Abstract: Disclosed is a wearable device with improvements to microneedles in a microneedle array including an off-center tip, a deflection guide indention, amorphous cavities which help the microneedles to bend during insertion into the skin. As the microneedles bend back after insertion, a number of sills extending from the microneedles help to hold the microneedles in place. Less damage is done to the microneedles and the surrounding tissue, thus reducing inflammation.

Abstract: Provided is a blood separation composition with which a partition wall can be satisfactorily formed even when the blood separation composition is stored for a long time. A blood separation composition according to the present invention contains an organic component having fluidity at 25° C. and fine powder silica, the fine powder silica including hydrophobic silica having a hydrophobicity of 60% or more as measured by a methanol wettability method.

Abstract: A medical device includes a luer cap, a needle housed in the luer cap, a luer tube in fluid communication with the needle, an actuator coupled at least one of the needle and the tube, a spring operatively associated with the actuator, and a vacuum tube for blood sample collection.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electronic module for a sample collection device, comprising: a measurement system for measuring a volume of collected fluid of a patient in real time and determining when a predefined amount of fluid has been collected, and means for providing a warning signal to a user when it is determined that the predefined amount of fluid has been collected. Further, the inventions relates to a system for extracting and collecting a sample of a fluid of a patient.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses an automatic detection system for depressive disorder based on high frequency ASSR. The system includes an auditory stimulation module, a data acquisition module, a signal processing module, a depression detection module and an output module; the auditory stimulation module presents 40 Hz frequency-increasing sound stimulation signals to a user; the data acquisition module acquires EEG signals by a non-intrusive method for preprocessing to obtain ASSR data; the signal processing module extracts depressive disorder-related EEG features from the ASSR data; the depression detection module identifies a user depression state through decision fusion of the depressive disorder-related EEG features; and the output module identifies the user depression state according to the EEG features to generate an evaluation report for abnormity in EEG response, and feeds it back to the user.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide systems and methods for identifying impairment using measurement devices.

Abstract: A computer executes: a first measurement step of measuring an interbeat interval during each period of a resting period and a specified working period, based on reference pulse wave information of a user; a second measurement step of measuring an interbeat interval during the desk work period, based on target pulse wave information of the user; an index value calculation step of calculating rMSSD as an index value of a concentration state, based on the interbeat interval measured in the first measurement step or the second measurement step, and finding an index value group corresponding to each period of the resting period, the specified working period, and the desk work period; and an evaluation step of analyzing the index value group corresponding to the desk work period with reference to each of the index value group corresponding to the resting period and the index value group corresponding to the specified working period, and thus evaluating the concentration state of the user during the desk work period

Abstract: Method and processing unit for identifying the state of mind of a user are described. The method for identifying state of mind of the user includes facilitating the user to provide a drawing drawn by the user. Further, the method includes receiving the provided drawing and user data while providing the image and converting the received drawing into a machine understandable format. The method further includes pre-processing the received drawing to identify one or more shapes and/or one or more colors in the received drawing. Thereafter, the method includes identifying the state of mind of the user based on the received user data, the identified one or more shapes, and/or the identified one or more colors by employing one or more Machine Learning (ML) models.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to uroflowmeters and methods for processing data generated therefrom. In one aspect, the uroflowmeter is a handheld device. The uroflowmeter includes a handle, a flow chamber coupled to the handle, and a sensor associated with the flow chamber that detects a parameter of urine received in the flow chamber. The uroflowmeter may include both reusable and disposable components. As a uroflowmeter it can identify and record data corresponding to the rate of flow over the measured duration of a void of urine, but may also timestamp the voiding act and communicate the data to an external data collection center for additional analysis and incorporation into a comprehensive voiding report or voiding diary.

Abstract: A three-dimensional (3D) nanoprobe device includes a body portion including a plurality of body layers that are stacked, a plurality of nanoprobes respectively extending longitudinally from the body portion, with each of the plurality of nanoprobes comprising a plurality of extension layers that are stacked, and an electrode portion disposed on a portion of the body portion.

Abstract: A stretchable device that includes: a stretchable substrate that includes: a main body portion having a first main surface and a second main surface facing the first main surface, and a projecting piece portion connected to the main body portion, the projecting piece portion having a third main surface continuous with the first main surface and a fourth main surface continuous with the second main surface and facing the third main surface; a stretchable wiring, wherein at least a part of the stretchable wiring is arranged on the first main surface of the main body portion of the stretchable substrate; and a bioelectrode arranged on the third main surface of the projecting piece portion of the stretchable substrate and electrically connected to the stretchable wiring.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses an electroencephalogram (EEG) emotion recognition method based on a spiking convolutional neural network. In the present disclosure, after EEG emotion data is preprocessed, a differential entropy feature is extracted and a time window is intercepted, and then a spiking convolutional encoder is configured to encode the EEG emotion data; a spiking convolutional feature extractor extracts a spiking data feature; and a spiking fully connected classifier performs learning and classification. In the present disclosure, a spiking neural network combining a spiking convolutional layer and a spiking fully connected layer is trained directly to achieve an objective of EEG emotion classification.

Abstract: A neural stimulus comprises at least three stimulus components, each comprising at least one of a temporal stimulus phase and a spatial stimulus pole. A first stimulus component delivers a first charge which is unequal to a third charge delivered by a third stimulus component, and the first charge and third charge are selected so as to give rise to reduced artefact at recording electrodes. In turn this may be exploited to independently control a correlation delay of a vector detector and an artefact vector to be non-parallel or orthogonal.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a dementia diagnosis system using a story-based question-and-answer-type assessment, for quickly and easily diagnosing dementia without using expert personnel, enabling early dementia diagnosis and quick and accurate screening of patients with mild symptoms, and performing a question-and-answer-type assessment through voice. The dementia diagnosis system includes a data inputter for inputting an original story, a data storage for storing text data that is input through the data inputter, a voice outputter for outputting diagnostic voice data to the outside as a voice, a voice receiver for receiving a response voice from an examinee, and a controller that is connected to various devices including the data inputter to control them, generate an adapted story, a question, a correct answer based on the original story, receives a response from the examinee, and determines dementia by comparing the correct answer with the response.

Abstract: A system for monitoring Gastro-intestinal disorders including: a gastro-intestinal probe; at least one sensor configured to measure a parameter of the patient; a processor configured to: determine a first and second values corresponding to a given time interval, wherein the first value is determined based on a measurement of the parameter and the second value is determined based on a measurement of gastro-esophageal content corresponding to the given time interval; and determine a level of gastro-intestinal disorder based on the determined set of pairs of values.

Abstract: A system for monitoring gastro-intestinal disorders including: a gastro-intestinal probe; at least one sensor configured to measure a parameter of the patient; a patient interface configured to receive inputs from the patient; a processor configured to: determine a first and second values corresponding to a given time interval: wherein, if an input from the patient corresponds to the given time interval, the first value is determined based on a measurement of the parameter corresponding to the given time interval and on the input from the patient corresponding to the given time interval, and wherein said second value is determined based on a measurement of gastro-esophageal content corresponding to the given time interval; and determine a level of gastro-intestinal disorder based on the determined set of pairs of values.

Abstract: Non-invasive medical examinations are performable in response to generated electric fields. Human tissue is located in contact with an apparatus having insulated electrodes mounted on a flexible dielectric membrane. A transmitting electrode is selected and a monitoring electrode is selected, such that electric fields penetrate the human tissue. The apparatus has a dielectric spacer with a first surface in contact with the dielectric membrane, a second surface, and a window between the first surface and the second surface. An infra-red sensor is located on the second surface and is configured to receive infra-red radiation from the flexible dielectric membrane, via the window, to determine the temperature of the flexible dielectric membrane. A processor is configured to produce output signals derived from the monitoring electrode that are compensated with reference to the determined temperature.

Abstract: The following relates generally to perinatal monitoring of a patient, and recommending treatments and/or clinician appointments for the perinatal patient. In some embodiments, a computing device of a perinatal patient sends, to a healthcare computing device and/or a clinician computing device: (i) blood pressure data and/or heart rate data of the perinatal patient, (ii) answers to depression survey questions, and/or (iii) answers to social determinants of health score survey questions. In some embodiments, a display device of the clinician computing device displays: (i) the blood pressure data and/or heart rate data of the perinatal patient, (ii) a depression score of the perinatal patient, and (iii) a social determinant of health score of the perinatal patient. Some embodiments also display graphical trends in the (i) blood pressure data and/or heart rate data, (ii) depression scores, and (iii) social determinant of health scores.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for monitoring pregnancy or labour are disclosed. The example apparatus includes an electromyography (EMG) sensor having two or more EMG electrodes to monitor fetal or maternal activity during pregnancy or labour and one or more position sensors to monitor the relative positioning of the EMG electrodes during the fetal or maternal activity. The apparatus includes a monitoring device to be placed on a body and having a plurality of integrated sensors, the plurality of sensors including at least: a first sensor configured to detect a first type of signal from the body indicative of a first type of fetal or maternal activity during pregnancy or labour; and a second sensor configured to detect a second type of signal from the body, different from the first type of signal, also indicative of the first type of fetal or maternal activity during pregnancy or labour.

Abstract: In embodiments, devices, methods and systems to analyze the different mediums of brain function in a mathematically uniform manner may be provided. For example, in an embodiment, a computer-implemented method for determining structure of living neural tissue may comprise receiving at least one signal from at least one read modality, the signal representing at least one physical condition of the living neural tissue, determining action potentials based on the signals received from the read modalities, determining frequency oscillations based on the signals received from the read modalities and the action potentials, determining neuron network structures based on the photonic signals received from the read modalities, the action potentials, and the frequency oscillations, wherein the neuron network structures are determined using a Maximum Entropy model, and mapping brain region activation by S+/R? events to observable linguistic events using the Maximum Entropy model.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods including sensors that can be used in prostheses, including powered prostheses are described herein. An example force-moment sensor includes a first block having a first curved surface; a second block having a second curved surface; an elastic element arranged between the first block and the second block; and at least one sensing element configured to measure a deflection of the elastic element.

Abstract: A method and system for rehabilitation of a patient having a physical impairment by providing music therapy, the method being implemented on a computer system having one or more physical processors configured by machine-readable instructions which, when executed perform the method, includes receiving biomechanical data from the patient regarding repetitive movements of the patient and determining a baseline condition; determining a baseline beat tempo having a constant frequency based on the baseline condition; providing music to the patient, the music having beat signals at the baseline beat tempo; providing a cue to the patient to perform each repetitive movement in time with an associated beat signal; receiving time-stamped biomechanical data of the patient relating to the repetitive movements performed by the patient in time with the baseline beat signals; analyzing the biomechanical data to identify an onset time of one or more cycles of the repetitive movement; determining an entrainment parameter based

Abstract: A wearable device for monitoring a tissue swelling condition of a user is disclosed that includes a device attachment mechanism for securing the device to the user, and a sensing mechanism coupled to the attachment mechanism. The sensing mechanism can be configured to provide an electrical signal in accordance with the tissue swelling condition of the user to a console, where the console can be configured to: (i) receive the electrical signal from the sensing mechanism, and (ii) provide swelling information to the user in accordance with the electrical signal. Various tissue swelling sensing mechanisms are disclosed, as well as a system including the wearable device and storage, where the storage includes executable instructions that when executed by one or more processors causes the one or more processors to perform operations, including receiving tissue swelling data from the wearable device, and rendering tissue swelling information on a display.

Abstract: An physiological measurement device provides a device body having a base, legs extending from the base and an optical housing disposed at ends of the legs opposite the base. An optical assembly is disposed in the housing. The device body is flexed so as to position the housing over a tissue site. The device body is unflexed so as to attach the housing to the tissue site and position the optical assembly to illuminate the tissue site. The optical assembly is configured to transmit optical radiation into tissue site tissue and receive the optical radiation after attenuation by pulsatile blood flow within the tissue.

Abstract: A portable tool for communicating with an ultra-wideband (UWB) equipped patient support apparatus and/or a UWB-equipped locator unit. The tool may include a housing, a transceiver for communicating with a computer, a first (UWB) transceiver adapted to communicate with a second UWB transceiver, and a controller. The controller may be adapted to use the first UWB transceiver to obtain an identifier from the second UWB transceiver, and to determine whether the second UWB transceiver is positioned onboard a patient support apparatus or onboard a locator unit based on its identifier. If the second UWB transceiver is positioned onboard the patient support apparatus, the tool may determine a specific location of the second UWB transceiver onboard the patient support apparatus. The tool may alternatively be embodied in a software application adapted to be executed on a smart phone and/or personal computer.

Abstract: A method includes obtaining monitoring data recorded by first and second devices, the first and second devices being attached to the subject at different first and second sties, respectively. The monitoring data comprises signals associated with at least one physiological parameter of the subject. The method also includes extracting one or more features of the signals recorded by the first and second devices during a transitionary period when the first and second devices simultaneously monitor the at least one physiological parameter of the subject. The method further includes generating at least one correlation parameter by analyzing the extracted features of the signals recorded by the first and second devices for at least a portion of the transitionary period, the at least one correlation parameter when applied to signals recorded by the second device at least partially compensating for relative changes in signals recorded by the first and second devices.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods for determining decision support outputs using user-specific analyte level criteria for improving patients' health outcomes are provided. In one embodiment, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a program is provided, the program comprising instructions that, when executed by at least one processor of a computing device, cause the at least one processor to perform operations including receiving sensor data generated by an analyte sensor configured to monitor at least one analyte, determining at least one analyte level criteria for the user for the at least one analyte; determining, using a decision support model, at least one decision support output based on the at least one analyte level criteria, and providing the at least one decision support output to the user.

Abstract: A blood-pressure-related information display device determines whether a measured value is classified into any of a first range preset in a specification, a second range preset adjacent to a side lower than the first range, and a third range preset adjacent to a side lower than the second range. On a display screen, the measured value is displayed when the measured value is classified into the first range, deviation information indicating that the measured value is classified into the second range or the measured value in addition to the deviation information is displayed when the measured value is classified into the second range, and an indication of measurement error is displayed when the measured value is classified into the third range.

Abstract: A robust alarm system has an alarm controller adapted to input an alarm trigger and to generate at least one alarm drive signal in response. Alarm subsystems input the alarm drive signal and activate one or more of multiple alarms accordingly. A subsystem function signal provides feedback to the alarm controller as to alarm subsystem integrity. A malfunction indicator is output from the alarm controller in response to a failure within the alarm subsystems.

Abstract: An examination system is provided having an object transport unit for transporting an object to be examined into an examination region. A touch-sensitive screen is used that is configured to control a function and/or for visualizing a state of the examination unit, which may comprise a magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) system. The touch-sensitive screen has a virtual operating element, which is able to be brought into a movement, a deflection, or a target position. Dependent thereon, the object transport unit is moved toward or away from the examination region.

Abstract: A nuclear medicine tomography system comprising: a detector carrier having a circular or partially circular aperture and defining a plane; a plurality of SPECT detector assemblies attached to the detector carrier and arranged around the aperture; a patient carrier movable relative to the plane; each detector assembly comprising an arm defining an extension axis and at least one detector head movable along the axis, wherein each detector assembly has a rounded distal portion; wherein each detector head is extendible along the axis, from the detector carrier toward the patient carrier; and a controller to: control, based on desired bore size and shape, extension and retraction of the detector heads to a spatial arrangement defined by the extension and retraction, control data acquisition by the detector heads, and control image reconstruction of acquired data; the controller further configured to control data acquisition and/or image reconstruction, based on the spatial arrangement.

Abstract: A system for imaging a breast includes a gantry and a tube head rotatably coupled thereto. An x-ray source is disposed within the tube head. A support arm is movably coupled to the gantry and includes a breast support platform. An x-ray detector is disposed within the breast support platform and a compression arm is movably coupled to the support arm. An opaque breast compression paddle is coupled to the compression arm. The breast support platform and the opaque compression paddle at least partially define a compression volume for compressing a breast and a camera is arranged to capture images of the compression volume. An image display is at least partially disposed on the system and is configured to display the images of the compression volume captured by the camera.

Abstract: A medical imaging device includes an x-ray source disposed at a first end of an arm, and an x-ray detector disposed at a second end of the arm opposite of the x-ray source. At least one of the x-ray source, the x-ray detector, and a portion of the arm are selectively adjustable with respect to the arm.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus for use in a radiation imaging system including a radiation source and a camera includes one or more controllers that acquire state information of the radiation imaging apparatus and perform, in response to acquisition of state information corresponding to an abnormality of the radiation imaging apparatus, communication to cause the camera to perform image capturing on a range including the radiation imaging apparatus.

Abstract: Ultrasound imaging system and method for improving MR quantification is described. An ultrasound imaging system according to some embodiments may be programmed to execute one or more routines and use one or more trained predictive models to provide user guidance and/or automation for positioning the ultrasound probe to acquire a desired cardiac view and tune the imaging settings of the system for each measurement of the MR quantification process.

Abstract: An ultrasound diagnostic apparatus repeats ultrasonic wave transmissions with different transmission angles in units of packets. The apparatus receives reception signals. The apparatus performs beamforming on the reception signals. The apparatus performs MTI filtering on initial images for each group of the same transmission angle. The apparatus performs principal component analysis on the MTI images for each of the packets having the same set of transmission angles. The apparatus performs coherent addition on the principal component images for each of the packets to generate coherent addition images.

Abstract: A device and system for and methods of using an ultrasound probe housing containing ultrasound probes configured to produce images inside the body of a patient for procedures requiring needle or probe insertion. The ultrasound probe housing can be configured with a guide channel cut-out or aperture between the ambient side and body side of a patient. A needle guide assembly may be pivotally connected internal to the guide channel cut-out or aperture of the ultrasound probe housing at a pivot point such that during use the needle enters the patient through the needle guide assembly within the ultrasound probe housing so that the needle can be visualized by the ultrasonic probes in real time. The ultrasound probe housing may also provide an adhesion or suction quality to the body side of the device to facilitate aspects of the invention.

Abstract: An ultrasonic image diagnostic apparatus includes: an ultrasonic image acquisitor that acquires an ultrasonic image generated on the basis of a reception signal obtained by an ultrasonic probe that transmits and receives ultrasonic waves to and from a subject; an identification result acquisitor that acquires, by inputting the ultrasonic image acquired to any of a plurality of identifiers that identifies an identification target object captured in an input ultrasonic image, an identification result output from the identifier, and a hardware processor that changes the identifier to which the ultrasonic image acquired is input.

Abstract: Systems and methods for establishing an expected benefit from a patient's pharmaceutical use are provided. A neural network is trained on a dataset of medical images, such as ultrasound images, that are tagged with information concerning the expected benefit of the pharmaceutical by people who were imaged to produce the medical images. The trained neural network can then be provided with medical images of a patient, and the neural network can then make a determination as to the expected benefit from a patient's pharmaceutical use.

Abstract: Systems and methods for establishing a patient's current or future clinical or lab values are provided. A neural network is trained on a dataset of medical images, such as ultrasound images, that are tagged with information concerning the lab values of people who were imaged to produce the medical images. The trained neural network can then be provided with medical images of a patient, and the neural network can then make a determination as to the patient's current or future clinical or lab values.

Abstract: An effective blood vessel diameter at a deployment site within a blood vessel may be determined using a measurement apparatus that includes an inflatable balloon. The measurement apparatus may be advanced to the deployment site and the inflatable balloon may be inflated in order to temporarily reshape the blood vessel at the deployment site to a more circular cross-sectional profile. A measurement pertaining to the effective vessel diameter may be obtained while the inflatable balloon remains inflated. The measurement may be obtained using an ultrasound catheter. The measurement may be obtained using fluoroscopy, for example.

Abstract: An electronic device capable of measuring the blood flow speed in a retina blood vessel or the like of an eye is provided. The electronic device includes a display portion, a sending portion, a receiving portion, and a control circuit. The sending portion has a function of generating a first ultrasonic wave with a first frequency and a function of sending a first electric signal corresponding to the first frequency to the control circuit. The receiving portion has a function of receiving a second ultrasonic wave, which is the first ultrasonic wave reflected by an object, with a second frequency, a function of generating a second electric signal corresponding to the second frequency, and a function of sending the second electric signal to the control circuit. Note that the object is one or more selected from a retina blood vessel and a blood vessel included in a retina of a user's eye.

Abstract: Improved intraluminal imaging devices and methods of manufacturing the devices are provided. In an embodiment, an intraluminal imaging device can include a flexible elongate member configured to be positioned within a body lumen of a patient, the flexible elongate member comprising a proximal portion and a distal portion, an ultrasound scanner assembly coupled to and positioned distally of the distal portion of the flexible elongate member, the ultrasound scanner assembly comprising a plurality of electrical components disposed adjacent to a cavity of the ultrasound scanner assembly, and a coating extending over and directly contacting the distal portion of the flexible elongate member and a portion of the ultrasound scanner assembly to hermetically seal the cavity of the ultrasound scanner assembly. The coating provides a uniform barrier layer extending over a junction of two or more components having diverse cross-sectional profiles to prevent ingress of external fluids into the scanner assembly.

Abstract: A system includes a processor and a display. The processor is configured to: receive a first plurality of ultrasound (US) images acquired at a site of an organ from a first plurality of positions and orientations, before performing a medical procedure at the site; receive a second plurality of US images acquired at the site, from a second plurality of positions and orientations, after performing the medical procedure at the site; and identify among the first and second plurality of US images, one or more pairs of first and second US images, respectively, which are acquired from matched orientations, and select a given pair among the pairs, in which a difference between the first and second US images is largest among the identified pairs. The display is configured to display the given pair of the first and second US images to a user.

Abstract: An ultrasound imaging device includes a housing with an outer surface and an inner surface. The outer surface is grasped by a user. The device includes an array of acoustic elements transmitting ultrasound energy and receiving ultrasound echoes. The array is at an end of the housing. The device includes a heat sink within the housing and receiving heat generated by the array. The device includes a heat pipe within the housing and transmitting the heat away from the end of the housing. The device includes a heat spreader material on the inner surface of the housing and dissipating the heat. The distal portion of the heat pipe is in thermal contact with the heat sink and the proximal portion of the heat pipe is in thermal contact with the heat spreader material. The proximal portion and the distal portion have a flattened profde.

Abstract: An apparatus for remote interaction with an object includes a local system and a remote system. The local system includes a mixed reality headset configured to display a virtual representation of a physical element relative to the object, and a device configured to obtain information relating to or dependent on position and orientation of the physical element interacting with the object. The remote system includes an electronic device including a display for displaying an image based on the information, and an input device for remote user interaction and configured to control position and orientation of the virtual representation displayed on the mixed reality headset. The remote system is configured to communicate with the local system with latency of 0.5 seconds or less, facilitating alignment of the physical element with the position and orientation of the virtual representation.

Abstract: Kits for assessing a skin condition of a subject comprise (a) a first set of adhesive tapes adapted to adhere a first biological material from stratum corneum of a target skin site of the subject, (b) a second set of adhesive tapes adapted to adhere a second biological material from an epidermis layer below stratum corneum of a target skin site of the subject, wherein each of the adhesive tapes in the first set of adhesive tapes and the second set of adhesive tapes comprises a water-soluble adhesive layer attached to a substrate, (c) one or more reagents for extracting biological material adhered to the water-soluble adhesive layers of the adhesive tapes, and (d) one or more detection agents for determining a presence of microbial biological materials and/or host biological materials from water-soluble adhesive tape extract.

Abstract: A universal, self-contained, self-powered, compact, external vacuum source and cytology or cytology and histology collection, storage, preservation and transport system device may be configured to couple to any suitable generic biopsy or interventional device. Embodiments may comprise structures and functionality for the addition of such a portable, compact, self-contained, self-powered, universal vacuum and cytology/histology collection module to biopsy or interventional devices. Embodiments may be portable, disposable or reusable and may be electrically, mechanically and/or manually powered and operated. Embodiments may additionally provide structures and functionality for use with other vacuum and/or cytology or histology collection systems to which this system may itself be attached.

Abstract: An endoscopic treatment method includes: inserting an endoscope into a digestive tract; forming a damaged area in at least a portion of the digestive tract along a circumferential direction by performing cauterizing while keeping a mucosal layer by observing with the endoscope; and forming an incomplete stenosis in the digestive tract, while restoring the damaged area, wherein the damaged area is formed by causing damage to a mucosal base layer, the mucosal base layer having an interface that contacts a submucosal layer.

Abstract: A surgical instrument includes a rack, a first arm coupled to the rack, a second arm coupled to the rack, a first tower coupled to the first arm, and a second tower coupled to the second arm. The first tower comprises an upper end, a lower end, and a track between the upper end and the lower end. A channel of the first arm is configured to receive the track of the first tower and selectively position the first arm along the track of the first tower. The lower end of the first tower is configured to snap onto a pedicle screw and to disengage from the pedicle screw in response to a removal tool being inserted into the first tower.