Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate having a first lattice constant, a dopant blocking layer disposed over the semiconductor substrate, the dopant blocking layer having a second lattice constant different from the first lattice constant, and a buffer layer disposed over the dopant blocking layer, the buffer layer having a third lattice constant different from the second lattice constant. The semiconductor device also includes a plurality of channel members suspended over the buffer layer, an epitaxial feature abutting the channel members, and a gate structure wrapping each of the channel members.

Abstract: An inspection apparatus is provided, which is operable to inspect a cut sheet that is supplied to a post-processing apparatus that post-processes sheets in units of hooks and on which an image has been formed by an image forming apparatus. The inspection apparatus inspects an image formed on a sheet for each sheet; manages results of sheet inspection by the inspection unit for respective books including a plurality of sheets; and notifies, the post-processing apparatus of a result of inspecting a book including the sheet that is based on the managed sheet inspection results.

Abstract: A method and a device are described for creating a pattern (7) of a first fluid in a second fluid, the density of which is adapted, as a function of the viscosity thereof, to the density of the first fluid, and wherein the two fluids are immiscible or are miscible only with difficulty, said device comprising a storage container (1) for the first fluid and an injector which is connected to the storage container (1) and is associated with a positioning unit (5).

Abstract: Various methods and systems for a printer having verifiers are disclosed herein. Such methods provide for voiding a printed media in a batch printing run. The methods further correspond to identifying the printed media that is printed as part of the batch printing run as a failed media in an instance an assigned grade fails to satisfy a predetermined threshold, marking the printed media as a failed printed media, determining whether the batch print run is in sequential mode or non-sequential mode, marking the one or more subsequently printed media as additional failed printed media, and reprinting the failed media in sequence after one or more subsequently printed media before continuing the batch printing run if the batch print run is in sequential mode.

Abstract: A laminated body in which a thermoplastic resin layer, a thermosetting resin layer, and a protective film are layered one on another in this order, in which the thermosetting resin layer contains a thermosetting resin composition containing two or more kinds of organometallic complex, a surface of the protective film at an opposite side of the thermosetting resin layer has a surface roughness Ra of 30 nm or less, and an amount of nitrogen atoms present at the surface of the protective film at the side of the thermosetting resin layer is less than 1 atm %.

Abstract: Additive manufacturing compositions include low-absorbing particles or non-absorbing particles that have an absorbance for wavelengths of 300 nm to 700 nm that is equal to or greater than 0 Au and is less 1.0 Au, such as 0.001 Au?absorbance?0.7 Au. Slurries including such particles and an uranium-containing particle and that are used in additive manufacturing processes have an increased penetration depth for curative radiation. Removal of low-absorbing particles or non-absorbing particles during post-processing of as-manufactured products results in pores that create porosity in the as-manufactured product that provide a volume accommodating fission gases and/or can enhance wicking of certain heat pipe coolant liquids.

Abstract: The inventions relates to a method for producing a decorative workpiece with a structured surface comprising the following steps: (B) applying a first liquid lacquer having a coarse structuring over the entire surface, wherein a difference in thickness between thicker regions and thinner regions is at least 50 ?m, in particular at least 100 ?m; (E) applying a second liquid, at least partially transparent lacquer for producing a fine structuring in some regions. Furthermore, an apparatus for performing the method and a workpiece produced by the method are claimed.

Abstract: The inventions relates to a method for producing a decorative workpiece with a structured surface comprising the following steps: (B) applying a first liquid lacquer having a coarse structuring over the entire surface, wherein a difference in thickness between thicker regions and thinner regions is at least 50 ?m, in particular at least 100 ?m; (E) applying a second liquid, at least partially transparent lacquer for producing a fine structuring in some regions. Furthermore, an apparatus for performing the method and a workpiece produced by the method are claimed.

Abstract: The method of culturing cells disclosed herein includes printing cells onto a substrate that includes cell adhesive regions and cell repulsive regions. The cells are suspended in a printing medium to create a cell suspension, and a volume of the cell suspension is loaded into a printer. A cell adhesive region of the substrate is aligned beneath the printing channel of the printer, and droplets of the cell suspension are dispensed from the printing channel directly onto the cell adhesive region. Contact of the dispensed droplets with cell repulsive regions of the substrate is limited, either by targeting of the droplets to the cell adhesive regions, by repulsions generated by the cell repulsive areas, or both. The cells adhere to the cell adhesive regions to create a cell pattern, and are maintained thereafter in a physiologically suitable environment.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a selector and a sender. The selector receives plural print jobs and selects, from among templates applicable to a printer, a template to which each of the plural print jobs is allocated in accordance with a paper size specified in a corresponding print job and a size of continuous-form paper set in the printer. The sender allocates the plural print jobs to the corresponding templates selected by the selector, integrates some of the print jobs together, and then sends an integrated print job to the printer.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a substrate, a conductive feature, a redistribution layer, at least one through silicon via and at least one bump. The conductive feature is disposed over a front surface of the substrate, and the redistribution layer is disposed over a back surface opposite to the front surface. The through silicon via penetrates through the substrate and contacts the conductive feature embedded in an insulative layer. The bump contacts the redistribution layer and the through silicon via and serves as an electrical connection therebetween.

Abstract: A method for alignment of a pattern printed on a material for an absorbent article by a rotary printing device, including providing a first composition from a first chamber; providing a second composition including a detectable agent from a second chamber; wherein the first composition from the first chamber and the second composition from the second chamber are supplied to the same anilox roller or directly to the same rotary printing cylinder; and printing the first and second compositions on the material for an absorbent article by a rotary printing cylinder.

Abstract: A magnetic wiring circuit board includes an insulating layer; a wire disposed on a one-side surface in a thickness direction of the insulating layer and having a one-side surface in the thickness direction disposed to face the one-side surface in the thickness direction of the insulting layer at spaced intervals thereto, an other-side surface in the thickness direction in contact with the one-side surface in the thickness direction of the insulating layer, and side surfaces each connecting an end edge of the one-side surface in the thickness direction to an end edge of the other-side surface in the thickness direction; and a magnetic layer containing a magnetic particle having a shape of an aspect ratio of 2 or more and embedding the wire.

Abstract: A pair of conveyance rollers are arranged for signatures. The signatures is conveyed through the pair of conveyance rollers to a stacking unit while being sandwiched from both sides thereof between the pair of conveyance rollers. In response to passage of a signature for a sheet stack through the pair of the conveyance rollers, the conveyance rollers is switched from conveyance rotation to intermittent rotation to cause the pair of the conveyance rollers to keep the signatures for a next sheet stack from being conveyed to the stacking unit. In response to the stacking unit becoming ready to receive the signatures for the next sheet stack, the conveyance rollers is switched from the intermitted rotation or the stop to the continuous rotation to cause the pair of the conveyance rollers to convey to the signatures to the stacking unit.

Abstract: A handling equipment for a placement shelf of display panel is provided. The handling equipment includes a rack, a rotatable driving wheel and a cleansing device. The cleansing device is configured to cleanse the driving wheel. The driving wheel and the cleansing device both are disposed on the rack. The cleansing device contacts with the driving wheel. The driving wheel is configured to contact a bottom frame of the placement shelf of display panel. The driving wheel is disposed with a cleaning layer on the radial periphery of the driving wheel.

Abstract: A bonded substrate includes a substrate, a metal plate forming a stacked state with the substrate, and bonding member. The metal plate has a first surface on the substrate side and a second surface opposite; wherein an edge of the first surface is located outside an edge of the second. The bonding member is disposed between the substrate and plate to bond the plate and substrate, and protrudes from the edge over an entire periphery of the plate. In cut surfaces obtained by cutting the bonded substrate, a peripheral surface length (A) from a portion corresponding to a peripheral edge of the first surface to a corresponding portion of the second, protrusion length of the bonding member, and thickness (C) of the metal plate satisfy first and second expressions. 0.032?B/(A+B)?0.400??(First Expression) 0.5(mm)?C?2.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a first light-emitting-element row that includes light emitting elements arranged in a row in a main scanning direction and a second light-emitting-element row that includes light emitting elements arranged in a row in the main scanning direction and that is positioned in such a manner that at least a portion of the second light-emitting-element row overlaps the first light-emitting-element row in a sub scanning direction. The first and second light-emitting-element rows are each formed by arranging light-emitting-element array chips in each of which the light emitting elements are arranged in a row in the main scanning direction. In each of the light-emitting-element array chips, a pitch of the light emitting elements arranged in a row is changed from a first pitch to a second pitch, which is different from the first pitch, in a central region of the row of the light emitting elements.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a portable data carrier by means of a continuous manufacturing method, comprises the steps: providing at least one foil as a rolled good, unrolling at least one first foil, with at least a first foil being coated at least partly with an adhesive on at least one side, with at least the first foil being scored on at least one side along at least one creasing edge, with at least the first foil being folded up in precise fit along at least one creasing edge and bonded, with the foil being folded up in the direction of the side which is coated with adhesive, with the side coated with adhesive being arranged on the opposite side of the foil which has at least one scored creasing edge along which it is folded.

Abstract: A discharge system includes: a reader unit configured to obtain read images corresponding to images of a plurality of pages by reading printed sheets of a printing job for printing the plurality of pages; a detection unit configured to detect a printing failure of each of the printed sheets using the read images; and a discharge unit configured to discharge each of the printed sheets in a discharge mode that depends on a detection result of the printing failure. The discharge unit discharges one or more printed sheets to a first discharge destination in a first discharge mode until the printing failure is detected, discharges a failure sheet in a second discharge mode in response to the printing failure being detected, and discharges a reprinted sheet on which the same page as the failure sheet is printed to the first discharge destination.

Abstract: Provided herein are molecular verification (authentication) systems, methods and compositions that use molecular (DNA/RNA) circuitry to enable specific molecularly encrypted solutions.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to display systems and, more particularly, to augmented reality display systems. In one aspect, a method of fabricating an optical element includes providing a substrate having a first refractive index and transparent in the visible spectrum. The method additionally includes forming on the substrate periodically repeating polymer structures. The method further includes exposing the substrate to a metal precursor followed by an oxidizing precursor. Exposing the substrate is performed under a pressure and at a temperature such that an inorganic material comprising the metal of the metal precursor is incorporated into the periodically repeating polymer structures, thereby forming a pattern of periodically repeating optical structures configured to diffract visible light. The optical structures have a second refractive index greater than the first refractive index.

Abstract: A color printing system includes a color management server and one or more printing devices. The color management server manages color printing resources among the printing devices. A test chart is printed at a printing device and used to capture calibration measurement data. Calibration settings are defined for the calibration measurement data. A tone reproduction curve (TRC) is generated based on the calibration measurement data and the calibration settings. The TRC is stored with the TRC settings and calibration measurement data to be used at a printing device. ICC profiles are shared between printing devices following a match calibration operation between the printing devices. An ICC profile is transferred from one printing device to another. If the ICC profile is updated, then the updated ICC profile is transferred to the matched printing device.

Abstract: A method includes providing a semiconductor substrate; epitaxially growing a blocking layer from a top surface of the semiconductor substrate, wherein the blocking layer has a lattice constant different from the semiconductor substrate; epitaxially growing a semiconductor layer above the blocking layer; patterning the semiconductor layer to form a semiconductor fin, wherein the blocking layer is under the semiconductor fin; forming a source/drain (S/D) feature in contact with the semiconductor fin; and forming a gate structure engaging the semiconductor fin.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a substrate, a conductive feature, a redistribution layer, at least one through silicon via and at least one bump. The conductive feature is disposed over a front surface of the substrate, and the redistribution layer is disposed over a back surface opposite to the front surface. The through silicon via penetrates through the substrate and contacts the conductive feature embedded in an insulative layer. The bump contacts the redistribution layer and the through silicon via and serves as an electrical connection therebetween.

Abstract: A curable liquid composition includes a monomer having an SI value of less than 3.0 and a photopolymerization initiator having a weight average molecular weight of 500 or greater, wherein the curable liquid composition is negative in skin sensitization.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a decal for producing a decoration, comprising a non-leafing pigment layer and a first protective layer, characterized in that the decal is designed so that the non-leafing pigment layer can be applied closer to a substrate that the first protective layer. Furthermore, the present invention describes a method for producing the decal as well as its use.

Abstract: A printing method for performing poster printing in a printing system comprising a plurality of printing apparatuses, the printing method includes dividing original image data to be printed into a plurality of divided image data, assigning each of the divided image data to two or more printing apparatuses among the plurality of the printing apparatuses, acquiring print dimension accuracy information of each of the printing apparatuses assigned with the divided image data, performing dimension correction on a part or all of the divided image data corresponding to the printing apparatus assigned with each of the divided image data based on the acquired print dimension accuracy information, and performing printing by the printing apparatus assigned with the divided image data based on the divided image data that underwent the correcting step.

Abstract: An imprinting template, an imprinting system, and an imprinting method for imprinting a pattern in a formable material on a substrate. The template includes an edge region that surrounds a pattern region. A full height represents an absolute value of a distance between top surface and bottom surface of the pattern region. The edge region extends to an edge of a mesa of the template. A portion of the edge region may be at least a full height below the top surface of the pattern region. An area of the portion of the edge region may be at least large enough to prevent formable material that is between the template and the substrate from extruding out beyond the edge of the mesa.

Abstract: An aspect of the present invention provides a method of forming a plant body having a desired three dimensional shape. A method of producing a plant body in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention includes the step of forming a three-dimensional body which contains plant cells having differentiation ability.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a processor, and the processor is configured to: accept an order related to production and including objects and a quantity about at least one user; and change the quantity of the accepted order so that, of a resource used for the production of the objects, a portion which cannot be used for the production is not larger than a predetermined standard.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a reception unit that receives an instruction to place and print an image in an area of a specific shape having an aspect ratio different from an aspect ratio of a recording sheet; a print control unit performs control such that a support image is on the recording sheet, the support image supporting specification of a cut position to cut out the area of the specific shape, in which the image of which printing instruction is received by the reception unit is printed, from the recording sheet; and an output unit outputs an explanatory image that explains the cut position with respect to the support image, in a case where the reception unit receives the printing instruction.

Abstract: A bioassembly system having a tissue/object modeling software component fully and seamlessly integrated with a robotic bioassembly workstation component for the computer-assisted design, fabrication and assembly of biological and non-biological constructs. The robotic bioassembly workstation includes a six-axis robot providing the capability for oblique-angle printing, printing by non-sequential planar layering, and printing on print substrates having variable surface topographies, enabling fabrication of more complex bio-constructs including tissues, organs and vascular trees.

Abstract: A printing system receives a print request containing patterns of marks to be printed on print media to produce printed output. A processor evaluates the print request to identify non-marking areas and identify different printing densities of the patterns of marks. The processor alters the patterns of marks to create hidden features on the printed output by adding a uniform printed background to the non-marking areas and adding different printing densities of fluorescent spots to different areas of the patterns of marks. The different printing densities of the fluorescent spots are based on the different printing densities of the patterns of marks and on the size of the hidden features. A printing device prints the print request on the print media to produce the printed output.

Abstract: A laser is used to induce bonding of LED contact pads with corresponding substrate contact pads on a display substrate. The wavelength of the laser light and the material used for the contact pads are both selected so that the laser light is capable of melting the contact pads. For example, the laser light has a wavelength of between 220 nm and 1200 nm, and the contact pads are formed of a copper-tin oxide (CuSn). Furthermore, the system may be configured to shine the laser light through a number of other components, such as the pick-up head and the LED itself. These materials can be formed of materials that do not absorb the energy of the laser light. Bonding the contacts with a laser in this manner allows for faster heating and cooling times, avoids reheating of previously bonded contact pads, and reduces thermal expansion of the display substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to display systems and, more particularly, to augmented reality display systems. In one aspect, a method of fabricating an optical element includes providing a substrate having a first refractive index and transparent in the visible spectrum. The method additionally includes forming on the substrate periodically repeating polymer structures. The method further includes exposing the substrate to a metal precursor followed by an oxidizing precursor. Exposing the substrate is performed under a pressure and at a temperature such that an inorganic material comprising the metal of the metal precursor is incorporated into the periodically repeating polymer structures, thereby forming a pattern of periodically repeating optical structures configured to diffract visible light. The optical structures have a second refractive index greater than the first refractive index.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a receiving unit that receives customer information of a customer to whom a product is to be delivered, and image information to be printed on the product, an acquisition unit that acquires a state of a recording medium having an image printed thereon from the image information received by the receiving unit, and an associating unit that associates via a print job the state of the recording medium acquired by the acquisition unit with the customer information received by the receiving unit.

Abstract: A control system (100) for a functional section (I, II, III) of a paper processing device (140). The control system (100) has at least one safety-monitoring camera (110, 120, 130) which is arranged in the functional section (I, II, III) such that a functional region of the functional section (I, II, III) can be captured by the safety-monitoring camera (110, 120, 130). An operating unit (101) of the system (100) is designed to operate the functional section (I, II, III), and image data of the at least one safety-monitoring camera (110, 120, 130) can be selected by the operating unit (101). A display unit (103) is configured to display the selected image data such that a user allows or blocks the operation of the functional section (I, II, III) based on the displayed image data. A safety device (102) is coupled to the safety-monitoring camera (110, 120, 130) and the operating unit (101), and the safety device (102) receives image data of the safety-monitoring camera (110, 120, 130).

Abstract: A method for producing a multi-layer body, in particular a security element, in which a partial first layer or partial first layer system is produced on a substrate, wherein the partial first layer or partial first layer system is present in a first partial area and not in a second partial area. Subsequently, a partial second layer or partial second layer system is produced, wherein the partial second layer or partial second layer system is present in a third partial area and not in a fourth partial area, and wherein the third partial area overlaps with the first and second partial areas. Finally, the partial first layer or partial first layer system is structured as a mask using the partial second layer or partial second layer system.

Abstract: Panels having a decorative surface may include a plate shaped substrate and a top layer, and the top layer may include a paper layer having a printed pattern. A method for manufacturing such panels may involve providing the paper layer with at least a portion of the printed pattern by depositing pigment containing inks using a digital inkjet printer of a single pass type. The printed pattern may have a definition of at least 200 dpi. The pigment containing inks may be water-based. The digital inkjet printer may include print heads with nozzles for firing droplets of pigment containing inks onto the paper layer. The droplets may have a volume smaller than 50 picoliters. The dry weight of the deposited pigment containing ink may be less than 10 grams per square meter. The printed pattern may cover 80 percent or more the paper layer. The paper layer may have a mean air resistance according to the Gurley method of below 30 seconds, and having a weight between 60 and 90 grams per square meter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a multi-ply tissue paper, wherein a first tissue is adhesively bonded to a second tissue using an aqueous, repulpable adhesive composition comprising an alkali soluble acrylic copolymer, The present invention also relates to a multi-ply tissue paper obtained by said manufacturing method.

Abstract: A security device is disclosed, comprising: a first ink (21) and a second ink (22) each arranged in respective laterally offset first and second regions of the security device, the first and second inks each comprising a respective luminescent material which both luminesce in response to irradiation at at least one excitation wavelength in the ultra-violet spectrum, the first and second inks each exhibiting substantially the same non-luminescent visible colour as one another when illuminated with visible light in the absence of the at least one excitation wavelength, and the first and second inks each exhibiting visible colours which are different from the non-luminescent visible colour and from one another when illuminated with a combination of visible light and the at least one excitation wavelength; a third ink (23) arranged in a third region of the device laterally offset from the first and second regions of the device, the third ink not luminescing in response to the at least one excitation wavelength, a

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a ceramic article, the process comprising the steps of providing a printing sol, the printing sol comprising solvent, nano-sized particles, radiation curable monomer(s) and photoinitiator, the printing sol having a viscosity of less than 500 mPa*s at 23° C., processing the printing sol as construction material in an additive manufacturing process to obtain a 3-dim article being in a gel state, the 3-dim article having a Volume A, transferring the 3-dim article being in a gel state to a 3-dim article being in an aerogel state, heat treating the 3-dim article to obtain a sintered 3-dim ceramic article, the ceramic article having a Volume F, Volume A of the 3-dim article in a gel state being more than 500% of Volume F of the ceramic article in its sintered state. The invention also relates to a ceramic article obtainable according to such a process. The ceramic article can have the shape of a dental or orthodontic article.

Abstract: Systems and methods for reviewing medical images. One system includes an electronic processor configured to create a data structure for tracking anatomical findings. The electronic processor is further configured to receive a first annotation marking a first anatomical finding within a first electronic medical image, wherein the first electronic medical image was captured during a first imaging procedure of an anatomical structure, and add data to the data structure representing a first parameter of the first anatomical finding. The electronic processor is also configured to receive a second annotation marking a second anatomical finding within a second electronic medical image, wherein the second electronic medical image was captured during a second imaging procedure of the anatomical structure, and add data to the data structure representing a second parameter of the second anatomical finding. The electronic processor is also configured to display at least a portion of the data structure.

Abstract: A process for producing a 3D tissue culture model by (a) printing a drop of bio-ink to a substrate; (b) printing a drop of activator to the drop of bio-ink to form a hydrogel droplet; (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) in any order to form a hydrogel mold adapted to receive a drop containing cells; (d) printing a drop containing cells to the hydrogel mold; and (e) repeating steps (a) and (b) in any order to form a 3D tissue culture model comprising the cells encapsulated in the hydrogel mold.

Abstract: A method of controlling a heating sub-system in an additive manufacturing system. The method comprising receiving thermal imaging information from a temperature sensing subsystem, receiving additive manufacturing media concentration information from an additive manufacturing media concentration information database, on the basis of the received thermal imaging information and additive manufacturing media concentration information, for each pixel area in the plurality of pixel areas, determining the temperature for each additive manufacturing media agent in the plurality of additive manufacturing media agents which is present in the respective pixel area, and on the basis of the determined temperatures for each pixel area and additive manufacturing media agent, controlling the power to a heating subsystem employed in the given additive manufacturing process.

Abstract: The present invention provides apparatus for an imaging system comprising a multitude of chemical emitting elements upon a substrate. In some embodiments the substrate may be approximately round with a radius of approximately one inch. Various methods relating to using and producing an imaging system of chemical emitters are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for texturing a plastic substrate, while forming a dye sublimation image in the plastic substrate is provided. A first side of a dye carrier sheet having an image formed thereon of a dye sublimation ink is placed on a second side of the plastic substrate to form a stack. A first side of a textured cover is placed on a side of the stack. A clamping pressure is provided on the textured cover and the stack, wherein the stack and textured cover are clamped together. The stack is heated to at least a sublimation temperature of the stack, which causes the dye sublimation ink to sublimate and penetrate through the second side of the plastic substrate, creating a dye sublimation image in the plastic substrate and wherein texture from the textured cover is transferred to a side of the plastic substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to fibrous structures including active agents and having a graphic printed thereon. In some embodiments, a nonwoven web may include a fibrous structure comprising filaments. In turn, the filaments may include filament forming material, and an active agent releasable from the filaments when exposed to conditions of intended use. In addition, a graphic may be printed directly onto the fibrous structure.

Abstract: Printing symbols on media is described. Sequential parts of a symbol are marked onto each of multiple corresponding sequential segments of the medium. A characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is evaluated. A speed is monitored with which the medium is moved upon the marking of each of the sequential symbol parts onto each of the corresponding sequential segments of the medium. An image, captured in relation to the evaluation, is adjusted based on the monitored speed. Adjusting the captured image may include setting a rate at which the evaluation of the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is performed based on the monitored speed or alternatively, predicting a distortion in the evaluated characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts corresponding to the monitored speed, and applying a change to the captured image corresponding to, and ameliorating the predicted distortion.

Abstract: A method of using an interface device to interface to a processing unit is disclosed. The interface device and the processing unit are part of a station of a plurality of stations in a sheet processing line. The method involves using the interface device to receive a control signal from an upstream station, and comparing a selection part of the control signal with a reference, the selection part being part of an addressing part of the control signal. If the comparison result is negative, a further control signal is determined from the control signal, which is derived from and differing from the addressing part of the control signal and the interface device outputs the further control signal to a different interface device corresponding to a processing unit of a downstream station. If the comparison result is positive, an instruction signal is sent from the interface device to the processing unit.