Abstract: An end effector of a robot arm that is configured to participate in an animal-related operation, where the end effector is comprised of an actuator and a housing that is provided with a first aperture at a first end portion, where the actuator participates in the animal related operation via the first aperture, and the housing is provided with a second aperture providing access to an interior of the housing, wherein a passage extends through the housing along at least part of the actuator, from the second aperture to the first aperture such that the housing may be flushed through for removing dirt.

Abstract: A vision system that includes a robotic arm and a three-dimensional (3D) camera operably coupled to a processor. The processor is configured to acquire a 3D image and identify a teat of the dairy livestock within the 3D image. The processor is further configured to determine a distance between a portion of a robotic arm and an approach vector for the teat, to compare the distance between the portion of the robotic arm and the approach vector for the teat and the attachment range threshold value, and to send instructions to the robotic arm based on the comparison.

Abstract: A milking robot for the fully automatic milking of dairy animals includes at least one moving component and a cylinder configured to support a movement of the component. The cylinder has a cylinder wall having an aeration opening, as well as a cylinder rod slidable into and out of the cylinder. The cylinder wall surrounds at least one variable volume part, which volume part is free from pressure fluid connections for displacement of the cylinder rod. The cylinder is configured to remain, via the opening, substantially in pressure equilibrium with an environment of the cylinder. To the cylinder wall around the aeration opening is connected a gas collecting device which has a changeable volume and which, together with the variable volume part, forms an airtight gas volume. In addition, the gas collecting device has a minimum volume greater than zero.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a cup holder bracket and a cup holder. The cup holder bracket comprises a hinge that allows the cup holder bracket to pivot between a substantially horizontal position when closed to a substantially vertical position when opened. The cup holder is coupled to the cup holder bracket and comprises a rimmed structure configured to hold an attachment end of a cup when the cup holder bracket is closed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a support for helmets formed from a single body defining an upper surface (1) provided with adhesive that can be fixed to the outside of a helmet and a lower surface (2), wherein said body comprises three legs (3, 4) attached to one another at one of their ends, defining a Y shape. Preferably, the angle of separation (?) between two of said legs is 90° and the angle of separation (?) with the other leg is 135°. Said support allows assuring the stability of a helmet when it is placed on a planar surface with the support, since said three legs act like a tripod.

Abstract: A support arm assembly for milking equipment is disclosed which includes a pivotable support arm and a stationary arm suspension configured to support the pivotable support arm. The pivotable support arm includes an elongated arm member configured to support a milking cluster of the milking equipment at a distal end portion thereof. The elongated arm member is pivotable in a first direction and an opposite second direction in a substantially horizontal plane. The support arm assembly also includes a holding device configured to maintain the elongated arm member in a first pivotal position when the elongated arm member is subjected to a pivotal force smaller than a threshold force. Further a milking parlor is disclosed.

Abstract: A rotary parlour for milking of animals includes a rotary platform unit and storing devices connected to the platform unit and adapted to hold a number of teat cups in predetermined parking positions. The storing devices are supported by a supporting mechanism comprising an elevating part adapted to move the storing device between an operating position in which the storing device holds at least a part of the parked teat cups at a higher level than the lowest level of the upper surface of the platform unit and a non-operative position in which both the storing device and the parked teat cups are located at a lower level than the lowest level of the upper surface of the platform unit.

Abstract: A milking hose support comprising a frame adapted for supporting a milking hose, the frame having a hose coupler located on a side and adapted for supporting a milking hose; a hinge assembly, wherein the hinge assembly includes a hinge and connects the frame to the hinge; and a first flat bar, wherein the first flat bar is coupled to the hinge assembly, and extends away from the frame, wherein the hinge permits a variable angle of rotation between the frame and the first flat bar.

Abstract: An arrangement and a method for indicating an undesired detachment of a milking member from an animal in a milking stall. The arrangement includes a removing device adapted to detach the milking member from the animal and move the detached milking member to a parking position when the milking process has been completed, and a supervision device adapted to supervise when the milking member has been detached from the animal before the milking process has been completed. When the milking member has been detached from the animal before the milking process has been completed, the removing device is adapted to move the undesirably detached milking member to an indicating position located at a distance from the parking position.

Abstract: A milking implement comprising a frame with, disposed thereon, at least one teat cup holder with a teat cup movable relative thereto, and a replacing element connected with the teat cup, wherein the frame further includes an intermediate arm connected with the frame and with the teat cup holder and having a first joint and a second joint about which the teat cup holder and the intermediate arm, respectively, are tiltable with the aid of the replacing element, and a spring coupled with the teat cup holder and the frame and, if desired, with the intermediate arm.

Abstract: A dairy milker unit detacher having a milker unit support arm that resists damage and breakage by incorporating a breakaway mechanism that disengages and then automatically or easily returns the support arm to a functional arrangement when a dairy animal or other force engages the support arm.

Abstract: A milking cluster used for milking a dairy animal in a milking parlor, the milking cluster including a teat cup unit, a teat cup, a drive device, a hose arrangement joined to the teat cup, a hose guide engaging the hose arrangement, and a flexible element that pivots the hose guide between a fixed position and a second position.

Abstract: A gripping device (10, 10?) for a milking unit (12, 12?) provided with a manifold (14, 62), a pulse tube (16, 64), shells and teat-cups to be connected to the udders of the animal, the gripping device applied to a terminal portion of the pulse tube (16, 64) connected to the manifold (14, 62), said device comprising means for a firm, safe and ergonomic grip and means for a quick replacement and maintenance of the unit or components thereof.

Abstract: A device for and method of milking dairy animals, in particular cows includes teat cups that are connected by a robot arm to respective teats of the dairy animal. This makes it possible to start the milking of the teats of the dairy animal. A milk flow from the respective teat can be measured. The milking can be ended by a control unit in dependence on a comparison value which is calculated on the basis of a milking parameter representative of a milk flow from the respective teat and in dependence on a deactivation threshold. A second manner of calculating is used for calculating the comparison value of the last teat. The milking of the last teat can also depend on the moment of ending the milking of the one-but-last teat.

Abstract: The present invention relates to modular apparatuses for manipulation of animals and to methods of manipulating animals with the modular apparatuses of the invention. A modular apparatus according to one aspect of the present invention comprises: (a) a main support fixed to a stationary point, (b) a number of arms, each of said arms comprising a proximal end and a distal end, each changeable arm having a longitudinal axis extending between the proximal and distal ends, wherein said proximal end is pivotally mounted to the main support for rotation thereof about a first pivot axis substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, and (c) one or more end of arm changeable tools, wherein said one or more end of arm changeable tools are pivotally coupled to the distal ends of each arm for rotation thereof about a second pivot axis, wherein the second pivot axis is substantially parallel to the first pivot axis.

Abstract: A method of controlling a milking implement for automatically milking a dairy animal with an udder, such as a cow, which milking implement includes a camera and a teat cup. More particularly, the method includes attaching the teat cup to a teat of the udder, followed by producing by the camera an image of at least a part of the udder and of at least a part of the teat cup, making an analysis of the image of the udder with the teat cup, and performing at least one control action by the milking implement, based on the analysis.

Abstract: A griper device mountable on a robot arm of a milking robot provided for automatically attach teat cups to the teats of a milking animal, the gripper device comprises an electromagnet from gripping teat cups made of a magnetic material, the electromagnet including a coil feedable with a current a core of a magnetic material arranged at least partly within the coil; and a support structure for holding the electromagnet. The core comprises two end and portions in a single face of the electromagnet wherein the two end portions constitute different poles of the electromagnet and are shaped to be engagable with each of the teat cups in a close fit.

Abstract: A milking implement comprising a frame with, disposed thereon, at least one teat cup holder with a teat cup movable relative thereto, and a replacing element connected with the teat cup, wherein the frame further includes an intermediate arm connected with the frame and with the teat cup holder and having a first joint and a second joint about which the teat cup holder and the intermediate arm, respectively, are tiltable with the aid of the replacing element, and a spring coupled with the teat cup holder and the frame and, if desired, with the intermediate arm.

Abstract: An arrangement for determining positions of the teats of an animal is provided in a milking system comprising a robot arm for automatically attaching teat cups to the teats of an animal when being located in a position to be milked, and a control device for controlling the movement of the robot arm based on determined positions of the teats of the animal.

Abstract: A teat cup handling device (1) for a robot arm is adapted to attach teat cups to a milking animal. Each teat cup (2) has a centrally located longitudinal axis (2c) extending through a first end surface (2a) of the teat cups provided with a recess for receiving a teat of a milking animal and a oppositely located second end surface (2b) of the teat cups and wherein the teat cup handling device (1) includes at least two holding parts (4) arranged to releasably hold the teat cups (2). Each holding part (4) includes holding elements (9a) adapted to hold the teat cups (2) in positions such that the longitudinal axes (2c) of the teat cups are inclined in relation to each other.

Abstract: The invention refers to a milking arrangement including a milking box (2) adapted to received an animal to be milked and a milking device having a milk conduit and a set of teatcups (7) to be applied manually by an operator to the teats of an animal. Each teatcup has an upper opening for introducing the respective teat. The milking device draws milk from the animal via the teatcups and the milk conduit through the use of a low pressure. A support device (20) carries the teatcups in at least an idle position, in which the teatcups are located not to interfere with the animal and the operator, and an intermediate position, in which the teatcups are located more closely to the teats. Control equipment controls the support from the idle position to the intermediate position.

Abstract: A device for removing at least one teat cup (1a) from a teat of an animal includes i) a cylinder (2) provided with a movable piston (3) dividing an inner space of the cylinder in a first compartment (4) and a second compartment (5), ii) a valve mechanism (9) adapted to connect a vacuum source (8) to the first compartment (4) when it is in a first position and to break this connection when it is in a second position, iii) a passage (15) leading into the first chamber (4), and iv) a valve member (16) adapted to allow a flow through the passage (15) to the first compartment (4) during occasions when an operator moves the teat cup (1a) from a storing position to a teat attaching position.

Abstract: An automatic milking apparatus for laboratory animals that can facilitate and stabilize the positioning of a teat cup 20 is provided for full automation of a milking operation. An end of a first milk tube 12 attached to a teat cup 20 for laboratory animals is attached to a free end of a flexible arm A having one end fixed to a suitable base (milk collecting container stand B). The flexible arm A includes a laminated body 40 including a long member 41 formed of a material that is flexible and after being flexed, can maintain the shape (for example, a lead plate) and a steel plate member 42, the laminated body 40 being coated by a coating member 50, the members being in contact with each other in such a manner that they slip relative to each other upon being flexed in their entirety, the flexible arm A including a secured part 53 formed at the one end, the secured part 53 preventing relative movement of the respective members. The tip of the flexible arm A is not displaced after being positioned.

Abstract: The invention refers to a milking device for milking an animal during a milking operation. A milking member (5) includes at least one teatcup (6) to be attached to a teat of the animal. A long milk conduit (10) extends from the milking member for being connected to a milking machine. A support device (15) comprises a mounting device (16) mounted to a stationary structure (2), and a support arm (17a) in parallel to an arm axis and connected to the mounting device. The milking member is freely movable along the support arm. The milking member is attached to the support arm and displaceable on the support arm. The support arm includes a primary arm element (17a?) connected to the mounting device and a secondary arm element (17a?) holding the milking member. The primary arm element is telescopically introduceable into the secondary arm element, which is displaceable on the primary arm element.

Abstract: A portable breast pump has a suction unit and a collecting unit which is connected to this suction unit via a flexible suction line. The collecting unit comprises a breast shield, a milk-receiving container and a coupling element which connects the breast shield to the milk-receiving container. The suction unit has a housing with an operating means for operating the pump and a fastening means for fastening the housing on a carrying means, which can be fastened on the mother's body. This breast pump is easy to operate, allows the milk to be expressed even in confined areas with no set-down surfaces and, in addition, does not hinder the mother's mobility.

Abstract: A rotary parlor for automatic milking of animals includes an annular rotary platform (2) adapted to form a support surface for the animals (1), driving element (9) for supplying a rotary motion to the platform (2), positioning element for arranging the animals in predetermined milking positions (3) on the platform, in which an longitudinal axis (1a) of the animals forms an angle to the direction of motion (1b) of the animals standing on the rotary platform (2), and a robot arm (13) adapted to attach teat cups (7a) to the teats of an animal (1) which has entered a milking position (3) on the platform (2). The entire robot arm (13) is located in a working position vertically above or on the platform (2) when it attaches the teat cups to the teats of the animals (1).

Abstract: A dairy milker unit detacher having a milker unit support arm that resists damage and breakage by incorporating a breakaway mechanism that disengages and then automatically or easily returns the support arm to a functional arrangement when a dairy animal or other force engages the support arm.

Abstract: Device for milking an animal, such as a cow, comprising an animal standing area to be occupied by the animal to be milked in a particular milking position and a robot device with a robot arm assembly for applying to and/or removing teat cups from the respective teats of the udder of the animal, wherein the robot arm assembly at a distal end is provided with holding means for the teat cups, wherein the robot arm assembly at a proximal end is suspended from a support so as to extend downwards therefrom and is rotatable with respect thereto about a first centre line which has a vertical direction component, wherein, in use, the first centre line intersects the floor of the animal standing area.

Abstract: A visual detection arrangement is provided in a milking system (3) comprising a robot arm (15) for attaching a teat cup (11) to a teat of a milking animal (8), and a control device (19) for controlling the movement of the robot arm. The detection arrangement comprises first visual detection means (17) provided on the robot arm for repeatedly determining the teat position relative the robot arm and second visual detection means (21) directed towards the milking animal. The second visual detection means (21) is provided for detecting a position of the animal in a longitudinal direction (x), and the control device (19) is initially provided for controlling the movement of the robot arm based on information of the position of the teat of the animal relative the animal itself, and on the detected longitudinal position of the animal.

Abstract: A rear milking cluster hose support arm for supporting a milking cluster hose in an existing milking system where milking is done from a rear of a cow includes a rubber bumper for supporting an existing cluster hose and a rectilinear rod. The apparatus further includes a rod holder and a selectively adjusting mechanism with a coupling nut, an air hose, a tee union adapter, and a flattened lever. A predetermined oscillating air pressure level is introduced into the cylinder from the existing air supply source to thereby raise and lower the coupling nut and articulate the lever about the rod to thereby adjust the position of the rod and the rubber bumper respectively during non-operating conditions.

Abstract: A portable apparatus for milking animals, that can be carried by a person to any location, preferably in a bag such as a hand bag, side bag or backpack. The portable apparatus includes a carrying device, a power unit including a vacuum pipeline, a milk pipeline having a milk reservoir, and a milking claw unit, having one or more teat-cups. The vacuum pipeline provides suction force to the teat-cups that operatively draw milk from the animal udder. The milk pipeline operatively connects the teat-cups to the milk reservoir. Vacuum force further creates partial vacuum in the milk reservoir, and along with gravity the drawn milk flows to the milk reservoir. The portable apparatus can be used to milk animals located at sites accessible only by foot. The portable apparatus can be used to milk colostrums after parturition, and to milk animals having infected udder/teat.

Abstract: A milking implement comprising a frame with, disposed thereon, at least one teat cup holder with a teat cup movable relative thereto, and a replacing element connected with the teat cup, wherein the frame further includes an intermediate arm connected with the frame and with the teat cup holder and having a first joint and a second joint about which the teat cup holder and the intermediate arm, respectively, are tiltable with the aid of the replacing element, and a spring coupled with the teat cup holder and the frame and, if desired, with the intermediate arm.

Abstract: An automatic milking apparatus for laboratory animals that can facilitate and stabilize the positioning of a teat cup 20 is provided for full automation of a milking operation. An end of a first milk tube 12 attached to a teat cup 20 for laboratory animals is attached to a free end of a flexible arm A having one end fixed to a suitable base (milk collecting container stand B). The flexible arm A includes a laminated body 40 including a long member 41 formed of a material that is flexible and after being flexed, can maintain the shape (for example, a lead plate) and a steel plate member 42, the laminated body 40 being coated by a coating member 50, the members being in contact with each other in such a manner that they slip relative to each other upon being flexed in their entirety, the flexible arm A including a secured part 53 formed at the one end, the secured part 53 preventing relative movement of the respective members. The tip of the flexible arm A is not displaced after being positioned.

Abstract: A device for supporting milk and/or vacuum conduits (3, 4) for a milking machine, including a rail (10) at least one dropper (20) supported for longitudinal movement along the rail (10). The dropper (20) has a locating element (41) to position milk and/or vacuum conduits (3, 4) when in use.

Abstract: The invention refers to a milking arrangement including a milking box (2) adapted to received an animal to be milked and a milking device having a milk conduit and a set of teacups (7) to be applied manually by an operator to the teats of an animal. Each teatcup has an upper opening for introducing the respective teat. The milking device draws milk from the animal via the teatcups and the milk conduit by means of a low pressure. A support device (20) carries the teatcups in at least an idle position, in which the teacups are located not to interfere with the animal and the operator, and an intermediate position, in which the teatcups are located more closely to the teats. Control equipment controls the support from the idle position to the intermediate position.

Abstract: The invention refers to a milking device for milking an animal during a milking operation. A milking member (5) includes at least one teatcup (6) to be attached to a teat of the animal. A long milk conduit (10) extends from the milking member for being connected to a milking machine. A support device (15) comprises a mounting device (16) mounted to a stationary structure (2), and a support arm (17a) in parallel to an arm axis and connected to the mounting device. The milking member is freely movable along the support arm. The milking member is attached to the support arm and displaceable on the support arm. The support arm includes a primary arm element (17a?) connected to the mounting device and a secondary arm element (17a?) holding the milking member. The primary arm element is telescopically introduceable into the secondary arm element, which is displaceable on the primary arm element.

Abstract: The invention refers to a device and a method for carrying a milking member (1), which includes at least one teacup (3) and which is connected to a milking machine (5) via a flexible conduit member (6). A support element (10) is fixedly mounted in or at a milking box (13) arranged to receive an animal to be milked. An arm arrangement (9) is pivotably connected to the support element and arranged to support the milking member at least in connection with the application of the teacup to a teat of the animal. The arm arrangement is movable from a first position, in which the milking member is located beside the animal, to a second position, in which the milking member is located below the animal. The device includes a first part arranged to lock the milking member in relation to the arm arrangement in order to facilitate the application of the teacup to the teat.

Abstract: A robot arm construction is provided with a robot arm for carrying a teat cup, which robot arm can be pivoted under the udder of the animal. The robot arm construction is provided with a first robot arm construction portion, a second robot arm construction portion, a first horizontal axis for enabling a pivoting movement of the first robot arm construction portion, and a second horizontal axis by means of which the second robot arm construction portion is pivotably connected to the first robot arm construction portion. The robot arm is connected to the second robot arm construction portion.

Abstract: A rotary milking parlor milker detacher having a pivoting support arm and retracting chain arrangement that is synchronized with a rotating platform position to move the detacher between a storage position, a presentation position, and a milking position to protect the detacher from damage and provide a superior ergonomic design that reduces operator fatigue and turnover.

Abstract: The invention refers to a device for carrying a milking member, which includes four teatcups (3) and is connectable to a milking machine (5) via a flexible conduit member (6). A support element (10) is fixedly mounted at a milking box (13) for an animal to be milked and positioned with the head at the front. An arm arrangement (9) is pivotably connected to the support element and arranged to support partly the milking member during milking of the animal when the teatcups are applied to a respective teat. The arm arrangement (9) is movable from a first position beside the animal to a second position below the animal. The arm arrangement is fixedly connected to the flexible conduit member (6) at a distance from the milking member in such a way that the milking member is partly movable in relation to the arm arrangement. The device includes a force-generating member for generating, during milking, a force acting on the arm arrangement in a forward direction (x).

Abstract: An apparatus for milking livestock, which apparatus has a milking box; a milking robot disposed close to or in the milking box; and a holder for receiving therein teat cups which during use are arranged on an animal for milking by the milking robot, and a holder for such an apparatus. The holder has a guard, a carriage with an engaging mechanism for engaging the teat cups and with a displacer for displacing the carriage between a first position, in which at least the teat cups are protected by the guard in the situation engaged by the carriage, and a second position, in which the teat cups are released for removal by the milking robot.

Abstract: A rotary milking parlor milker detacher having a pivoting support arm and retracting chain arrangement that is synchronized with a rotating platform position to move the detacher between a storage position, a presentation position, and a milking position to protect the detacher from damage and provide a superior ergonomic design that reduces operator fatigue and turnover.

Abstract: The invention refers to a device and a method for carrying a milking member (1), which includes at least one teacup (3) and which is connected to a milking machine (5) via a flexible conduit member (6). A support element (10) is fixedly mounted in or at a milking box (13) arranged to receive an animal to be milked. An arm arrangement (9) is pivotably connected to the support element and arranged to support the milking member at least in connection with the application of the teacup to a teat of the animal. The arm arrangement is movable from a first position, in which the milking member is located beside the animal, to a second position, in which the milking member is located below the animal. The device includes a first part arranged to lock the milking member in relation to the arm arrangement in order to facilitate the application of the teacup to the teat.

Abstract: The invention refers to a device for carrying a milking member, which includes four teatcups (3) and is connectable to a milking machine (5) via a flexible conduit member (6). A support element (10) is fixedly mounted at a milking box (13) for an animal to be milked and positioned with the head at the front. An arm arrangement (9) is pivotably connected to the support element and arranged to support partly the milking member during milking of the animal when the teatcups are applied to a respective teat. The arm arrangement (9) is movable from a first position beside the animal to a second position below the animal. The arm arrangement is fixedly connected to the flexible conduit member (6) at a distance from the milking member in such a way that the milking member is partly movable in relation to the arm arrangement. The device includes a force-generating member for generating, during milking, a force acting on the arm arrangement in a forward direction (x).

Abstract: The invention regards an apparatus for performing an animal related operation like milking or grooming, where the animal (9) is confined in a stall (8). In order to protect animals and equipment, it is so arranged that any breaking of the functions activates an activable state, which retracts devices (21; 10) from the region of confinement before the apparatus is allowed to finally stop.

Abstract: A method of performing an animal related action on an animal by means of a robot arm is disclosed. The method includes carrying out measurements on the animal by means of a sensor for locating at least one animal part, generating, on the basis of the measurements, a list of data each corresponding to a possible animal part, comparing the data on the list with historical data regarding at least one animal part, assigning to each of the data on the list, on the basis of the comparison, a probability value for actual correspondence with at least one animal part, selecting as target position that possible target position that corresponds to the data on the list having the highest probability value and moving the robot arm to the target position which corresponds to the animal part found and performing there the animal related action.

Abstract: A vacuum control system for controlling vacuum while an animal is being milked. The vacuum control system comprises a vacuum pump which is interconnected to a buffer vessel via a vacuum line. Each teat cup of the milking apparatus has a milk line which interconnects the teat cup to the buffer vessel. The teat cup is also interconnected to the vacuum pump via a pulse line which contains a pulsator. A regulator which includes an rpm governor and an electronic filter unit is connected to the vacuum pump and also by the filter unit to a vacuum sensor which, in turn is connected to the vacuum line. The filter unit is connected both to the rpm governor and to an electronic fast-acting control valve which is activated by the regulator on the basis of signals which it receives from the vacuum sensor.

Abstract: A device for performing one or more animal related treatments on an animal out of a group of animals which are allowed to walk around in an area intended therefor and are able to visit the device voluntarily is provided with means for influencing at least one animal related treatment in dependence of the value of a parameter which is an indication of the expected waiting time for an animal wanting to visit the device. This results in a better utilisation of the capacity of the device. A device for automatically milking animals which are allowed to walk around in an area intended therefor and are able to visit the device voluntarily is provided with a milking robot and is suitable for deciding on the basis of an admission criterion with at least one requirement whether an animal is allowed to visit the milking robot, and/or is suitable for deciding on the basis of a milking criterion with at least one requirement whether or not an animal visiting the milking robot will be milked.

Abstract: An apparatus for automatically milking animals, such as cows, which comprises a milking compartment with a milking robot provided with a robot arm for connecting teat cups to the teats of an animal to be milked in the milking compartment. The teat cups are movable to immediately under and away from the udder of the animal being milked in the milking compartment by the robot arm. At the front of the milking compartment a feeding trough is pivotably connected to the milking compartment so that it is movable between a first position beyond the reach of an animal to be milked in the milking compartment and a second position within the reach of such animal. Linkage is provided by a single piston and cylinder member to couple movements of the feeding trough with movements of the robot arm so that a clear relationship is provided between feeding and milking an animal to be milked in the milking compartment and the mechanism for doing so is direct and efficient.

Abstract: A device for performing a treatment on a dairy animal, in particular a cow. The device is suitable for performing the treatment in various modes. The device is provided with a stress measuring device for determining the degree of stress of the animal and for issuing a control signal with a value depending on the stress measured. The mode of the treatment is selected with the aid of the control signal.