Abstract: Disclosed is a device for placing a phoropter head in a horizontal position in order to optimize the measurement of the visual acuity of a patient, and to a method for placing a phoropter head in a horizontal position. The device and method help performing a correct measurement of a patient's visual acuity by allowing the fine adjustment of the phoropter head horizontality and alerting when its position is not correct.

Abstract: Systems and method for multiplexing and alternating light of different wavelengths in an ophthalmoscope are disclosed herein. According to an aspect, an imaging system includes an illumination system configured to generate and output light that alternates between at least two different wavelengths. The imaging system includes a multiplexer configured to receive the output light and to multiplex the light of different wavelengths onto a single optical channel. Further, the imaging system includes a scanning laser ophthalmoscope probe configured to operatively receive the multiplexed light, to apply the multiplexed light to a subject for imaging, and to receive light returning from the subject for generating an image of the subject.

Abstract: A method of determining an optimal position of a glenoid implant. The method includes identifying a center point of a patient's glenoid fossa based on an image of the patient's glenoid fossa; determining the optimal position of the glenoid implant based on the location of the center point relative to a medial point of the patient's scapula; and selecting orientation of an alignment pin based on the determined optimal glenoid implant position such that the glenoid fossa will be prepared to receive the glenoid implant at the optimal position when the glenoid fossa is prepared with a cutting device or guide coupled to the alignment pin.

Abstract: A virtual or augmented reality system is disclosed which is capable of both (i) evaluating prospective implantable neurostimulator patient candidates, and (ii) determining optimal stimulation settings for already-implanted neurostimulation patients. Physiological sensors are included with the system to provide objective measurements relevant to a patient's symptoms, such as pain in a Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) system. Such objective measurements are determined during the presentation of various virtual or augmented environments, and can be useful to determining which patients are suitable candidates to consider for implantation. Stimulation settings for already-implanted patients may be adjusted while presenting a virtual or augmented environment to the patient, with objective measurements being determined for each stimulation setting. Such objective measurements can then be used to determine optimal stimulation settings for the patient.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods for rapid generation of simulations of a patient's spinal morphology that enable pre-operative viewing of a patient's condition and to assist surgeons in determining the best corrective procedure and with any of the selection, augmentation or manufacture of spinal devices based on the patient specific simulated condition. The simulation is generated by morphing a generic spine model with a three-dimensional curve representation of the patient's particular spinal morphology derived from existing images of the patient's condition.

Abstract: A surgical system, method and CAD program are provided. The surgical system includes a digitization device including a pointer tip to contact a target site and actuatable control input(s). A surgical tool can manipulate the target site. A navigation system tracks a state of the digitization device. Controller(s) receive the tracked state of the digitization device and display, within a virtual reference frame, a virtual representation of the pointer tip. In response to actuation of the control input(s), the controller(s) register virtual reference points within the virtual reference frame based on the pose of the virtual representation of the pointer tip and enable arrangement of one or more geometrical design objects within the virtual reference frame relative to the registered virtual reference points to generate a virtual boundary that defines a region of the target site to be avoided by the surgical tool.

Abstract: A method and system for reducing divergence between computed tomography images and a patient using three-dimensional reconstructions. The method utilizes cone beam imaging or three-dimensional fluoroscopy to supplement or supplant pre-operative computed tomography imaging.

Abstract: Illustrative systems and methods for inserting an elongate flexible instrument into a target environment are described. An illustrative system includes a guide device positioned near an opening to the target environment and having a rotary mechanism and a motor configured to drive the rotary mechanism. The system further includes a sensor system associated with insertion of the elongate flexible instrument along an insertion axis and a processor communicatively coupled to the motor and the sensor system. The processor is configured to receive sensor data from the sensor system, evaluate the sensor data, and control, based on the evaluation, the motor to actuate the elongate flexible instrument along the insertion axis. In some examples, the processor controls the motor to vary a rate of rotation of the rotary mechanism based on a determined system status.

Abstract: A system and method of breakaway clutching in a device includes an arm having a first joint and a control unit coupled to the arm. The control unit includes one or more processors. The control unit switches the first joint from a first state of the first joint to a second state of the first joint in response to an external stimulus applied to the arm exceeding a first threshold. Movement of the first joint is more restricted in the first state than in the second state. The control unit further switches the first joint from the second state to the first state in response to a speed associated with the first joint falling below a speed threshold. The first threshold is based on at least one first property of the arm. The speed threshold is based on at least one second property of the arm.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for a surgical robot with extended operational range in which a user inputs the surgical robot's movements and locations in a CAD environment through a surgical robot network and the surgical robot movements and locations are stored as a data file. The surgical robot network sends the surgical robot movements and locations data files to the surgical robot which extracts the data file containing the surgical robot movements and locations. The surgical robot then executes the data files containing the surgical robot movements and locations and sends a completion status of the movements and locations and the surgical robot executes a data file containing the robotic movements to perform aspects of the surgical procedure.

Abstract: Approaches for remotely controlling a robotic surgery system located at a patient-side location are disclosed. Disclosed approaches reduce transmission delay and ensure reliable transmission for controlling a robotic surgery system from a remote location, which may be in a different city, state, or country. For surgeons, remote surgery facilitates optimal utilization of their time and provides access to a sufficient volume of patients to perfect their skills. For patients, remote surgery creates ample access to the right surgeon and the right care at an affordable price, decreases the need for travel, and reduces delayed care.

Abstract: A system for treating a target tissue of a patient comprises a first robotic arm coupled to a treatment probe for treating the target tissue of the patient, and a second robotic arm coupled to an imaging probe for imaging the target tissue of the patient. The system further comprises one or more computing devices operably coupled with the first robotic arm and the second robotic arm, the one or more computing devices configured to execute instructions for controlling movement of one or more of the first robotic arm or the second robotic arm.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to surgical robotic systems having a master console and slave manipulators, with components and features for enabling a restart without comprising the sterility of the surgical robotic system. In some embodiments, an apparatus can include a restart of a surgical robotic system that is configured to be activated by a sterile user from within a sterile field without compromising the sterile field, and a controller operatively coupled to the restart that is configured to detect that the restart has been activated and, in response to detecting that the restart has been activated, restart the surgical robotic system.

Abstract: A medical instrument system includes actuators, a medical instrument, and a control system operably connected to the actuators. The medical instrument includes an end portion and transmission systems, each of which couples the end portion to an actuator of the actuators such that the actuators are operable to drive the transmission systems to move the end portion. The control system is configured to execute operations including determining a difference between a current configuration of the end portion and a desired configuration of the end portion, and operating the actuators to apply tensions to the transmission systems based on the difference and based on constant offset tensions. The constant offset tensions are independent of current tensions experienced by the transmission systems.

Abstract: Magnetic field has been considered as a safe and promising method for remote control of medical robots in body. Systems that implement electromagnetic coils can provide wide control bandwidth and on-off capability. However, scaling-up the working space of such systems for clinical use and increasing energy efficiency to reduce heat generation have always been a challenging task. The design, modeling and control methods for a magnetic actuation system with multiple mobile electromagnetic coils with decoupled movements are introduced. The high flexibility of such configuration and the proposed real-time control strategy enables the system to enlarge the working space by tracking the locomotion of the robot, deal with the irregularly shaped obstructions inside the working area, work with medical imaging systems for localization of the medical robots, generate various kind of magnetic field for actuation and conduct real-time optimization on coils' positions to enhance energy efficiency.

Abstract: User interface devices for manipulating a robotic surgical tool in a surgical robotic system are described. A user interface device can include a device housing having a gripping surface symmetrically disposed about a central axis. The gripping surface can include a surface of revolution about the central axis. A tracking sensor can be mounted within the device housing to generate spatial state signals in response to movement of the device housing. The spatial state signals can be used to control motion of robotic system actuators. A finger clutch can be disposed at an end of the device housing, and can generate a clutch signal in response to a touch by a user. The clutch signal can be used to pause the motion of the robotic system actuators. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: A robotic surgical system with an input device has two operational modes by which both steerable and non-steerable elongate instruments can be effectively controlled, such as steerable catheters which can move in at least three orthogonal axes and non-steerable guidewires which can move via axial insertion/retraction or axial rotation. The robotic surgical system may include mapping schemes and haptic feedback to enhance the functionality, operation and ease of use of the input device when controlling non-steerable elongate instruments such as guidewires.

Abstract: A monitoring system, a data transmission method, a portable monitor, and a configurator. The system includes the portable monitor and the configurator; a mechanical detachable connection can be realized between the portable monitor and the configurator; the portable monitor is configured to work independently after the two are mechanically separated. The configurator is used for storing description information. The portable monitor includes a measurement module for collecting physiological data of a patient; a communication module for accessing to a network for a hospital and transmitting the physiological data; a connection detection circuit for outputting a control signal after detecting that the portable monitor is connected to the configurator; a processor for obtaining the description information from the configurator, and configuring the portable monitor according to the description information.

Abstract: Physiological sign monitoring devices, and systems and computer-implemented methods of remote physiological monitoring of subjects. A monitoring device includes a plurality of physiological sign monitoring portions. Each physiological sign monitoring portion of the device is configured for deployment on a different, respective surface of a subject including a surface on the back of an ear of the subject, a surface over a mastoid region of the neck of the subject, and a surface over another region of the neck of the subject. Each physiological sign monitoring portion of the device includes a plurality of physiological sensors, where each sensor is configured to generate a respective electronic signal based on a respective monitored physiological parameter of the subject. At least one physiological sensor in each physiological sign monitoring portion of the device is configured to generate a respective electronic signal based on the same monitored physiological parameter of the subject.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and a system for prostate multi-modal MR image classification based on a foveated residual network, the method comprising: replacing convolution kernels of a residual network using blur kernels in a foveation operator, thereby constructing a foveated residual network; training the foveated residual network using prostate multi-modal MR images having category labels, to obtain a trained foveated residual network; and classifying, using the foveated residual network, a prostate multi-modal MR image to be classified, so as to obtain a classification result. In the present invention, a foveation operator is designed based on human visual characteristics, blur kernels of the operator are extracted and used to replace convolution kernels in a residual network, thereby constructing a foveated deep learning network which can extract features that conform to the human visual characteristics, thereby improving the classification accuracy of prostate multi-modal MR images.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to gastrointestinal (GI) tract detection methods, devices and systems.

Abstract: The present disclosure disclose a near-infrared spectroscopy tomography reconstruction method based on neural network which belongs to the field of medical image processing. In the Boltzmann radiation transmission equation, transmission process of light is regarded as absorption and scattering process of photons in medium, and interaction between light and tissue is determined by absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient and phase function of the response scattering distribution. In the transmission, only the particle property of light is taken into account, not the fluctuation of light. Therefore, polarization and interference phenomena related to the fluctuation of light are not considered, and only the energy transmission of light is tracked. The reconstruction method based on BP neural network is used to reconstruct the distribution of optical absorption coefficient, reconstruction results of absorption coefficient distribution can be obtained by calculation.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining a quantity of interest of a patient comprise receiving patient data of the patient at a first physiological state. A value of a quantity of interest of the patient at the first physiological state is determined based on the patient data. The quantity of interest represents a medical characteristic of the patient. Features are extracted from the patient data, wherein the features which are extracted are based on the quantity of interest to be determined for the patient at a second physiological state. The value of the quantity of interest of the patient at the first physiological state is mapped to a value of the quantity of interest of the patient at the second physiological state based on the extracted features.

Abstract: An intravascular system includes at least one pressure-sensing instrument sized and shaped for introduction into a vessel of a patient; a processing unit in communication with the pressure-sensing instrument, the processing unit configured to: obtain proximal pressure measurements for at least one cardiac cycle of the patient while the pressure-sensing instrument is positioned proximal of a stenosis of the vessel; obtain distal pressure measurements while the pressure-sensing instrument is positioned distal of the stenosis; select a diagnostic window within a cardiac cycle by identifying a change in sign of a slope associated with the proximal and/or distal pressure measurements, wherein the diagnostic window encompasses only a portion of the cardiac cycle of the patient; calculate a pressure ratio between the distal and proximal obtained during the diagnostic window; and output the calculated pressure ratio to a display device in communication with the processing unit.

Abstract: To provide a technique of stably obtaining quantitative parameter maps by preventing influences of artifacts caused by flow or body motion when calculated images with a plurality of parameters are generated at the same time. When a calculated image of a subject parameter or an apparatus parameter is generated by using a plurality of images obtained by performing imaging under different imaging conditions, an imaging condition under which the artifacts are easy to occur is examined in advance, and an imaging parameter set for quantitative parameter map calculation is optimized by excluding the imaging condition under which the artifact is easy to occur.

Abstract: An MRI apparatus includes a scanner configured to apply an RF pulse to an object and processing circuity configured to: set a first pulse sequence in which acquisition of a first set of MR signals is started after a first delay time from application of a first excitation pulse, and a second pulse sequence in which acquisition of a second set of MR signals is started after a second delay time from application of a second excitation pulse, the second delay time being different from the first delay time; acquire first and second sets of MR signals by causing the scanner to apply the first and second pulse sequences to the object; generate a combined dataset by averaging a first dataset based on the first set of MR signals and a second dataset based on the second set of MR signals; and reconstruct an MR image based on the combined dataset.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides a scanning control system for a magnetic resonance imaging system, comprising: a first 3D camera, configured to capture a three-dimensional image of a scan subject located on a scanning table of the magnetic resonance imaging system; a processing device, configured to identify body position information of the scan subject based on the three-dimensional image; and a control device, configured to set scanning parameters related to a body position based on the body position information.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to determine body composition of a subject is disclosed. Physical characteristics of a subject and water in a pool is determined. A body of the subject is completely submerged in the pool of water such that a head of the subject is just below a surface of the water in the pool. The subject completely exhales air into an air measuring device as the body of the subject is submerged just below the surface of the water. A semi-rigid strip or tab portion may be coupled to the air measuring device to indicate when air pressure within the air measuring device is between a predetermined range. The body composition is then determined based on the determined subject characteristics, water characteristics and the amount of air exhaled into the air measuring device when the air pressure is between the predetermined range.

Abstract: A method for monitoring impairment indicators, the method includes measuring, with a movement sensor attached to the person, a first signal related to movement of a person during a first time window and electronically storing the at least one numerical descriptor derived from the first signal as reference data for the person. The method further includes measuring, with the movement sensor attached to the person, a second signal related to movement of the person during a second time window and comparing at least one numerical descriptor derived from the second signal to the reference data as a factor to identify an impairment indicator. The present disclosure also includes a device for monitoring impairment indicators.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes systems and methods for deriving certain characteristics of the patient's body related to motion from captured motion data. The characteristics may be used to compare the characteristics of the supposed injury to the characteristics of a normally functioning body part as well as the functions of an injured body part. The present disclosure provides a reliable and reproducible way to determine whether a supposed injury is a feigned or exaggerated injury or an actual injury.

Abstract: A method for providing notification regarding one or more analytes includes detecting an amount of each of the one or more analytes using a non-invasive sensor, determining a notification to present based on the amount of at least one of the one or more analytes and notification criteria using a processor, and sending an instruction directing presentation of the notification. The method can further include presenting the notification. The notification can include vibration, sound, or visible components such as light, text, or images. The notification criteria can include upper thresholds, lower thresholds, or the analyte being within or outside of bounded ranges. Systems performing the method can include the sensor and optionally one or more of a mobile device and a remote server, and the notification can be presented in a device including the sensor or a separate device such as the mobile device.

Abstract: A non-invasive monitoring device for monitoring physiological condition of a subject may include at least one light source for emitting light at at least one predetermined narrow spectral wavelength band onto a living tissue of the subject and two or more light sensors. Each of the two or more light sensors may correspond to a specific substance in a living tissue of the subject and may be configured to measure a change in a concentration of the specific substances to which the sensor corresponds. The distance of each of the two or more sensors from the light source, may be determined so that intensity of light scattered by each specific substance, may have a maximal signal to noise ratio at the determined distance of the corresponding sensor.

Abstract: A wearable photoluminescence sensor, which is portable and has improved sensitivity and accuracy, and a remote sensing apparatus comprising same, the disclosed wearable photoluminescence sensor includes a reflective support and a semipermeable filter disposed over and under translucent photodiodes, thus allows light of a second wavelength band, having the photoluminescence properties of getting lost or passing through, to be reflected again and thus maximally utilized, and thereby allows sensitivity and accuracy to be improved.

Abstract: An image-based hemoglobin estimation tool for measuring hemoglobin can be embedded in hand held devices such as smartphones, and similar known and to be developed technology. The hand-held device acquires video data of a finger illuminated from the dorsal surface by a first near infrared light responsive to hemoglobin and a second near infrared light near responsive to plasma. The acquired video is segmented into frames and processed to produce a Photoplethysmography (PPG) waveform. The features of the PPG waveform can then be identified, and the waveform and corresponding features evaluated by a predictive hemoglobin model. The predictive hemoglobin model can be provided at a remote computer, enabling non-invasive hemoglobin analysis from point of care locations. Near infrared lights of 850 nm and 1070 nm are particularly effective in the process.

Abstract: A wearable electronic device (e.g., an electronic watch) may detect and analyze one or more sensing signals corresponding to light detected by the device to determine whether the device is in a sensing state (e.g., the device is within a maximum sensing distance of a user). If the wearable electronic device is in the sensing state, the device may determine one or more physiological parameters from the same signals used to determine whether the device is in the sensing state.

Abstract: An ion transfer device that includes first and second ion guides, one or more RF voltage sources, and one or more DC voltage sources that produce first and second potential gradients in the first and second ion guides such that the potential gradients push the ions to move toward the outlet of each ion guide such that the one or more DC voltages produce a potential barrier, the potential barrier preventing the ions in the first ion guide from entering the second ion guide, the ions accumulate behind the potential barrier and form an ion packet, and the potential barrier is reduced after a predetermined time period to move the ion packet from the first ion guide to the second ion guide.

Abstract: Sensor devices including dissolvable tissue-piercing tips are provided. Methods of using and fabricating sensor devices are also provided.

Abstract: A device and method for collecting blood from an anatomical feature of a mammalian subject, the device including a vibrating plate assembly structured and arranged to retain the anatomical feature, a first biasing device releasably attachable to the vibrating plate assembly, a housing portion releasably connectable to the vibrating plate assembly, and a plurality of vibrating motors located beneath the vibrating plate assembly, such that vibrations translated to the anatomical feature enhance blood collection, such that the first biasing device constricts blood flow to the collection point on the anatomical feature, causing blood to pool therein, and low frequency and/or high amplitude vibrations cause vasodilation, encouraging blood flow through the capillaries at the collection point.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a hypodermic needle, a blood vessel dilator connected to the hypodermic needle, and an actuator connected to the blood vessel dilator in such a way that the actuator expands the blood vessel dilator. The blood vessel dilator helps mitigate blood vessel collapse.

Abstract: A method for inversion counting or phlebotomist monitoring can include identifying, by processing circuitry, whether a blood collection tube is present in image data from a camera situated to capture images of a phlebotomist collecting a sample, in response to identifying the blood collection tube is present in the field of view of the camera based on the image data, identifying whether the blood collection tube includes blood therein, after identifying the blood is present in the blood collection tube, counting, based on the image data, a number of inversions performed on the blood collection tube, and in response to determining the number of inversions performed is less than a required number of inversions, issuing an alert indicating that insufficient inversions were performed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for testing hearing in infants based on pupil dilation response. It does not require sedation or depend on subjective judgments of human testers. Pupil dilation response to sound is measured by presenting on a display a visually engaging video containing periodic changes; presenting sounds synchronized with the periodic changes of the video; recording images from a camera directed in front of the display, where the camera is sensitive to infrared wavelengths; processing the images to measure pupil sizes; and processing the measured pupil sizes to determine, statistically, the presence of a pupil dilation response to the sounds.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to implantable-lead devices that include one or more materials with altered morphology and methods for making and using the same. Specifically, the morphology of electrodes and/or one or more other implant-device materials can be textured to include micro- and/or nanoscale topographical features, which can reduce in vivo fibrotic response and thereby improve signal-to-noise ratios and short-term extractability of the devices.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method includes storing location data for at least one invasive electrode that is movable within a patient's body. The method also includes storing electrophysiological measurement data representing the electrophysiological signals measured at the outer surface of a patient's body by body surface electrodes and within the patient's body by the at least one invasive electrode. The method also includes storing geometry data representing anatomy of the patient spatially, and locations of the respective body surface electrodes and the at least one invasive electrode in three-dimensional space. The geometry data for the at least one invasive electrode can vary based on movement of the at least one invasive electrode within the patient's body. The method also includes reconstructing electrophysiological signals on a surface of interest within the patient's body based on the electrophysiological measurement data and the geometry data.

Abstract: A catheter adapted or high density mapping and/or ablation of tissue surface has a distal electrode matrix having a plurality of spines arranged in parallel configuration on which a multitude of electrodes are carried in a grid formation for providing uniformity and predictability in electrode placement on the tissue surface. The matrix can be dragged against the tissue surface upon deflection (and/or release of the deflection) of the catheter. The spines generally maintain their parallel configuration and the multitude of electrodes generally maintain their predetermined relative spacing in the grid formation as the matrix is dragged across the tissue surface in providing very high density mapping signals. The spines may have free distal ends, or distal ends that are joined to form loops for maintaining the spines in parallel configuration.

Abstract: According to various aspects, a sensor system is provided comprising a first substrate configured to be coupled to a user, an electric field detector to detect a user electric field and comprising a second substrate, a proof mass positioned above the second substrate, one or more electrodes coupled to the second substrate, and a control circuit coupled to the one or more electrodes, the control circuit being configured to determine a change in capacitance between the proof mass and each electrode responsive to torsional movement of the proof mass responsive to the electric field, and a controller coupled to the first substrate and being configured to receive, from the detector, information indicative of each change in capacitance between the proof mass and each electrode, and determine, based on the information, characteristics of the electric field in at least two dimensions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a physiological monitor and system, more particularly to an electroencephalogram (EEG) monitor and system, and a method of detecting the presence or occurrence of suppression in the EEG signal. Accurately detecting signal suppression in real-time provides the clinician with the ability to prevent possibly severe, long-term damage to patients as a result of excessive anesthetic or sedative. The present invention provides such a system and method for accurately and automatically detecting suppression in physiological, particularly EEG, signals in real-time and allowing for the administration of treatment or medication to reverse the effects of such situations, or minimize the harm caused. The present invention also allows for the use of closed-loop treatment or drug delivery systems to further automate the process and provide rapid treatment to a patient to reverse or minimize potential harm.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided. A strip has first and second end sections, and a first surface and second surface. Two electrocardiographic electrodes are provided on the strip with one of the electrocardiographic electrodes provided on the first surface of the first end section of the strip and another of the electrocardiographic electrodes positioned on the first surface on the second end section of the strip. A flexible circuit is mounted to the second surface of the strip and includes a circuit trace electrically coupled to each of the electrocardiographic electrodes. A wireless transceiver is affixed on one of the first or second end sections, and a battery is positioned on one of the first or second end sections. A processor is positioned on one of the first or second end sections and is housed separate from the battery.

Abstract: A method of neurohydrodissection for reducing a perception of pain in a patient is disclosed. The method comprises a step of physically inspecting the patient and locating a first compression site of a nerve of the patient where the nerve passes through a tissue and is inflamed. The method comprises a step of imaging the patient at the first compression site. The method comprises a step of inserting a syringe at the first compression site, wherein while the imaging the patient at the first compression site occurs, guiding the syringe to an intersection between the nerve and the tissue, injecting a solution with the syringe at the intersection and dissecting the nerve from the tissue.

Abstract: An apparatus is described for measuring hemodynamic or metabolic function of an organ or tissue region of a subject comprising a super-continuum laser operating in the near or short-wave infrared wavelength range and comprising a multi-stage amplifier. A source fiber delivers the super-continuum emission to the organ or tissue region, and a collection fiber receives reflected emission from the region. A detector followed by a processor is used to determine a metabolic state and an oxygenation state of the organ or tissue region. A signal-to-noise ratio of the signal is improved using a dual-arm differential measurement technique.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a system for finger-to-thumb crease testing includes a patient interface configured to attach to a thumb of a patient, the patient interface including a touch sensor configured to sense contact between a finger of the patient and the touch sensor, the touch sensor being positioned on the patient interface in a location at which it overlies a distalmost thumb crease of the thumb when the patient interface is attached, and a control module in electrical communication with the patient interface, the control module being configured to count a number of times the patient successfully taps the touch sensor with the finger.