Abstract: Provided herein are methods and systems to form calcium carbonate comprising vaterite, comprising dissolving lime in an aqueous base solution under one or more precipitation conditions to produce a precipitation material comprising calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution, wherein the calcium carbonate comprises vaterite.

Abstract: The invention relates to processes for the extraction of products from titanium-bearing materials or a composition produced in a process for the production of titanium dioxide, and more particularly, although not exclusively, extracting titanium dioxide and/or one or more other products from iron making slag.

Abstract: A precursor for lithium secondary battery positive electrode active materials containing at least nickel, in which the following formula (1) is satisfied. 0.20?Dmin/Dmax??(1) (in the formula (1), Dmin is a minimum particle diameter (?m) in a cumulative particle size distribution curve obtained by measuring the precursor for lithium secondary battery positive electrode active materials with a laser diffraction-type particle size distribution measuring instrument, and Dmax is a maximum particle diameter (?m) in the cumulative particle size distribution curve obtained by the measurement with the laser diffraction-type particle size distribution measuring instrument.).

Abstract: Installation for treating water by flotation, comprising a substantially parallelepipedal assembly (1) produced by connecting modules (2, 2a), said assembly comprising a contact tank (3) which is provided with supply means for water to be treated (4) and supply means for white water (5), a flotation tank (6) which is provided with means for discharging treated water (7, 7a) and which is separated from said contact tank by a vertical wall (8), and means for discharging floated sludge, characterised in that said contact tank (3) is provided along said flotation tank (6) and delimits a single contact zone for said water to be treated with said white water, and in that said supply means for water to be treated (4) are configured to distribute the water to be treated in said contact tank according to a longitudinal water supply flow, the water distribution flow in the flotation tank being perpendicular to said water supply flow in said contact tank.

Abstract: A device for removing ions from a solution. The device includes first and second flow channels between an anion exchange membrane and first and second flow plates, respectively. The first flow channel has a first land volume positioned between the first land regions and the anion exchange membrane. The first flow channel has a first channel volume positioned between the anion exchange membrane and the first channel regions and spaced apart from the anion exchange membrane. The second flow channel has a second land volume positioned between the second land regions and the anion exchange membrane. The second flow channel has a second channel volume positioned between the anion exchange membrane and the second channel regions and spaced apart from the anion exchange membrane. The device also includes an intercalation material positioned within the first land and channel volumes or the second land and channel volumes.

Abstract: A method of moderating concentration of at least highly fluorinated alkyl materials from a contaminated aqueous feed liquid containing an original composition of between 60 parts per trillion and 300 parts per billion of the at least highly fluorinated materials per liter of water into an aqueous electronic separator having at least three chambers including a feed chamber having a liquid exit port from which a mediated aqueous contaminated feed liquid exits and a liquid input port into which the contaminated aqueous feed liquid enters the feed chamber; an anodic electrode chamber filled with an aqueous anodic liquid; and a cathodic electrode chamber filled with an aqueous cathodic liquid; wherein the feed chamber is between and adjacent to the anodic electrode chamber and the cathodic electrode chamber and the feed chamber is separated from each of the anodic electrode chamber and the cathodic electrode chamber by at least one semipermeable membrane.

Abstract: An acid substance (e.g., HCl) generated as the byproduct of an ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) process is neutralized using an in-situ acid neutralization subsystem by forcing the acid byproduct through an alkaline formation such that the acid substance is neutralized through interaction with alkaline rocks as the acid byproduct flows from an injection well to a recovery well. A flow rate of acid substance through rock formation is optimized to (a) maximize the amount of neutralized acid substance, and (b) minimize the amount of residual acid substance at the recovery well. The acid flow rate is adjusted by mixing the acid byproduct with a buffer and/or by a flow control device. Acid neutralization and CO2 capture are combined by forcing CO2 through the alkaline formation to react with divalent ions generated by the acid neutralization process, thereby mineralizing the CO2 in the form of carbonate rocks (e.g., limestone or dolostone).

Abstract: Methods for clarifying water, reducing turbidity of water, and removing phosphate from water include adding a water treatment composition having an aluminum-containing coagulant, and a natural non-charged polysaccharide, such as guar. The aluminum-containing compound can include polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, polyaluminum sulfate, polyaluminum silicate chloride, polyaluminum silicate sulfate, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A chemical injection system connects a main water flow to a source of chemicals to a bypass chemical dispenser in a water treatment system. The chemical injection system includes a supply pipe, a return pipe having a bypass chemical dispenser located along a length thereof, and a controlled pumping system including a compounding-rate pump controller connected to a pumping loop.

Abstract: A method for removing biologically recalcitrant soluble organic compounds from wastewater simultaneously in an activated sludge process comprising an aeration tank and a solid-liquid separation unit, in which method at least one Al and/or Fe based inorganic metal coagulant is added to the wastewater in the activated sludge process and/or prior to conveying wastewater to an activated sludge process.

Abstract: A reflux unit and a sewage treatment system are disclosed. The reflux unit includes an input section, a treatment section and an output section which are sequentially communicated. The treatment section is configured for deoxidizing a reflux substance input by the input section. The treatment section is at least partially located above an aeration port of an aeration device or the treatment section is attached to a surface of the aeration device.

Abstract: The present application provides a system and method for realizing partial anammox advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal through mainstream and sidestream biofilm cyclic alternating for a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The system includes three main component units: a mainstream zone (a), an advanced treatment zone (b) and a side stream zone (c). Advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal of the entire system is realized through cyclic alternating of biofilms. In the mainstream zone (a), the main function of an anaerobic/anoxic zone is to perform heterotrophic denitrification nitrogen removal, and partial denitrification/anammox autotrophic nitrogen removal, and the main function of an oxic zone is to remove organic matter, perform aerobic phosphorus uptake, and complete a nitrification reaction.

Abstract: The present invention provides systems and methods for treating liquids including contaminant molecules dispersed therein by combining physical treatment, biological treatment and/or chemical treatment.

Abstract: A pure-water production device including: a first reverse osmosis membrane device to which water to be treated is supplied; a second reverse osmosis membrane device to which permeated water from the first reverse osmosis membrane device is supplied; an electrodeionization device to which permeated water from the second reverse osmosis membrane device is supplied; a brine tank to which concentrated water from the first reverse osmosis membrane device is supplied; and a third reverse osmosis membrane device connected to the brine tank, wherein the second reverse osmosis membrane device is a high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device, the brine tank is supplied with at least one concentrated water selected from the group consisting of concentrated water from the second reverse osmosis membrane device and concentrated water from the electrodeionization device, wherein permeated water from the third reverse osmosis membrane device is supplied to water to be treated, is used.

Abstract: A treatment system for domestic wastewater, relating to the technical field of wastewater treatment. The treatment system comprises a primary treatment system, a secondary treatment system, and a sludge treatment system; the secondary treatment system comprises a biochemical tank (21) and a sedimentation tank (22) that are sequentially connected; the biochemical tank (21) is connected to the primary treatment system; the secondary treatment system further comprises a second cylcone separator (23) and a power pump (24); one end of the power pump (24) is connected to a sludge outlet of the sedimentation tank (22) by means of a pipeline, and the other end of the power pump (24) is connected to a second feed pipe (232) of the second cylcone separator (23); a second underflow port (233) is connected to the biochemical tank (21) by means of the pipeline; a second overflow port (234) is connected to the sludge treatment system by means of the pipeline.

Abstract: In alternative aspects, the invention provides process for the use of ionic liquids in the remediation and amelioration of oilsand materials, including treatment of tailings products including but not limited to mature fine tailings (MFT), separation of bitumen from oilsand, bitumen transportation, remediation of spilled bitumen and dilbit, treatment (breakage) of steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) and heavy oil emulsions solids removal from oil processing streams, in-situ bitumen recovery, in-situ extraction from mineral reservoirs, production well chemicals, CO2 sequestration and tracking fluids.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment system including a contact tank, a dissolved air flotation unit, a fermentation unit, and a biological treatment unit is disclosed. A method of retrofitting a wastewater treatment system by arranging the wastewater treatment system such that floated biosolids are fermented in an anerobic environment and fluidly connecting the biological treatment unit to receive at least a portion of the fermented solids is also disclosed. The method optionally includes providing a fermentation unit and fluidly connecting the fermentation unit to a biological treatment unit. A method of treating wastewater including combining the wastewater with activated sludge, floating biosolids from the activated wastewater, fermenting the floated biosolids, and biologically treating the effluent with the fermented solids is also disclosed. A method of facilitating delivery of soluble organic carbon to a biological treatment unit is also disclosed.

Abstract: A device and method for adjustable heat dissipation in a channel cooling section are provided. The device for heat dissipation may include: a plurality of flat tubes arranged adjacent to each other inside the channel cooling section. Each of the flat tubes may be surrounded by a heater on an outer ring. A side insulation structure may be provided on both sides of each of the flat tubes, and a top insulation structure may be provided at a top of each of the flat tubes. The method for heat dissipation may include performing a first disassembly on the each section of flat tube one by one in sequence.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a crystallized glass member having a curved shape includes a deforming step of deforming at least a portion of a glass plate into a curved shape by an external force that acts on the glass plate while maintaining the temperature of the glass plate within a first temperature range and precipitating crystals from the glass plate. In the method for manufacturing a crystallized glass member having a curved shape according to Claim 1, the first temperature range is from [At?40]° C. to [At+40]° C., wherein At (° C.) is a yield point of the glass plate.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a cellular foam composition, a method for producing and using the same. One particular aspect of the disclosure provides a cellular foam composition comprising a plurality of foam layers, where each foam layer is made from a hollow microstructure material. In particular, the density of the hollow microstructure material in each foam layer is different from the density of the hollow microstructure material that forms the adjacent foam layer. In some embodiments, cellular foam compositions of the disclosure further include an interfacial layer comprising interfacial voids in between adjacent layers.

Abstract: A fibre structure formed from dissolvable glass fibres is provided, the dissolvable glass fibres being formed from one or more boron compounds and one or more alkali compounds. The dissolvable glass can be formed into filaments, rovings and staple fibres of varying composition, length and diameter dependent on functionality and purpose. A mixture of chemicals components are heated, melted and then drawn or extruded into dissolvable filaments, rovings and staple fibres for use in a fibre-reinforced composite part or as a preservative in the internal and surface treatment of solid wood and engineered composite panels. A water-soluble surface coating may be applied to adjust dissolution rate and facilitate binding into an air-laid nonwoven mat or incorporation into other matrices.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a bonded body includes a preparation step of interposing a sealing material containing glass between a highly thermal conductive substrate and a glass substrate, and a bonding step of forming a sealing layer by irradiating the sealing material with laser light. The bonding step includes a first heating step of preheating the sealing material at a temperature lower than a softening point of the sealing material or a temperature at which the sealing material is prevented from softening and flowing by irradiation with the laser light, and a second heating step of heating, after the first heating step, the sealing material at a temperature equal to or higher than the softening point of the sealing material or a temperature at which the sealing material softens and flows by irradiation with the laser light.

Abstract: [Object] To provide the friction material for the disc brake such as an automobile, which is manufactured by forming the NAO friction material composition, enabling to restrain the brake vibration during braking in a high temperature. [Means to Resolve] In the friction material for the disc brake pad, which is manufactured by forming the NAO friction material composition that does not contain the copper component but contains the binder, the fiber base, the organic friction modifier, the inorganic friction modifier, and the lubricant, the friction material composition contains 1-4 weight % of the cashew dust as the organic friction modifier relative to the entire amount of the friction material composition, 7-12 weight % of the muscovite as the inorganic friction modifier relative to the entire friction material composition, and 0.5-5 weight % of the aluminum particle as the inorganic friction modifier relative to the entire amount of the friction material composition.

Abstract: It discloses a sustained release grouting material, a preparation method and an application thereof; the sustained release grouting material comprises a water swelling core and a water-soluble sustained release coating, the water swelling core is composed of bentonite, SAP and xanthan gum, which is granulated by disc granulator relying on the cohesiveness of xanthan gum; the water-soluble sustained-release coating is prepared by mixing water-soluble starch, polyvinyl alcohol, poloxamer, lubricant and plasticizer with deionized water to obtain a film-forming solution, and the film-forming solution is coated on a coating machine; the invention uses a coating machine to coat a layer of slow-release coating on the surface of the water-absorbing expansion core, and adjusts the coating thickness by controlling the mass ratio of the coating film-forming liquid to the water-absorbing expansion core particles, so as to realize the controllable water absorption onset time of the expansion core.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a concrete article is disclosed. The method comprises coating a mould or formwork with a release agent; spraying a mortar onto the mould or formwork, thereby forming a layer of mortar; casting concrete into the mould or formwork and onto the layer of mortar; and allowing the concrete to hydrate and harden in the mould or formwork, whereby a concrete article having a mortar skin layer is provided. The invention also provides concrete articles made by the described methods, and concrete structures which comprise the concrete articles. Concrete articles having the mortar skins can be made to have a relatively uniform outward appearance, even if the concrete cast behind the mortar skins may be different, in composition or appearance. Pigments or colorants and other expensive admixtures can be used in the mortar skin composition to greater visual effect, since the use of the mortar skin is less in overall volume compared to the concrete articles as a whole.

Abstract: A red mud utilization method based on co-processing of industrial exhaust gas, sewage treatment and an environment-friendly and high-performance civil functional material, belongs to the technical field of environmental science and cementitious material preparation, and relates to a preparation process of a solid waste-based cementitious material, specifically including the steps: preparing an environment-friendly and high-performance red mud-based civil functional material by using slag obtained after sewage treatment with red mud and other solid wastes in physical and chemical activation and high-temperature calcination methods. The compressive strength of a solid waste-based cementitious material prepared by using the method can reach 29 MPa, the leaching quantity (lower than 3.0 ppm) of toxic elements such as heavy metals is far lower than the national standard requirement, and a solid waste-based cementitious material with great performance can be prepared.

Abstract: A preparation method and use of a yellow fluorescent glass ceramic are disclosed. The preparation method includes: mixing a monomer, a cross-linking agent and a filling solvent evenly, then adding fumed silica and stirring evenly, further adding an ultraviolet (UV) photoinitiator and an UV absorber, and stirring thoroughly; adding a yellow phosphor (Y,Gd)AG:Ce, stirring thoroughly and defoaming to obtain a slurry; introducing the slurry into a mold, and curing by UV irradiation or three-dimensional (3D) printing to obtain a body; putting the body into a high-temperature furnace for heating to obtain a phosphor-embedded porous silica glass; putting the porous silica glass into a high-temperature vacuum furnace for densification and sintering to obtain a densified fluorescent glass ceramic; and finally cutting and surface-polishing.

Abstract: A method of producing polycrystalline Y3Ba5Cu8Oy (Y-358) whereby powders of yttrium (III) oxide, a barium (II) salt, and copper (II) oxide are pelletized, calcined at 850 to 950° C. for 8 to 16 hours, ball milled under controlled conditions, pelletized again and sintered in an oxygen atmosphere at 900 to 1000° C. for up to 72 hours. The polycrystalline Y3Ba5Cu8Oy thus produced is in the form of elongated crystals having an average length of 2 to 10 ?m and an average width of 1 to 2 ?m, and embedded with spherical nanoparticles of yttrium deficient Y3Ba5Cu8Oy having an average diameter of 5 to 20 nm. The spherical nanoparticles are present as agglomerates having flower-like morphology with an average particles size of 30 to 60 nm. The ball milled polycrystalline Y3Ba5Cu8Oy prepared under controlled conditions shows significant enhancement of superconducting and flux pinning properties.

Abstract: A preparation method for a microwave dielectric resonator with a laminated structure is provided. The laminated structure of the microwave dielectric resonator is a three-layer structure of the top, middle, and bottom layers. A composition expression of the microwave dielectric resonator is y·ZnTi0.95Sc0.05Nb2O8-x·TiO2-y·ZnTi0.95Sc0.05Nb2O8, and a range of x is 0.03-0.05 grams, and y is (1?x)/2 grams. The microwave dielectric resonator has good temperature stability while maintaining a moderate dielectric constant and a higher quality factor Qf.

Abstract: A method is provided in which a first tape is applied to an outer surface of a ceramic matrix composite (CMC). A second tape is applied to the first tape. The second tape is heated to at least a melting temperature of the second tape. During heating, the first tape is infiltrated with a molten material from the second tape, which forms a surface layer on the CMC.

Abstract: A method for forming a high temperature coating includes applying carbon powder to a surface of a carbon/carbon (C/C) composite substrate to force the carbon powder into one or more surface voids of the surface of the C/C composite substrate. The carbon powder has a substantially same composition and morphology as a surface portion of the C/C composite substrate. The method includes applying a metal slurry to the surface of the C/C composite substrate following the application of the carbon powder and reacting a metal of the metal slurry with carbon of the carbon powder and carbon of the surface portion of the C/C composite substrate to form a metal-rich antioxidant layer of a metal carbide on the C/C composite substrate.

Abstract: A roofing membrane is provided that includes at least one substrate at least partially impregnated with a first asphalt coating composition and a liquid parting agent emulsion applied to the upper surface of the asphalt-coated substrate. The liquid parting agent emulsion comprises one or more thermoplastic polymers and about 15 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of at least one mineral filler, based on the weight of the total solids in the emulsion. The first asphalt coating composition is free of oxidized asphalt.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of enhancing growth conditions for plants by growing the plants in soil containing, in proximity to the plant roots, both a phosphorus source and at least two strains of the fungus Penicillium, particularly P. bilaiae, more particularly strains NRRL 50162 and NRRL 50169.

Abstract: A closed-loop method for the continuous production of biochar and nutrients. High-moisture content feedstock and black soldier flies are placed within a breeding room to produce young black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). High-moisture content feedstock and a first portion of the young BSFL are placed within a growing room to produce leachate, mature BSFL, and frass. The mature BSFL can be separated from the frass and processed to produce dried BSFL, BSFL oil, BSFL meal, BSFL puree, or a combination thereof. A first portion of the frass undergoes pyrolysis to produce biochar and heat. The biochar can be utilized within the feedstock, to produce a frass end product, as a biochar end product, or a combination thereof. The heat can be utilized in the at least one breeding room, in the at least one growing room, to process the frass, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: In an agricultural product, a seed is contained within a composite coating. The composite coating has successive layers, and one or more of the layers can include fertilizer, a binder, and/or lime.

Abstract: A coated fertilizer comprising a fertilizer granule and a coating disposed on a surface of the fertilizer granule, wherein the coating comprises interpenetrating domains comprising polymer domains and wax domains. A method of making the coated fertilizer is also disclosed.

Abstract: A propellant manufacturing method for manufacturing a propellant including a propellant grain having a first surface on which combustion starts upon ignition and a second surface to be coupled to a wall surface that prevents combustion. The manufacturing method includes placing a portion of first propellant having a first burning rate in a first space containing a first position on the second surface; and placing a portion of second propellant having a second burning rate higher than the first burning rate in a second space containing a second position on the first propellant. The method further includes placing a portion of third propellant having a third burning rate higher than the second burning rate in a third space containing a third position on the first propellant. The method further includes completing the propellant grain by simultaneously hardening the entireties of the first propellant, the second propellant, and the third propellant.

Abstract: An organic compound represented by the following formula [1] or [2]: wherein R1 to R22 independently denote a substituent selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, a cyano group, a trifluoromethyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and R5 and R6, and/or R7 and R8 may be bonded together to form a ring structure.

Abstract: A composition contains an organic compound and an anthracene compound different from the organic compound, the anthracene compound having a hydrogen atom at at least one of positions 9 and 10, in which the concentration of the anthracene compound is 100 ppm or less. Additionally, a long-lived organic light-emitting device includes an organic compound layer containing a reduced concentration of the anthracene compound.

Abstract: A polyalkyl p-phenylenediamine antidegradant having a structure represented by Formula I, its intermediates and a preparation method thereof are provided. The polyalkyl p-phenylenediamine antidegradant provides good thermal oxidative aging resistance and UV aging resistance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of tapentadol and analogs or compounds or stereoisomers of formula (I), Formula I wherein, A is aryl, heteroaryl, and cycloalkyl; R is H, OH, OR1, halogen, C1-C12 alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl; R1 is C1-C12 alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein each of these groups may further be substituted with one or more substituent selected from H, OH, halogen, CN, NO2, C1-C4 alkyl or phenyl. Further, the multi-step process involves no column chromatography purification until the very last step. This makes this process highly commercially viable and industrially useful.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a derivative compound in which a biphenyl group is introduced into an aminoalkanoic acid, a stereoisomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compound of the present invention exhibits excellent antifungal and fungicidal effects. Furthermore, the compound of the present invention exhibits a synergistic effect when used in combination with a conventional antifungal agent. Furthermore, the compound of the present invention provides broad-spectrum antifungal activity against a wide range of fungal pathogens. Therefore, the compound of the present invention may be widely used in fields requiring treatment with antifungal or fungicidal agents against human pathogenic fungi and animal pathogenic fungi, and phytopathogenic fungi.

Abstract: A structure of the compound containing a diphenylmethane structure of the present invention is represented by General Formula (1). The compound containing a diphenylmethane structure of the present invention contains a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a substituted amino group, and an active group, and can be used as an amino acid or peptide C-terminal protection reagent. A peptide synthesis reaction using this protection carrier has a fast reaction speed and a high reagent utilization rate in a suitable solvent system; post-treatment is carried out by means of simple liquid-liquid extraction separation, i.e. effective purification can be carried out, and finally, a product with a high purity can be obtained; and during a synthesis process, the change in solubility is small and an operation process has a strong universality, and therefore, the present method can be developed into a universal production method.

Abstract: Synthesis of a compound 1-(4-carbonoimidoylphenoxy)-3-{4-[(E)-(phenylimino)methyl]phenoxy}propan-2-ol and its use as an insecticidal agent.

Abstract: Multifunctional dendritic molecular probes that selectively detect Cu2+ ions via potentiometric and fluorometric techniques with low detection limits are disclosed. The selective and reversible binding of the molecules with the Cu2+ ion was used to make solid-state microsensors by incorporating the molecular probes into the carbon-based membranes as an ionophore for Cu (II).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for selectively producing an alcohol by efficiently hydrogenating a lactone. The present invention is a method for producing an alcohol, the method including hydrogenating a substrate lactone represented by Formula (1), in the presence of a catalyst described below, to produce an alcohol that is represented by Formula (2). In the formulae, R represents a divalent hydrocarbon group which may have a hydroxyl group. The catalyst comprises: metal species including M1 and M2; and a support supporting the metal species, and wherein M1 is rhodium, platinum, ruthenium, iridium, or palladium; M2 is tin, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, or rhenium; and the support is hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydrotalcite, or ZrO2.

Abstract: The invention refers to the use of a particulate catalyst containing 60.0 to 99.5 wt. % ZrO2 stabilised with an oxide of the element Hf and at least one oxide of the element M, wherein M=Ce, Si, Ti, or Y, for the hydrolysis reaction of methionine amide to methionine, wherein the median particle size x50 of the particulate catalyst is in the range of from 0.8 to 9.0 mm, preferably of from 1.0 to 7.0 mm. The invention also refers to a process for preparing methionine comprising a step of contacting a solution or suspension comprising methionine amide and water with said particulate catalyst to provide a reaction mixture comprising methionine and/or its ammonium salt from which methionine can be isolated.

Abstract: The present invention is an anthraquinone compound represented by formula (1) (in the formula. R1 represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 linear or branched alkyl group, or a C1-C12 linear or branched alkoxy group, and R2 represents a substituent represented by: formula (a) (in formula (a), R3 represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C8 linear or branched alkyl group, a C1-C8 linear or branched alkoxy group, or a substituent represented by —CH2OR4, where R4 represents a C1-C8 linear or branched alkyl group); or formula (b) (in formula (b). R5 represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C8 linear or branched alkyl group, or a substituent represented by —CH2OR6, where R6 represents a C1-C8 linear or branched alkyl group)).

Abstract: Systems and processes herein improve the conversion of propylene to ethylene via metathesis. On a mass basis, embodiments herein may be used to convert greater than 40% propylene, on a mass basis, to ethylene, such as 43% to 75%, on a mass basis. In one aspect, processes for the conversion of propylene to ethylene herein may include introducing a propylene feed stream to a metathesis reactor, and contacting the propylene with a metathesis catalyst in the metathesis reactor to convert the propylene to ethylene and 2-butene. An effluent from the metathesis reactor may be recovered, the effluent including ethylene, 2-butene, and unconverted propylene. The effluent may then be separated in a fractionation system to recover an ethylene fraction, a propylene fraction, a c4 fraction, and a C5+ fraction. The propylene fraction and the C4 fraction may then be fed to the metathesis reactor to produce additional ethylene.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of acetals from carbon dioxide. The invention also relates to a mixture of phosphorus containing ligands comprising least one polydentate ligand and at least one monodentate ligand. Further, the invention also relates to the use of mixtures comprising at least one polydentate ligand and at least one monodentate ligand in transition metal complexes for the preparation of acetals.