Abstract: A device for use downhole in a drill string includes a body that is cylindrical. The body has a longitudinal axis and top and bottom threads that can couple the body to other elements of the drill string. A radial shock absorber is coupled to an exterior of the body. The radial shock absorber has a piston with a piston axis. A portion of the piston extends to an exterior of the body. The piston can move along the piston axis between a retracted position and an extended position. In addition, a spring is located between the body and the piston. The spring can bias the piston, along the piston axis, radially outward relative to the longitudinal axis of the body.

Abstract: A drill pipe having a cylindrical body, a pin end, a box end, and a central wear pad. The central wear pad is integrally formed on the body and has an outside diameter greater than that of the cylindrical body, but less than those of the pin and box ends.

Abstract: A blowout preventer assembly for installing a safety valve in a drill pipe includes a jack mounted to a drilling platform in an oil field. The device includes an extension arm attached to the jack which has a first portion slidably engaging a second portion such that the extension arm has an adjustable length. An actuator is attached to the extension arm to urge the second portion to travel toward or away from the jack thereby facilitating the collar to is positioned over a drill pipe which is integrated into the drilling platform. A slip die is insertable into a collar on the extension arm thereby facilitating the slip die to engage a drill pipe sub joint which has a safety valve. The collar aligns the safety valve with the drill pipe thereby facilitating the safety valve to be lowered into the drill pipe when the jack is actuated into the lowering condition.

Abstract: A latch assembly having a first portion coupled with a second portion. The first portion has a roller housing, a latch panel, and handle, and the second portion has a respective roller housing, and a respective latch panel. In a closed position, the latch panel engages with the respective roller housing, and the respective latch panel engages with the roller housing.

Abstract: Systems and methods for driving and steering of a robot, or mobile vessel, for operation in a downhole pipe of an oil/gas/water well are presented. According to one aspect, the mobile vessel includes a plurality of wheels arranged outwardly from the mobile vessel so that each wheel may contact the inner wall of the casing. According to another aspect, the plurality of wheels may include respective wheel-centerlines that intersect the centerline of the casing that is at an offset from a centerline of the mobile vessel. The plurality of wheels includes at least two drive wheels and at least one passive wheel. According to a further aspect, the drive wheels are configured to rotate about their respective wheel-centerlines to steer the mobile vessel during traversal of the casing. In one case, the mobile vessel includes two drive and steering wheels and one passive wheel.

Abstract: A downhole vibration tool includes a head unit, a housing, a power system, a control system, at least one electrical motor, an engagement system, at least one vibration module, and at least one tractor section. The head unit is configured to attach to a conveyance system in a wellbore. The housing is configured to receive the cable head and house the power system, the control system, the at least one electrical motor, the engagement system, the vibration module and the at least one tractor section. The engagement system is configured to extend outward from the housing and contact the wellbore.

Abstract: An embodiment includes a greaseless multi-level pressure control assembly.

Abstract: A regulator valve has a check valve manifold for use in subsea control circuits. For example, the regulator valve having the check valve manifold can be used in a circuit between a directional control valve and an actuator for a gate valve. The check valve manifold can have a flange that attaches to the regulator valve to communicate with the supply-side and outlet-side of the regulator valve. Internal communication inside the manifold includes a check valve. If the pressure in the circuit downstream of the regulator valve needs to be vented, the check valve can open to allow the pressure to bleed from the outlet-side back to the supply-side without needing to pass through the internal pressure control valve of the regulator.

Abstract: A hanger running tool for installing a hanger in a well. The hanger running tool includes a central bore, a hanger engagement arrangement having an engaged position in which the hanger engagement arrangement is coupled to the hanger and a disengaged position in which the hanger engagement arrangement is decoupled from the hanger, and a pressure-controlled anchoring actuator which actuates an anchoring arrangement. The pressure-controlled anchoring actuator has an actuation surface. The hanger engagement arrangement has the engaged position in response to an increase in a pressure at a first pressure source, and the disengaged position in response to an increase in a pressure inside the central bore. The pressure-controlled anchoring actuator is actuated in response to an increase in a pressure on the actuation surface so that the anchoring arrangement anchors the hanger to an anchor point.

Abstract: A system includes a hanger with a radially-outer surface with a hanger surface texture. The system also includes a sensor configured to detect vibrations induced by the hanger surface texture as the hanger moves through a housing of a wellhead. The system further includes a controller configured to receive signals indicative of the vibrations from the sensor and to process the signals to determine a position of the hanger within the housing of the wellhead.

Abstract: A combined sealing member for a coiled tubing blowout preventer box includes an upper plate, a first main sealing body, a second main sealing body and a lower plate that are disposed in sequence from top to bottom and are each provided with a through hole allowing a coiled tubing to pass therethrough. The upper plate is composed of two upper plate units that are separable half-and-half. The first main sealing body is composed of two first main sealing body units that are separable half-and-half. The second main sealing body is composed of two second main sealing body units that are separable half-and-half. The lower plate is composed of two lower plate units that are separable half-and-half. The first main sealing body has a hardness greater than that of the second main sealing body and a height smaller than that of the second main sealing body.

Abstract: A wellhead assembly includes a containment system having a mechanical barrier, a tertiary wiper, and a fluid jet assembly. A mechanical barrier includes a body disposed in a housing, the body having an opening extending through an axial thickness of the body. A tertiary wiper has an elastomeric body with a hole extending centrally therethrough. A fluid jet assembly includes a jet assembly body having a wall defining a cavity extending axially through the jet assembly body and an array of nozzles positioned circumferentially around the wall, wherein each nozzle has an outlet directed in a radially inward direction from the wall toward a central region in the cavity. The components of the containment system are arranged an axially stacked arrangement relative to each other.

Abstract: A method for improving sealing in boreholes includes temperature controlling seals to maintain sealing loading by managing temperature of the seal to a target temperature range. A borehole system includes a borehole in a subsurface formation, a string in the borehole, a seal tool in contact with the string and temperature controller within or in thermal proximity to the seal.

Abstract: A seal includes a seal body and a temperature controller in thermal communication with the seal material. A method for controlling temperature of a seal including applying an energy source to the temperature controller, and generating a temperature difference in the temperature controller. A borehole system including a borehole in a subsurface formation, a string in the borehole, and a seal tool disposed within or as part of the string.

Abstract: A seal including a seal material and a temperature control material in thermal communication with the seal material. A method for producing a seal having temperature regulating properties including adding a dopant to a seal material in a quantity that supports electrical conductivity and disposing an electrical connector on the seal. A borehole system comprising a borehole in a subsurface formation, a string in the borehole, and a seal tool disposed within or as a part of the string.

Abstract: A cementing string assembly for cementing a liner in a wellbore includes a drill pipe, a liner hanger running tool attached to the drill pipe, a liner releasably secured to the liner hanger running tool, an upper wiper plug disposed within the liner and releasably secured to the liner hanger running tool or to the liner, and a lower wiper plug disposed within the liner and releasably secured to the liner downhole of the upper wiper plug. The lower wiper plug is detached from the upper wiper plug. The lower wiper plug is releasably secured to an inner surface of the liner by a wiper plug hanging collar and is releasable from the liner independent of the upper wiper plug and without exerting forces on the upper wiper plug. The cementing string assembly prevent premature and unintentional release of the upper wiper plug while releasing the lower wiper plug.

Abstract: An isolation valve system, method, and apparatus are provided that can isolate a wellbore and prevent fluids from exiting the well and prevent seawater from entering the well. The system can be a two-part design in some embodiments where a shear sub is selectively interconnected to a body via shearing screws. A sufficient force on the shear sub destroys the shearing screws and the shear sub is removed from the body. This movement rotates an actuator on the body, which in turn rotates a valve in the body to provide the isolating function during routine operation of a wellbore or during an emergency.

Abstract: A valve including a flexible tube having two ends, a first structure disposed at one of the two ends and rotationally anchored thereto, and a second structure at the other of the two ends and rotationally anchored thereto, at least one of the first and second structures being rotatable relative to the other of the first and second structures. A method for controlling a flow of fluid including rotating one of the first structure and second structure relative to the other of the first structure and second structure of the valve reducing a dimension of a flow path within a flexible tube. A borehole system including a borehole in a subsurface formation, and a valve disposed in the borehole.

Abstract: A system includes an electric submersible pump (ESP) assembly configured to transport a fluid in a casing string of a well to a surface location. The ESP includes a pump configured to receive, upon activation, the fluid through a pump intake and vent the fluid through a pump discharge; an output shaft extending downhole from and fixed to the pump; and a control valve assembly. The control valve assembly includes a movable core of an electromagnet movable along a central axis of the system; a generator attached to the electromagnet, configured to generate electrical power to pull the movable core in an uphole direction upon activation of the pump of the electric submersible pump assembly; a shaft coupler coupling a generator input shaft and the output shaft; and a stinger having a conduit for the fluid to flow from the casing string to the pump intake.

Abstract: A method comprises charging a first hydraulic line to have greater pressure than a second hydraulic line and energizing a solenoid valve, wherein charging the first hydraulic line and energizing the solenoid valve initiates transition of an interval control valve (ICV) from a first state to a second state. The method comprises discontinuing energizing the solenoid valve and maintaining the greater pressure in the first hydraulic line until the ICV reaches a desired state.

Abstract: Provided is a retrievable safety valve insert, a safety valve, a well system, and a method. The retrievable safety valve insert, in one aspect, includes an outer housing including an outer housing central bore extending axially therethrough, the outer housing central bore operable to convey subsurface production fluids there through. The insert, according to this aspect, may further include a lock mandrel having a lock mandrel profile extending radially outward from the outer housing, the lock mandrel profile movable between a radially retracted state and a radially expanded state configured to engage with an end sub profile of an end sub. The insert, according to this aspect, may further include a safety valve insert closure mechanism coupled to the outer housing proximate a downhole end of the outer housing central bore, the safety valve insert closure mechanism movable between an outer housing closed state and an outer housing open state.

Abstract: A well system includes a wellbore penetrating a subterranean formation, production tubing extended into the wellbore and terminating at a completion string, and one or more inflow control devices forming part of the completion string. The inflow control device includes a base pipe defining one or more first flow ports and one or more second flow ports axially spaced from the first flow ports. A first flow regulation device is arranged within the base pipe and actuatable to expose or occlude the first flow ports, and a second flow regulation device is arranged within the base pipe and actuatable to expose or occlude the second flow ports. A downhole shifting device is operable to independently manipulate a position of the first and second flow regulation devices and thereby selectively expose or occlude the first or second flow ports.

Abstract: A system includes an electric submersible pump and a flow regulating valve. The electrical submersible pump includes a pump that, when activated, receives a fluid disposed within a production tubing of a well through a pump intake and vents the fluid through a pump discharge to a surface location. The flow regulating valve includes a flow tube that blocks the fluid from entering the pump intake when the pump is inactive, a piston, connected to the flow tube, that moves the flow tube within the flow regulating valve, and a stinger that includes a conduit for the fluid to flow from the production tubing to the pump. The flow regulating valve further includes a spring that positions the piston within the flow regulating valve when the pump is inactive and a plurality of seals that pressure-seal a pressure chamber which houses a pressure force that is to be applied upon the piston.

Abstract: A system includes an electric submersible pump assembly and a control valve assembly. The electric submersible pump assembly transports a fluid in a casing string of a well to a surface location and includes a pump that receives the fluid through a pump intake and vents the fluid through a pump discharge when activated. The electric submersible pump assembly further includes a shaft that is fixed to the pump and extends downhole from the pump. The control valve assembly includes a propeller shaft axially movable along a central axis of the system, a propeller attached to the propeller shaft that pushes the propeller shaft downhole when the pump of the electric submersible pump assembly is active, a shaft coupler that connects the propeller shaft and the shaft of the electric submersible pump assembly, and a stinger that has a conduit for the fluid to flow from the casing string to the pump intake.

Abstract: A seal for a repeatedly switchable stepless fracturing sliding sleeve includes a C-ring, and two A-rings, two jackets and two B-rings symmetrically provided in sequence on two sides of the C-ring in an axial direction. A mounting cavity open in a direction away from the C-ring is formed in the jacket, and a U-shaped leaf spring is provided therein. The A-ring covers a supporting lip of the jacket and has a protruding portion extending into the mounting, and the A-ring is provided with a through hole allowing the mounting cavity to be in communication with an external fluid. When the whole seal is pressed forwardly or reversely by the fluid, the supporting lip can support and tightly abut on the A-ring, and the external fluid can enter the mounting cavity via the through hole and provide a pressure for a sealing lip to tightly abut on a sealing surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an annular barrier for providing zonal isolation in an annulus downhole between a well tubular metal structure and another well tubular metal structure or a wall of a borehole, comprising a tubular metal part configured to be mounted as part of the well tubular metal structure and having an inside and an axial extension along the well tubular metal structure, an expandable metal sleeve surrounding the tubular metal part, each end of the expandable metal sleeve being connected with the tubular metal part, defining an expandable space between the expandable metal sleeve and the tubular metal part, and an expansion opening in the tubular metal part through which fluid enters in order to expand the expandable metal sleeve, wherein the annular barrier further comprises a valve unit having a first position and a second position; in the second position for leading pressurised fluid from the expansion opening to the expandable space for expanding the expandable metal sleeve, the valve

Abstract: A system and method for rehabilitating a water well using compressed nitrogen. The method includes compressing air to a first pressure higher than atmospheric pressure; providing the air at the first pressure to a nitrogen generator; removing oxygen from the air, resulting in a nitrogen gas having at least 80% nitrogen; compressing the nitrogen gas to a second pressure higher than the first pressure; inserting a venting apparatus into the bore; and discharging the pressurized nitrogen gas into the bore. In another aspect, a different method of treating a water well is disclosed. The method comprises providing a tank of pressurized nitrogen gas; inserting a venting apparatus into the bore; discharging the pressurized nitrogen gas into the bore; depleting the pressure of the nitrogen gas in the tank to produce low-pressure nitrogen; re-pressurizing the low-pressure nitrogen to a desired pressure; and discharging the re-pressurized nitrogen gas into the bore.

Abstract: A downhole tool including a gravel pack assembly, a remotely addressable actuator connected to the gravel pack assembly, and a valve responsive to the actuator, the valve opening and closing a washdown path through the tool. A method for gravel packing a borehole including running a tool to a target depth in the borehole, flowing washdown fluid through the tool, sending an electric signal to the actuator to close the valve, and flowing through a cross over port of the gravel pack assembly. A borehole system including a borehole in a subsurface formation, a tool disposed within the borehole.

Abstract: This disclosure provides methods and apparatus for stimulating a well by using structural reactive material while perforating a well casing and well formation in a well at the same time. A structural reactive material member may be attached to a shaped charge to form a hybrid charge. A detonation signal may be transmitted to the one or more hybrid charges to detonate a main explosive in the shaped charges to generate a jet to perforate the well casing and the well formation, break apart the structural reactive material into reactive material particles, and propel the reactive material particles into the well formation for deflagration in the well formation to stimulate the well.

Abstract: A system for use within a gun housing of a perforating gun may include a centralizer and a detonator holder. The centralizer may include a centralizer body and a centralizer bore extending through the centralizer body. The detonator holder may be disposed within the centralizer bore and may include a first detonator holder end configured to receive a detonator and a second detonator holder end comprising a detonator holder coupling. The detonator holder may extend through the centralizer and may be mechanically coupled to the centralizer. The centralizer may be configured to engage with an inner surface of the gun housing.

Abstract: A detonator module comprising: a housing with a first housing half and a second housing half, a detonator contained within the housing, a child board comprising a terminal header, wherein the child board is contained within the housing and the first housing half exposes the terminal header to an exterior of the housing, a switch mounted to an exterior surface of the housing, and a plurality of switch leads connecting the switch to the terminal header.

Abstract: A submersible pumping system for producing a fluid from a wellbore through production tubing to a wellhead includes a motor controlled by a motor drive, a pump driven by the motor, and one or more downhole sensors configured to measure conditions at the motor and pump. An intake fluid density control system has a control fluid reservoir positioned above the pump that is configured to release a density control fluid to the intake of the pump under the force of gravity. The release of the density control fluid can be controlled by a dump valve that automatically moves between open, closed, and intermediate positions in response to a control signal based on measurements made by the downhole sensors or motor drive.

Abstract: A crude oil extraction pump includes: a production pipe having a tubular shape along an axis extending in a vertical direction; a pump rotor extending in a direction of the axis inside the production pipe; and a pump stator which is provided between the production pipe and the pump rotor to surround the pump rotor, wherein the pump rotor includes a plurality of pump shafts which are sequentially connected in the direction of the axis, an impeller which rotates together with the pump shaft to pump crude oil upward, and a thrust collar which protruding radially outward from the pump shaft, and wherein the pump stator includes a tubular stator body and a thrust pad protruding radially inward from an inner peripheral surface of the stator body and supporting the thrust collar from below to be slidable in the circumferential direction.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus when installed with an Electrical Submersible Pump for fluid production protects the motor from the effect of solids on the mechanical shaft seal. The invention provides enhanced features to the apparatus that dynamically filters the solids and prevents them from contacting or accumulating at the vicinity of the mechanical shaft seal.

Abstract: An electrical submersible pumping system (“ESP”) for use in a wellbore includes an electrical motor, a pump, a shaft coupled between the motor and pump, and a lubricant pump for circulating lubricant within the ESP. The lubricant pump includes a diffuser and an impeller that mounts onto and rotates with shaft rotation. A portion of the impeller has a frusto-conical outer surface, which is circumscribed by a portion of the diffuser profiled complementary to the frusto-conical portion of the impeller. The pump directs lubricant flow in a single direction irrespective of the rotational direction of the shaft.

Abstract: Electric submersible pump systems, and more particularly, seals for ESPs, are provided. An electric submersible pump includes a plurality of impellers; a plurality of diffusers; at least one sealing ring positioned axially between two consecutive diffusers of the plurality of diffusers; and at least one O-ring positioned axially between the at least one sealing ring and a lower of the two consecutive diffusers.

Abstract: A system includes a tubing head, a bushing profile, and a wear bushing. The tubing head is connected to the casing head. The bushing profile is formed by a tubing head inner surface of the tubing head. The wear bushing has a bushing external surface configured to mate with the bushing profile.

Abstract: A fluid end assembly made of a plurality of fluid end sections positioned in a side-by-side relationship. Each fluid end section comprises a plurality of individual components joined together in a row. Two sets of fasteners are used to secure various components of each fluid end section together. When the fluid end section is assembled, a first set of fasteners is in a spaced relationship with and faces a second set of fasteners. At least one component making up the multi-piece fluid end section is configured to have a plurality of stay rods attached thereto. The stay rods interconnect the fluid end assembly and a power end assembly.

Abstract: A sand collector including a diverter section and a filter section. The diverter section has a tubular portion with at least one aperture extending therethrough and at least one collector extending outwardly therefrom to cooperate with an exterior side of the tubular portion to form a channel in which solids traveling on the exterior side of the tubular portion from the upper end toward the lower end are guided to the aperture. The filter section having a tubular portion with an upper end, a lower end, and a sidewall extending between the upper end and the lower end. The filter section having at least one aperture extending through the sidewall, the upper end of the filter section extending from the lower end of the collector section and the lower end of the filter section being closed and connectable to at least one of another sucker rod and an upper end of a pump assembly.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices are provided for controlling the operation of an industrial machine (e.g., a drill) based on a determined attribute of a pipe. A sensor is configured to generate an output signal related to a characteristic of the pipe. The characteristic of the pipe can be the presence or absence of a pipe, a weight of the pipe, etc. A controller receives the output signal from the sensor and determines an attribute of the pipe based on the output signal from the sensor. The controller is then configured to control the industrial machine or take a control action based on the attribute of the pipe.

Abstract: Determining one or more of a fluid composition, a cement state, or a cement quality of a material located downhole a borehole by using a capacitive sensor or an inductive sensor. The sensors can be located on a pipe positioned downhole or within a swell packer. More than one sensor can be used, for example, as a set of sensor systems. The sensors can be of different sizes, utilize different frequencies, or be spaced unevenly to analyze different shaped areas and depths from the sensors. More than one set of sensors can be employed, such as axially or circumferentially spaced along the pipe or swell packer. The relative dielectric permittivity of the various downhole material can be used to determine when pumped cement has displaced the borehole fluid and when the cement has cured. The process can determine if a micro annulus or crack exists in the cement.

Abstract: A well site includes a wellbore extending from a surface to a target reservoir. A production tubing extends into the wellbore from the surface. The production tubing forms a flow conduit from the target reservoir to the surface. A pump is coupled to the production tubing to lift well fluids to the surface. A sand level device is coupled below the pump. The level device includes one or more transmitters to generate and transmit at least two signals down the wellbore and one or more receivers to receive the at least two signals reflected from a surface in the wellbore. A time duration of transmitting and receiving the at least two signals may correspond to a straight-line distance between the sand level device and the surface in the wellbore. The sand level device is configured to send an alarm when the straight-line distance does not suppress a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: An untethered downhole tool includes a first body, a second body, a logging sensor, a motor, and a controller. Each of the first and second bodies includes a housing that defines an inner volume and a magnetic anchor configured, in an active state, to attach the body to a wellbore tubular. The motor is attached to one of the first or second bodies and coupled to a spooler. The controller is communicably coupled to the motor and the first and second magnetic anchors. The controller is configured to adjust one of the first or second magnetic anchors from the active state to an inactive state; and activate the motor to operate the spooler to spool the cable from the spooler to increase a length of a portion of the cable between the spooler and the detached first or second body.

Abstract: A damper apparatus for use in pneumatic percussion drilling comprises a body having one or more damper apparatus supporting a measuring instrument. Each damper apparatus dampens shock/vibration from the pneumatic percussion drilling that is experienced by the measuring instrument.

Abstract: A method and non-transitory storage computer-readable medium for performing a neural operator on one or more wellbore measurements. The method may comprise o obtaining one or more measurements, performing a measurement normalization on the one or more measurements to form one or more normalized measurements, forming a material function with the one or more normalized measurements, and forming a neural operator generated physical response with a neural operator and the material function. The method may further comprise forming a beamforming map with the one or more measurements, and forming a neural operator leak source location map with a neural operator and the one or more measurements.

Abstract: Systems and methods of the present disclosure relate to control of a downhole tool via at least one radio isotope. The radio isotope(s) is pumped from the surface to contact an isotopic analyzer of the tool. The isotopic analyzer reads the isotope and directs the tool to perform a specific action(s) in the wellbore based on the type of isotope read by the analyzer.

Abstract: A device and method for analyzing structures within a borehole is disclosed. The device comprises: a medium determiner for determining a medium surrounding the device; at least one acoustic signal transmitter and acoustic signal receiver configured to output an acoustic signal and to receive an acoustic signal; and a signal modifier configured to modify at least one of a phase and amplitude of the acoustic signal at at least one of the acoustic signal transmitter and acoustic signal receiver. The signal modifier is configured to receive a medium indicator signal from the medium determiner indicative of the medium surrounding the device and to apply a signal modification to at least one of the at least one acoustic signal transmitter and acoustic signal receiver in dependence upon the medium indicator signal.

Abstract: A cutter head includes a first member, a cutting bit, and a second member. The first member includes a first end and a second end and includes a first mass. The cutting bit is coupled to the first member proximate the second end. The cutting bit includes a cutting edge rotatable about the axis. The second member is rotatable about the axis and includes a second mass eccentrically positioned with respect to the axis. Rotation of the second mass causes the first member and the cutting bit to oscillate.

Abstract: A rock bolt assembly provides an indication of a coupling. The rock bolt assembly includes two shaft sections, namely inner and outer shaft sections. A coupler is configured to couple the two shaft sections together at proximate ends. An electrical conductor is insulated from the outer shaft section and extends from the dead end of the outer shaft section to the head at the live end of the outer shaft section. An electrical contact arrangement is provided at the dead end of the outer shaft section, configured to electrically interconnect the outer shaft section and the conductor when the inner and outer shaft sections are coupled. Electrical terminals are provided at the head and connected respectively to the outer shaft section and to the conductor, the electrical terminals being electrically interconnected or continuous when the outer shaft section and the conductor are electrically interconnected.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the technical field of mine fire prevention and extinguishing, in particular to a liquid nitrogen direct injection and low-temperature foaming intelligent filling system based on mine fire area characteristics and an application method, comprising a liquid nitrogen storage tank, a liquid nitrogen direct injection system and a low-temperature foaming system, wherein the liquid nitrogen storage tank communicates with a liquid nitrogen pressurizing device through a main pipeline; a temperature control unit is arranged on the main pipeline; and the liquid nitrogen pressurizing device is connected with the liquid nitrogen direct injection system and the low-temperature foaming system, respectively, liquid nitrogen is directly injected into a foam liquid, to prepare a low-temperature foam type fire preventing and extinguishing material by means of forced convection, membrane boiling, explosion boiling and nucleate boiling between the liquid nitrogen and water.