Abstract: A pigment composition composed of 50 to 95% by weight of a phthalocyanine, 1 to 45% by weight of a halogenated phthalocyanine of which the number of substituents of a halogen atom is 1 to 9 and the average number of the substituents is 2.0 to 4.0 and 0.1 to 10% by weight of a phthalocyanine derivative of the formula (1) or a phthalimide methylated phthalocyanine derivative, a colorant containing the above pigment composition and a molded article obtained from a plastic containing the above colorant, P—(X)m??(1) wherein P represents a phthalocyanine structure, X represents an alkyl group having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, —SO2NHR, —SO2NR2, —NR2, —CONR2, —CONHR or —SR (wherein R represents an alkyl group or an alkenyl group which has 12 to 18 carbon atoms), and m is an integer of 1 to 4.

Abstract: The invention pertains to the field of green color filters and LCDs. It has been found that pigments with surprisingly improved coloristic, chemical and physical properties are obtained by salt-kneading a halogenated phthalocyanine pigment together with a yellow pigment of the disazo condensation, barbituric acid or azoquinolone series. The process takes place in the presence of an organic liquid and in the absence of binder or optionally in the presence of a relatively small amount of binder. Claimed are the process itself as well as the green pigment composition obtained by the process and compositions comprising it.

Abstract: The present invention relates to IR reflective black pigment compositions comprising a halogenated copper phthalocyanine such as C.I. Pigment Green 7 and a perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide such as C.I. Pigment Violet 29. The compositions are characterized by an IR reflection spectrum with a positive slope in the wavelength range between 800 and 900 nm when incorporated as coloring agents in coatings or plastics. The inventive IR reflective black pigment compositions are useful for coloring high molecular weight materials like coatings, inks and plastics.

Abstract: In a process for forming an amorphous pigment mixture consisting essentially of TiOPc and TiOFPc and containing more than about 75 weight percent of TiOPc, a mixture of crude crystalline TiOPc and TiOFPc pigments in a weight ratio of at least 75:25 TiOPc:TiOFPc is combined with at least about 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of TiOPc and TiOFPc, of an organic milling aid. The mixture is treated under conditions effective to form a substantially amorphous pigment mixture of TiOPc and TiOFPc. The organic milling aid can be separated from the substantially amorphous pigment mixture, which can be converted to a nanoparticulate cocrystalline TiOPc/TiOFPc composition.

Abstract: The invention relates to pigment dispersants of the formula (I), and to pigment preparations including at least one organic pigment and at least one pigment disperant of the formula (I): wherein Q1, R1, R2, E+, G+, s and n are defined in the specification.

Abstract: The present invention relates to surface-treated organic pigments, to a process for their preparation and to their use in colouring a high molecular weight organic material. Compared with untreated pigments, the surface-treated pigments exhibit better rheological properties and/or no warping in the pigmenting of partially crystalline plastics.

Abstract: A process for the production of a ? type copper phthalocyanine pigment having an average primary crystal diameter of 80±40 nm and a primary crystal aspect ratio of 2.0±1.0 and having a crystallite diameter of 22±5 nm in the direction perpendicular to a monoclinic ? (200) plane, a crystallite diameter of 27±5 nm in the direction perpendicular to a ? (001) plane and a crystallite diameter of 15±5 nm in the direction perpendicular to a ? (010) plane, which process comprises, dry-milling a crude copper phthalocyanine having a purity of 97 to 100% and a primary crystal diameter of 0.5 to 100 ?m at 180 to 50° C., to prepare an ?/? mixed crystal type copper phthalocyanine having an a ratio of 5 to 35%, and treating the dry-milled product in a water-miscible organic solvent.

Abstract: The present application relates to a process for the manufacture of pigmented vitreous materials, as well as to pigmented vitreous materials, characterized by the use of soluble pigment precursors and preferably the absence of significant amounts of dispersants. These pigmented vitreous materials can be used as colored materials for any known purposes. Soluble pigment precursors comprising a partial structure are also claimed, wherein X1 is an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, B is hydrogen or a group of the formula but at least one group B is not hydrogen, and L is a solubilizing group.

Abstract: Compositions comprising a) a mixture of i) C.I. Pigment Violet 19 together with either C.I. Pigment Blue 15 or C.I. Pigment Blue 60, or ii) C.I. Pigment Red 177 together with either C.I. Pigment Blue 15 or C.I. Pigment Blue 60, and b) a dispersant, c) optionally a biocide, and d) water. A process for shading of paper using said compositions or by applying separate pigment dispersions of a) C.I. Pigment Violet 19 and either C.I. Pigment Blue 15 or C.I. Pigment Blue 60, or b) C.I. Pigment Red 177 and either C.I. Pigment Blue 15 or C.I. Pigment Blue 60.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a green pigment composition comprising (a) a green pigment comprising a mixture of fine particles of a halogen-free blue pigment and fine particles of a halogen-free yellow pigment and (b) a halogen-free pigment derivative. Since the green pigment composition of the present invention does not generate the harmful substances such as dioxin and PCB at the time of burning processing, it is environmentally friendly, sanitary, easily recycled, excellent in light resistance and heat resistance and has the hue of clearness.

Abstract: The present invention relates to pigmentary solid solutions comprising copper phthalocyanine (Pigment Blue 15; C.I. 74160) as host and other blue to violet pigments as guests. Preferred hosts are the &agr; (Pigment Blue 15:1), &bgr; (Pigment Blue 15:3) and &egr; (Pigment Blue 15:6) crystal forms of copper phthalocyanine, especially the &egr; crystal form. The present invention also relates to dispersions comprising solid solutions as pigment particles, and pigment derivatives as rheology improvers. Preferred dispersions of solid solutions in the e crystal lattice may be used in particular to prepare color filters for liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). The present invention also includes a process for preparing the dispersions of the invention, the solid solutions themselves, and the use thereof to pigment high molecular mass organic materials.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member exhibiting a high sensitivity and a potential stability on repetitive use and capable of suppressing image defects, such as black spots in a reversal development scheme, is provided. The photosensitive member includes a support, and a phthalocyanine layer formed on the support and a novel phthalocyanine crystal, which comprises a phthalocyanine compound and a substituted or unsubstituted condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon compound.

Abstract: A method for preparing a green pigment composition in which a mixture of a halogen-free organic blue pigment material and a halogen-free organic yellow pigment material are subjected to an atomizing process. The atomizing process is desirably (1) a co-kneading process conducted in the presence of a grinding material, or (2) a process that comprises dissolving the above-mentioned blue pigment material and yellow pigment material in a strong acid to obtain a solution, and injecting this solution into water to obtain a re-deposited substance. The method prevents the “fogging” problem, and provides high quality green shade having simultaneously sufficient light resistance and heat resistance. The resulting organic pigment composition is excellent also in plastics coloring use requiring a heating process at higher temperature, and has high safety/sanitation property, and causes no environmental problem.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new polymorphic pigmentary form of phthalocyanines, the preparation therof by salt-milling a phthalocyanine crude in the presence of a water-soluble neutral organic liquid, and some uses thereof. These phthalocyanines are stable &bgr;-like mixed-phase (the &agr; phase being totally absent) and have excellent pigmentary properties, which makes them suitable for example as pigments for electrophotographic toners. wherein M is two hydrogens or monovalent metals, a bivalent metal, or a bivalent oxometal, hydroxymetal or halogenometal moiety, with the proviso that the metal is not copper, and each X independently from all others is hydrogen or halogen.

Abstract: A pigment composition comprises a wet-ground pigment mixture of (A) &egr;-copper phthalocyanine and (B) at least one pigment selected from a group consisting of condensed polycyclic pigments and azo pigments. The weight ratio of thecomponent (A) to the component (B) is 100:0.1 to 100:50. The pigment composition can be produced by wet-grinding (A-1) &agr;-copper phthalocyanine and the component (B) at a weight ratio of from 100:0.1 to 100:50 in a non-aromatic solvent. A colorant comprises the pigment composition and at least one component selected from the group consisting of film-forming resins and liquid media. A colored article can be obtained using the colorant as a coloring agent.

Abstract: There is disclosed a self-dispersible aqueous pigment dispersion and preparing method thereof, the dispersion comprising an aqueous solution, particles of a pigment and a water-soluble pigment derivative, said particles being dispersed in the aqueous pigment dispersion in a concentration within the range from 2 to 25 wt. % based on the amount of the aqueous pigment dispersion, wherein a part of the water-soluble pigment derivative is adsorbed on the surface of the particles of the pigment to form dispersed particles comprising the particles of the pigment adsorbed by said part of the pigment derivative, and the remaining parts of the water-soluble pigment derivative are free in the dispersion without being adsorbed on the surface of the pigment in a concentration less than the critical flocculation concentration on which flocculation is initiated on said particles of the pigment dispersed under said concentration.

Abstract: A colored composition for color filter contains a colorant carrier formed of a transparent resin, a precursor of a transparent resin or a mixture thereof, and a green colorant dispersed in the colorant carrier. The green colorant contains a first halogenated metallophthalocyanine pigment having copper as a central metal, and at least one second halogenated metallophthalocyanine pigment having, as a central metal, a metal selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Si, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ge and Sn. The content of the second halogenated metallophthalocyanine pigment is within a range of 1 to 80 mol % based on a total amount of the green colorant. Also disclosed is a color filter including at least one red filter segment, at least one blue filter segment, and at least one green filter segment. At least one green filter segment is prepared from the above-mentioned colored composition.

Abstract: Disclosed are a phthalocyanine composition suitable for use in an electrophotographic photoreceptor that exhibits a high charge potential and a high sensitivity and which exhibits stable performances without causing a change in various properties in repeated use, a process for the production thereof, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor to which the above phthalocyanine composition is applied.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing conditioned organic pigments by (a) milling a mixture comprising: (1) one or more crude organic pigments; (2) at least about 0.1% by weight, relative to the organic pigment, of one or more acrylic copolymer dispersants; and (3) 0 to about 100 parts by weight, relative to the organic pigment, of a milling liquid in which the organic pigment is substantially insoluble; and (b) isolating the milled organic pigment.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a CuPc composition consisting essentially of CuPc, e.g., C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3, and a hydroxymethylphthalimido CuPc, as a colorant in electrophotographic toners and developers, powders and powder coating materials, electret materials, inkjet inks, and color filters, wherein the phthalocyanines have a particle morphology with an average length-to-width ratio of more than 2.5:1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a CuPc composition consisting essentially of CuPc, e.g., C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3, and a hydroxymethylphthalimido CuPc, as a colorant in electrophotographic toners and developers, powders and powder coating materials, electret materials, inkjet inks, and color filters, wherein the phthalocyanines have a particle morphology with an average length-to-width ratio of more than 2.5:1.

Abstract: A composite pigment of a bluish green color comprises copper phthalocyanine and aluminum phthalocyanine which are preferably in the form of a mixture or solid solution. The composite pigment can be produced by mixing copper phthalocyanine and aluminum phthalocyanine into a mixture and then converting said mixture into a pigment form. A coloring composition comprises at least a resin and a pigment which comprises copper phthalocyanine and aluminum phthalocyanine. The coloring composition can be produced by mixing copper phthalocyanine and aluminum phthalocyanine which have been independently comminuted, into a composite pigment, and then kneading the pigment and a resin such that the pigment is dispersed in the resin. An image recording substance is produced using the coloring composition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the production of pigmentary copper phthalocyanine in the beta crystalline phase comprising:

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the production of pigmentary copper phthalocyanine in the beta crystalline phase comprising: a) dry or aqueous milling of crude copper phthalocyanine in combination with a natural or chemically modified resin and, optionally, a grinding auxiliary followed by; b) isolation of the milled mass followed by; c) conditioning treatment of the milled mass.

Abstract: A pigment composition comprising pigment and an amido phthalocyanine compound having the general formula I: MPc—(CONR1R2)n  I wherein which Pc is a phthalocyanine ring which is optionally further substituted by up to an average of one chlorine or bromine atom or of a sulphonic acid; M is hydrogen or a metal such as Mg, Al, Ni, Fe, Zn, Pb, Sn or Cu: n is a number ranging from 0.1 to 4.0; R1 and R2 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C5-C12 cycloalkyl, C7-C12 aralkyl, C6-C10 aryl, C4-C6 alkyl amino alkyl, C2-C20 aliphatic amine, C2-C20 aliphatic amine acid salt, C2-C20 alcohol, polyoxyalkylene, polyoxyalkylene amine.

Abstract: Solid preparations of metal-containing or metal-free phthalocyanine dyes, a) which have an average particle size of greater than 100 &mgr;m, and b) which have a pH of greater than or equal to 10 when dissolved in 10 times the amount of water, are particularly suitable for the dyeing and printing of paper, after dissolution in water.

Abstract: A composite pigment, which consists of a colourant and a substrate, using a substrate (S) and a colourant (C), which are each coated with ions or ionisable compounds having a charge rotating in the same direction, and, if desired, of additional ions or ionisable compounds having a change rotating in the same direction as layer material (L), wherein either (I) the sign of the change of the coating of S, or the sign of the charge of the coating of S and of the charge of L, which is the same, is opposite to that of charge of the coating of C, or (II) the sign of charges of the coatings of S and C is the same and is opposite to that of the charge of L.

Abstract: A composition of copper phthalocyanines containing, on average, from 0.1 to 3 methyl groups per phthalocyanine nucleus. The composition is suitable for the coloration of paints and plastics materials.

Abstract: A method for converting crude phthalocyanine blue from red to green by milling a dispersion of the crude phthalocyanine and an aqueous medium containing a particulate grinding aid and a surfactant grinding aid composition characterized by employing a surfactant grinding aid composition comprising an acetylenic diol surfactant of the general formulas I and II: ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, which may be the same or different, are C1-C8 alkyl, R.sup.3 is hydrogen or methyl, R.sup.4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or any combination thereof, and m+n=an average value from 1 to 100.

Abstract: A pigment composition comprising pigment and an amido phthalocyanine compound having the general formula I:MPc--(CONR.sup.1 R.sup.2).sub.n Iwherein which Pc is a phthalocyanine ring which is optionally further substituted by up to an average of one chlorine or bromine atom or of a sulphonic acid; M is hydrogen or a metal such as Mg, Al, Ni, Fe, Zn, Pb, Sn or Cu: n is a number ranging from 0.1 to 4.0; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.12 cycloalkyl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.12 aralkyl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryl, C.sub.4 -C.sub.6 alkyl amino alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 aliphatic amine, C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 aliphatic amine acid salt, C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 alcohol, polyoxyalkylene, polyoxyalkylene amine.

Abstract: An agglomerated pigment comprises (1) an organic pigment compound, (2) either a sulfonated organic pigment compound obtained by incorporating at least one sulfonic group into the organic pigment compound or a sulfonated organic pigment derivative obtained by incorporating at least one sulfonic group into a derivative of the organic pigment compound, (3) univalent inorganic counter ions bonded to sulfonic groups of component (2), and (4) bivalent or higher inorganic counter ions which are bonded to sulfonic groups of component (2) and wherein each such group has an at least univalent positive charge, the surface of the agglomerated organic pigment as a whole being positively charged. An aqueous pigment dispersion and a water-based ink composition both having excellent storage stability, an agglomerated pigment for use as a raw material for the dispersion, and a process for producing the pigment are provided.

Abstract: This invention relates to a black-pigmented high molecular weight organic material which is structured from a radiation-sensitive precursor by irradiation, the pigmentation of which material consists of coloured organic pigments, at least one of which is in latent form before irradiation. This material is preferably used as a thin layer which is built up in the form of patterns on a transparent substrate and which can be used, for example, as black matrix for optical colour filters. This invention also relates to a process for the preparation of this material as well as to novel soluble derivatives of yellow disazo condensation pigments which can be used in this process.

Abstract: A composition of copper phthalocyanines containing, on average, from 0.1 to 3 methyl groups per phthalocyanine nucleus. The composition is suitable for the coloration of paints and plastics materials.

Abstract: A process for transforming crude halogenated copper phthalocyanine pigments having a chlorine content of from 4 to 50.3% by weight into a useful pigmentary state comprises treating the crude pigment at elevated temperature with a liquid acidic aromatic organic medium in the presence of a copper phthalocyanine derivative selected from the group consisting of the copper phthalocyanine-sulfonic and -carboxylic acids and their alkali metal, ammonium and alkylammonium salts, the amino-substituted and aminomethylated copper phthalocyanines and their reaction products with alkylating agents, sulfonic acids, sulfonyl chlorides and carbonyl chlorides, the imidomethylene- and amidomethylene-substituted copper phthalocyanines, the alkyl-, aryl- and cyano-substituted copper phthalocyanines and the hydroxyl- and alkoxy-substituted copper phthalocyanines, if desired in the presence of water.

Abstract: A new copper phthalocyanine pigment characterized by masstone and tint reflection spectra is disclosed. The new copper phthalocyanine pigment is especially useful for coloring coating compositions, such as automotive paints, and plastics. Also disclosed is a new process for preparing a conditioned pigment wherein a pigment crude is air jet milled.

Abstract: A surface-treated organic pigment excellent in initial dispersibility and long-term dispersion stability in water and an organic solvent and free from the coagulation of pigment particles, obtained by reacting a sulfonating agent with an organic pigment dispersed in a solvent in which the organic pigment is insoluble or sparingly soluble, and thereby introducing a sulfonic acid group to the surface of each particle of the organic pigment.

Abstract: A recording ink composition contains a colorant which is soluble or dispersible in water and includes at least one phthalocyanine compound of formula (1) which may have a halogen atom as a substituent and at least one of phthalocyanine compounds of formulas (2) and (3); a dispersant which includes at least one polymeric compound having a hydrophilic moiety and a hydrophobic moiety, and/or at least one surfactant having an alkyl group having 5 or more carbon atoms; water; and a humectant. In addition, images with a resolution of 10 dots/mm.times.10 dots/mm or more can be recorded on an image receiving medium by ejecting the above-mentioned recording ink composition in the form of droplets by the application of thermal or mechanical energy thereto onto an image receiving medium with a Stockigt size degree of 3 seconds or more, with the recording ink composition being deposited in an amount of 20 pl/mm.sup.2 to 200 pl/mm.sup.2 on the image receiving medium.

Abstract: A new copper phthalocyanine pigment characterized by masstone and tint reflection spectra is disclosed. The new copper phthalocyanine pigment is especially useful for coloring coating compositions, such as automotive paints, and plastics. Also disclosed is a new process for preparing a conditioned pigment wherein a pigment crude is air jet milled.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a pigment composition whereby a mixture of an organic pigment and an inorganic filler is subjected to an air jet milling step. The inventive process is an environmentally friendly process which yields pigments having outstanding dispersibility and wetting characteristics when incorporated in plastics, aqueous or solvent based coatings and inks.

Abstract: The invention relates to the coloration of high molecular weight organic materials in the mass with soluble phthalocyanine precursors of structure ##STR1## or isomers thereof, to the soluble phthalocyanine precursors as such wherein M is Zn, Ti or V or wherein L.sub.1 is morpholino, pyrrolidino or with C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl substituted piperidino, to compositions containing high molecular weight organic materials and the above soluble phthalocyanine precursors, and to a process for making structured color images and applications thereof.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of pigment preparations, which comprises wet milling the crude pigments which are present in coarsely crystalline state, or prepigments or pigments which are present in a form in which they are difficult to disperse, in a concentration of from 20 to 60% by weight based on the total weight of the pigment preparation, in a flocculation-stable liquid medium and in a stirred ball mill which is operated with a peripheral stirrer speed of more than 12 m/s, under the action of nonmetallic grinding media with a diameter of less than or equal to 1.0 mm, until the desired degree of fine division is reached, and then isolating the pigment preparation.

Abstract: A composition used for an ingredient of printing ink, which comprises an organic pigment and a pigment derivative represented by the formula (I) in the acid form: ##STR1## wherein D represents a residue of an organic pigment other than azo, R.sub.1 represents a hydrogen atom or an unsaturated aliphatic, saturated aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 represents an unsaturated aliphatic, saturated aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, m represents a number of from 0 to 3 and n represents a number of from 1 to 4, provided that m+n is from 1 to 5.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for preparing a .beta.-form copper phthalocyanine pigment comprising the steps of; dry milling crude copper phthalocyanine at a temperature between 110.degree. and 200.degree. C., and transforming an .alpha.-form crystal to a .beta.-form crystal by treating the resulting .alpha.-.beta. mixture of copper phthalocyanine in an organic solvent or a liquid mixture of water and an organic solvent. The preparation method of the present invention offers a .beta.-form copper phthalocyanine pigment at lower cost having equivalent or superior quality in color strength, clearness, fluidity and hue compared to the pigment produced by the conventional salt milling method.

Abstract: The present invention provides a phthalocyanine of Formula (1): ##STR1## wherein: MPc is a phthalocyanine nucleus of Formula (2); ##STR2## in which M is a metal atom, a chloro-metal group, an oxy-metal group or hydrogenX is halogenR.sup.1 is an benzylamino or N-alkyl aminoalkylR.sup.2 is H or an optionally substituted alkyla has an average value from 15 to 8b has an average value from 1 to 8a+b is from 4 to 16.

Abstract: A method of preparing a non-aqueous dispersion of CuPc which comprises milling crude CuPc in a high boiling liquid at a temperature from 50.degree. to 150.degree. C. in the presence of a polyester amine or polyesterammonium salt and a CuPc fluidising agent. Preferred polyesterammonium salt is obtainable by reacting polyhydroxystearic acid with 3-dimethylaminopropylamine quaternised with dimethylsulphate.

Abstract: A pigment preparation comprising(i) 10-80% by wt. of a platelet-shaped substrate coated with a metal oxide, and(ii) 20-90% by wt. of an active pigment.

Abstract: A green or near infrared light absorbing water-soluble phthalocyanine or naphthalocyanine derivative which has excellent water resistance after dyeing, is provided. The present invention provides a phthalocyanine or naphthalocyanine derivative represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein X represents a halogen atom substituted at nucleus; M represents two hydrogen atoms, a divalent metal atom, a trivalent mono-substituted metal atom, or a tetravalent di-substituted metal atom; m represents 4 or 8; and n represents an integer of 0 to 12.

Abstract: A color ink jet ink set for color printing is disclosed. The set comprises:(a) a first ink comprises a carrier and a bridged aluminum phthalocyanine pigment as a cyan colorant;(b) a second ink comprising a carrier and a quinacridone pigment as a magenta colorant; and(c) a third ink comprising a carrier and a non-benzidine yellow pigment.A fourth ink comprising pigment black 7 may also be included in the set.

Abstract: A pigment preparation for anti-corrosion coating materials, comprising(i) 3-40% by weight of a monomeric or polymeric, metal-free or metal-containing chelate-forming compound, preferably a phthalocyanine,(ii) 3-40% by weight of a material in flake form, preferably mica, and(iii) 25-80% by weight of a hydroxide ion-binding material, preferably a metaphosphate, di- or triphosphate. In a further embodiment, the pigment preparation additionally contains 5-65% by weight of a conductive pigment.

Abstract: This invention relates to water-dispersible phthalocyanine pigment formulations that are mixtures of(a) about 60 to about 99.5% by weight, based on the total amount of components (a) and (b), of a conditioned metal phthalocyanine pigment, and(b) about 0.5 to about 40% by weight, based on the total amount of components (a) and (b), of a water-insoluble sulfonated phthalocyanine having the formulaPc(SO.sub.2 OR).sub.x (I)whereinPc represents a phthalocyanine moiety;R is H or M, wherein M is a monovalent metal, divalent metal, trivalent metal, or ammonium cation, andx is a from about 0.2 to about 4.