Abstract: A preheating device includes two first inverting members disposed at different positions while obliquely intersecting a feeding direction of a continuous recording medium on which an unfixed image is formed, the first inverting members inverting the recording medium by passing a back surface of the recording medium, on which the unfixed image is not formed, therealong before a fixing operation, and at least one heating rotating body disposed at a position further on an outside than a side edge portion of the recording medium in the feeding direction to preheat the recording medium before the fixing operation by passing a portion of the back surface of the recording medium present between the two first inverting members so that the portion of the back surface is wound around the heating rotating body.

Abstract: A roller cooling device for the continuous conversion of a hot flowable mass into solid chips by cooling, with at least one cooling roller, one crushing roller and one pressing belt, rotating via deflecting pulleys, the cooling roller and crushing roller serving for rolling out the mass into a thin film, and the pressing belt running on a part circumference of the cooling roller and serving for pressing the film against the cooling roller there, characterized in that said parts are held from only one side and the rollers are mounted only on this side and are driven from this side, and in that said parts are thereby accessible and/or demountable from the other side for cleaning purposes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a belt calender, comprising a first roll (11), a second roll (13; 15), and a belt loop therebetween, comprising an incompressible metal belt (12) pressed by the second roll (13; 15) against the first roll (11) to establish a calendering zone between the first roll (11) and said belt (12). The second roll (13; 15) is provided with a compressible belt section (14; 18) to be pressed against the metal belt (12).

Abstract: A calendering method and calender in which a web material is passed through a calender, the calender nip being defined between a heatable hard roll and an endless, flexible and substantially non-compressible calendering belt. The heatable roll is heated in order to plasticize the surface layer of the web and the web is brought into contact with the heatable roll before the calendering of the web. After the preliminary contact of the web with the heatable roll a press treatment proper is applied to the web to be calendered in two stages. First a deformation is produced in the web in a press stage, after that the deformation that was produced is allowed to be reversed partially in a reversing stage and then a new deformation is produced in the web by pressing the web again in a finishing stage.