotracheal tube, and an intubation system comprising said endotracheal tube and a stylet for guiding an endotracheal tube during intubation. The endotracheal tube has a body comprising a flexible hollow tube with a distal end for insertion into a patient's trachea during intubation, and an opposite proximal end. The endotracheal tube body comprises a polymeric material comprising a helically wound, meshed or braided reinforcement structure embedded therein, the helically wound, meshed or braided reinforcement structure being formed from one or more filaments. One or more properties of the reinforcement structure vary along the length of the endotracheal tube such that the bending flexibility and/or the mechanical strength of the endotracheal tube varies along the length of the endotracheal tube.

Abstract: A system may include a laryngoscope, and an intubation device configured to guide insertion of the laryngoscope into the throat of a patient. The intubation device may have a proximal end, a distal end, and a medial portion between the proximal and distal ends. The proximal and distal ends may be narrower than the medial portion, and the intubation device may have a first taper from the medial portion to the distal end and a second taper from the medial portion to the proximal end.

Abstract: A bite block to assist with upper Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy procedures. A main body of the bite block employs a rectangular shaped lumen to provide a large access port for insertion of variety of endoscopes and endoscopy equipment, individually or multiple instruments at the same time, and to guide them more precisely into the esophagus. The main body having a lumen shaped with respect to the anatomy of the oral cavity, where a curvature of the body is designed to act as a tongue depressor preventing airway blockage due to tongue collapse. Assigned channels run along the entire length of the device and are used to secure tubing in place for oxygen and monitor maximal concentration of carbon dioxide.

Abstract: An endotracheal tube placement system for securing an endotracheal tube relative to a patient's vocal chords during surgery is disclosed. The system can include a clamp that receives the endotracheal tube and a clamp lock that selectively retains the clamp in a clamped position holding the endotracheal tube in place relative to the clamp. The clamp and clamp lock can be fixed to the mouth area of the patient's face using tape strips. The system may also include positioners sized to be placed between the upper and lower teeth of the patient when the clamp is fixed to a patient's face.

Abstract: A respiratory interface such as a CPAP mask comprises access portions. The access portions may comprise a compliant surface, such as a flexible or elastic membrane, configured to allow a user access to an irritated portion of the face, such as the nose, lips or cheeks. The membrane may be sized to allow a user's finger to reach the irritated portion. The access portions may allow a user to reach the irritated portion without waking up.

Abstract: Nasal cannulas for providing respiratory therapy to patients can have a body, two prongs extending from the body, and a gases inlet on one side of the body. There can be a throttle or internal localized reduction in the cross-sectional area of a cavity defined by the internal walls of the cannula body in between the prongs. In at least some arrangements, the throttle can partially or substantially fully equalize flow between the prongs of the cannula.

Abstract: New medical circuit components and methods for forming such components are disclosed. These components include microstructures for humidification and/or condensate management. The disclosed microstructures can be incorporated into a variety of components, including tubes (e.g., inspiratory breathing tubes and expiratory breathing tubes and other tubing between various elements of a breathing circuit, such as ventilators, humidifiers, filters, water traps, sample lines, connectors, gas analyzers, and the like), Y-connectors, catheter mounts, humidifiers, and patient interfaces (e.g., masks for covering the nose and face, nasal masks, cannulas, nasal pillows, etc.), floats, probes, and sensors in a variety of medical circuits.

Abstract: A monitoring connector for a patient ventilation system serves for connecting to a heatable breathing air tube portion for conducting ventilation air from a breathing air source to a patient. The connector further serves for connecting the breathing air tube portion to a patient air interface. The connector has a control/regulation unit and at least one light source that is in signal communication therewith, for visualizing a duration of use of at least one component of the patient ventilation system. The result is a monitoring connector in which reliable operation of the ventilation system without undesirable germ load is ensured with as little undesirable interference as possible.

Abstract: A ventilator circuit apparatus is provided for the administration of nebulized drugs to a patient on a mechanical ventilator. The apparatus has a breathing circuit with an inspiratory limb and optionally an expiratory limb connected to the ventilator. A nebulizer is on the inspiratory limb interposed between the ventilator and a humidifying device such as a humidifier or a heat and moisture exchanger (HME). All breathing gases to the patient flow through the nebulizer. The nebulizer may remain in place on the ventilator circuit for the entire duration of treatment without the need to disassemble the nebulizer or interrupt the flow of breathing gases to the patient. The nebulizer may be a breath-enhanced jet nebulizer and breath-actuated. The nebulizer may produce an aerosol with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of about 2 ?m.