Abstract: A biochar apparatus and a related biochar module may have a horizontal table-shaking mechanism and a tapered channel for causing biochar pieces generated in a firebox to fall through openings in the table to a conveyor system below. The table may be configured with replaceable grate panels. A quenching reservoir pan for holding quenching liquid receives a drainage basket at a discharge end of the conveyor system for quenching hot pieces of biochar and allowing easy retrieval of the quenched pieces.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for combusting recyclable or waste material. The apparatus comprises a cylindrical combustion chamber. The chamber comprises a first inlet in a side wall. The first inlet is in communication with a blower and an ignition means. The chamber also comprises a second inlet in a first end wall or a side wall. The second inlet is in communication with a source of recyclable or waste material. The chamber also comprises an outlet in a second end wall on a central axis of the chamber. The longitudinal axis of the first inlet is offset from the central axis of the chamber. In use, the blower forces the recyclable or waste material to circulate around the inside of the chamber.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a solid fuel and, more particularly, to a solid fuel boiler which uses, as a heat source, solid fuel including rice straws, fallen leaves, trees, etc. and can receive oil fuel and gas fuel so as to keep a fire alive.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for providing recovered lignin of suitable quantity and quality to provide sufficient heating value to power the generation of supercritical or near critical water without the need for outside sources of energy. Supercritical or near critical water generator devices and systems are also disclosed.

Abstract: A steam generator includes a furnace configured and adapted to generate a stream of furnace exit gases from the combustion of municipal solid waste fuel. At least one superheater is disposed within an upper portion of the furnace or backpass. The superheater is configured and adapted to superheat fluids within the superheater by facilitating heat transfer between fluids within the superheater and furnace exit gases outside the superheater. At least one waterwall furnace platen is disposed within the furnace upstream from the superheater, the waterwall furnace platen is configured and adapted to lower furnace exit gas temperature at the superheater by facilitating heat transfer between fluids within the waterwall furnace platen and furnace exit gases outside the waterwall furnace platen.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the thermal treatment of waste materials of all types, in which the waste is subjected to a high temperature treatment with oxygen at temperatures of above 1000° C., the organic waste components being gasified. The thereby resulting synthesis gas is removed from the high temperature reactor uncooled and uncleaned and subsequently is oxidised. The thereby resulting thermal energy of the waste gas is further used thermally. The present invention likewise relates to a corresponding device for the thermal treatment of waste of all types.

Abstract: A steam generator includes a furnace configured and adapted to generate a stream of furnace exit gases from the combustion of municipal solid waste fuel. At least one superheater is disposed within an upper portion of the furnace or backpass. The superheater is configured and adapted to superheat fluids within the superheater by facilitating heat transfer between fluids within the superheater and furnace exit gases outside the superheater. At least one waterwall furnace platen is disposed within the furnace upstream from the superheater, the waterwall furnace platen is configured and adapted to lower furnace exit gas temperature at the superheater by facilitating heat transfer between fluids within the waterwall furnace platen and furnace exit gases outside the waterwall furnace platen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the generation of superheated steam. According to the invention, essentially saturated or wet steam is generated in a main vessel in which superheating is technically not possible or only restrictedly possible and which is superheated in an auxiliary plant whereby the superheater of the auxiliary plant is controlled dependent upon the steam production of the main plant.

Abstract: This invention relates to a boiler (1) drying, igniting and combusting refuse and producing steam (2, 2a) by heat exchange with flue gases (3). Said boiler (1) comprises a reactor (16) with firing a secondary fuel (18) for generating a less-corrosive gas flow (6) and an end superheater (8) located in the flow (6) of said less-corrosive gas. Said reactor (16) could be a sintering reactor, a rotary kiln, a fluidised bed or a spouted bed. This provides for an increased lifetime of the end superheater and makes the boiler provide a high and efficient electrical power output.

Abstract: A bulk product melt system including a portable support platform positionable with respect to a bulk product source vessel. A water heating system is positioned with respect to the support platform and includes a water tank, which contains a volume of water heated to a selected process water temperature. A water flowmeter in control communication with the water tank monitors a water flowmeter rate of the heated water from the water tank. A mixing eductor in fluidic communication with the water tank receives the heated water at a controlled water flowmeter rate from the water tank. The portable bulk product melt system also includes a bulk product mixing system that is positioned with respect to the portable support platform and includes a bulk product receiver having an inlet portion in fluidic communication with an outlet of the bulk product source vessel and an outlet portion in fluidic communication with the mixing eductor.

Abstract: Loosely stacked fuel (6) is introduced through a charging opening (5) into the furnace (1) of the boiler on a first support (7), and jets (25) of ignition air entraining hot flue gas from the furnace are directed at the surface of the fuel on the support so that the surface layer is ignited and the fuel is partially gasified. The fuel is passed onto a grate (9) located at a lower level on for final combustion. The air from the ignition air jets (25) are permitted, together with the entrained flue gas, to pass down through the loosely stacked fuel (6) and the first support (7) and then to flow off to the furnace (1). The flue gas entrained by the ignition air jets (25) is drawn substantially from a section of the furnace through which flows a mixture of combustion products from the first support and the grate.

Abstract: A power plant which combusts fossil fuel and biomaterial or waste includes a large boiler plant having at least one device for the combustion of fossil fuel. At least one additional combustion device is connected to the large boiler plant via at least one connection channel. The additional combustion device includes a grate hearth for the combustion of biomaterial or waste. The additional combustion device includes at least one heat exchanger device which is integrated into the water/steam circuit of the large boiler plant.

Abstract: A water purifier which purifies water by superheated steam. The water purifier includes a raw water reservoir for contaminated water; a heater at least partially disposed within the raw water reservoir and including a heat source, an inlet for steam and an outlet for superheated steam; an inlet conduit in fluid communication with the inlet of the heater for transporting steam produced by boiling said raw water; and a condenser in fluid communication with the outlet of the heater. The heater both boils the raw water to produce a substantially saturated steam and superheats the substantially saturated steam. The water purifier can further include a purified water reservoir in fluid communication with the condenser.

Abstract: In a fluidized bed reactor system having a gas cooler, with cooling surfaces, downstream of a first cyclone separator, the cooling surfaces are cleaned by introducing sufficient concentration of bed particles into the gas during, or just prior to, cooling, so that the particles mechanically dislodge deposits from, and thereby clean, the cooling surfaces. The particles are then removed downstream of the cooler by a second separator, and the bed particles separated by the second separator may be returned to the fluidized bed reactor at or just before the cooler to again be used to effect cooling. Cleaning may be practiced in spaced time intervals only (e.g. periodically or intermittently), or continuously.

Abstract: The waste burning boiler comprises a cylindrical outer wall, a cylindrical inner wall consisting of a plurality of vertical water pipes having the gaps therebetween closed by plate members. The plate members are provided with a plurality of holes communicating the annular chamber between the inner and outer walls with the combustion chamber defined inside the inner wall. Compressed air is introduced into the annular chamber, and is blown into the combustion chamber from these small holes. The air blown from these holes provide a sufficient amount of oxygen for combustion, and raises the combustion temperature. Additionally, the air flow from the small holes provide a favorable stirring effect which improves the transfer of heat produced by combustion to the water pipes.

Abstract: A process for regulating the combustion of solid fuels in a combustion plant is characterized in that the incompletely burned gases that are formed directly above the area of the combustion outlet are directed upward along the inner wall of the charge space, which runs between the charge space and the combustion chamber, and along the cover area of the charge space into the channels between the charge space outer wall and the furnace wall, as a down-draft, back to the fire bed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and system for recovering energy from low-grade fuels such as industrial, municipal and agricultural waste, low-grade carbonaceous fuels such as lignite and similar solid fuels in which the fuel is comminuted into small particles and slurried in water. The alkali content of the slurry is adjusted to be at least about equal to the chemical equivalent of the halogen content of the slurry and, following pressurization of the slurry, it is heated sufficiently so that the substantial portion of chemically bound oxygen in the fuel separates therefrom as carbon dioxide, leaving a slurry including char particles and dissolved impurities such as halogen salts. The char particles are removed from the slurry and reslurried with just enough halogen-free water to provide the slurry with the needed viscosity to maximize the energy density thereof.

Abstract: The heat from garbage upon incineration and solar heat can be effectively used to make sterilized hot water economically. A sterilized hot-water generator is provided with upper, intermediate and lower tanks in communication with each other. The lower tank includes a combustion chamber which is in communication with heating chambers housed centrally within the upper and intermediate tanks. A solar heat hot-water maker is attached to the front side of the sterilized hot-water generator. A sterilizer is located through the heating chambers in the upper and intermediate tanks to introduce the hot water in the upper tank into an associated sterilizing chamber for sterilization by heating. A fume removing tank is provided to dissolve, in water, fumes generated during combustion. Exhaust gases leaving the fume removing tank are fed to a reducing tank where they are reduced to oxygen, by plants, for example. The oxygen is then released into the atmosphere.

Abstract: The present invention includes four chambers for containing refuse, a porous membrane at least partially enclosing the chambers, and a housing enclosing the porous membrane and the chambers. Combustion fuel is supplied to the porous membrane so that surface combustion takes place at the surface of the porous membrane facing the chamber for burning the refuse contained in the chamber. Electrical means may also be employed to provide combustion of the refuse. Safety features include pressure feed-back means for monitoring and regulating the pressure within the apparatus and temperature feed-back means for monitoring and regulating the temperature within the apparatus. A particle bin is positioned below the chamber for receiving burned particles from the chamber. The gases generated from the burning refuse is collected and pumped through a super heating and purifying chamber (eliminated all hazardous affluent) and into the boiler type heat exchanger and thereby producing steam for electrical generation.

Abstract: A multi-loop control system and a method for using the control system to even out the generation of heat produced by a refuse incineration plant. The quantity of steam generated is controlled as a primary controlled variable and the oxygen content of the flue gas is controlled as a secondary controlled variable. This method makes it possible to improve other parameters in operating a refuse incineration plant.

Abstract: Gasification, slagging, melting, and vaporizing components of waste materials and reactive carbon fuel, in variable proportions, at low pressures, using oxygen and steam reactants, effects very high temperatures, producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide), molten slag and molten metals. Integration provides steam and electricity from cogeneration plants. Thermal separation of coal-methanol suspensoids, delivered by pipeline, provides reactive carbon fuel. Methanol produced from cleaned syngas and ethanol produced by corn fermentation are blended, some gasoline or diesel fuel and other additives are used, safer, cleaner-burning, cost-competitive automotive fuels are produced. Light-weight, rock-like nodules (aggregates) and rock wool are produced from slag. Recovery of metals effects optimum recycling. Some metals are produced by reducing reactions. Ethanol coproducts combined with corn, other grains, alfalfa, molasses, minerals and vitamins, provide superior feeds for ruminant animals.

Abstract: Plastic and similar shreddable materials are reduced to small particles and pneumatically conveyed to the combustion space of a marine boiler for inceneration to dispose of such materials aboard ship. A granulator apparatus reduces the material to particulates having a maximum particle size of about 0.50 inches for conveyance by the pneumatic conveyor through a conduit which has penetrated a boiler wall in the vicinity of the combustion space.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for controlling the combustion and temperature in an solid waste-to-steam incineration system comprising a grated combustion zone and a steam boiler. This control is achieved by a synergistic combination of oxygen enrichment of an air stream and liquid quench fed to the combustion zone. The disclosed process includes the steps of adjusting the amount of solid waste passing into the combustion zone in order to maintain a constant flow of steam leaving the steam boiler, adjusting the amount of liquid quench to the incinerator in order to maintain a constant temperature in the combustion zone and adjusting the amount of oxygen enrichment of the air stream in response to a change in flow of the liquid quench to the incinerator. An apparatus for accomplishing the foregoing is also disclosed.

Abstract: An incinerator having a horizontal burn disk which is rotatably supported within the lower portion of a firebox with a portion of the firebox containing water tubes connected to a water circulation system including a header and a steam drum. Compacted material for burning is gravity fed to the burn disk througha vertical feeding chute of sufficient height to effect the compaction. Combustion air is forced into the burning material through stationary nozzles disposed about the periphery of the disk, and a nozzle stationary nozzle extending up through the center of the disk.

Abstract: A vertical chamber for waste disposal and heating purposes has an upright combustion chamber with an inlet for waste material, a grating at a lower chamber end and an adjustable burner controlled by a temperature sensor so that the burner operation can be adapted to allow for the calorific value or requirement of the material to be incinerated. A trap door is situated at the lower end for ash removal and is arranged by air passages to permit air to pass upward past the door for combustion and to open periodically for removing ash. The grating may be water cooled and step down towards the trap door to permit ash to be blown off onto the door before the door is opened.

Abstract: The invention comprising an organic waste fuel combustion and tempering gas flow control system integrated with a gas turbine combined cycle steam generating plant. The gas turbine exhaust, wherein the oxygen content is partially consumed is used to dry and support combustion of an organic fuel high in moisture content after said fuel has been dewatered and pelletized. A portion of the gas turbine exhaust gas stream dries the pelletized waste fuel while a parallel portion of the gas turbine hot gas stream is used to support combustion and furnish oxygen in the ignition zone of the pelletized waste combustor. The drying stream also tempers secondary combustion gas temperature. The two gas streams are combined downstream of the combustion zone. The regenerated combined stream is then utilized in a steam generating section to generate steam.

Abstract: According to a process for the combustion of organic substances, such as domestic or industrial waste and the like, in a fluidized incineration bed (1) at a mean combustion temperature of 800.degree. C., the flue gased emitted by the fluidized bed (1) are heated with the associated flue dust to a temperature of at least 900.degree. C., preferably 1000.degree. C. to 1200.degree. C., in a subsequent combustion zone (23), in order to destroy toxic substances are burnt. To this effect, the flue gases are introduced in the incinerating chamber of an industrial furnace, for example a steam generator (2) of a coal-operated power plant. By connecting in the gas supply line a fluidized bed (1) upstream of a steam generator (2) fired with coal, a substantial reduction in NOx formation is achieved.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for converting unconditioned biomass, such as cotton gin trash, into usable energy. This is accomplished by gasifying the biomass, removing the particulate char from the combustible gas using cyclonic separators, burning the gas, and using the heat to generate steam. Two stage combustion helps minimize NO.sub.x formation.

Abstract: An apparatus for burning waste refuse having a heterogeneous composition comprising means defining a combustion chamber having an inlet for charging waste refuse therein and an outlet for discharging combustion gases therefrom, means disposed within the combustion chamber for agitating waste refuse charged therein, means for sensing the temperature differential of combustion gases emanating from the burning waste refuse disposed on the agitating means, between spaced points along the path of flow of the emanating combustion gases, and means responsive to variations of the sensed temperature differential relative to a preselected temperature differential for adjusting the operation of the agitating means.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system and a process for converting municipal trash into useful materials without wasting useful energy and with a minimum release of pollutants into the atmosphere. The system includes hydraulic means which moves rubbish, garbage and other municipal trash into a processor. The system in the processor contains a trash processing zone which is associated with the hdyraulic means, a fractionating system built into the roof, a combustion zone, a heating exchange zone, a waste heat recovery system and a precipitator for cleaning the emissions prior to release into the atmosphere.

Abstract: In an improved refuse incineration system, wet refuse is heated in a dryer by inlet superheated steam in direct contact to remove most moisture therefrom while converting such moisture into outlet steam also in superheated state. The dried refuse is then fed into a boiler, through which the outlet superheated steam is circulated to raise temperature to much higher superheated level and recycled to the dryer as inlet superheated steam. This system will greatly increase the drying efficiency and productivity and thus reduce the necessary volume of the dryer.

Abstract: A high efficiency Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) processing and supplying system for maintaining industrial boilers operating continuously at peak efficiency. The system includes equipment for efficient processing and maximum blending of diverse combustible material in municipal solid wastes into high quality, industrial grade RDF of maximum uniformity, and a plurality of RDF final processing fuel stations at least equal in number to the number of boilers to be supplied with RDF. From these fuel stations the RDF is selectively delivered at a steady, uniform, controlled rate to any of the boilers. Each station has an active storage unit, a doffing roll metering bin for attaining desired fluffiness in the RDF, a metering belt scale to achieve precise volume control of the RDF being fed to the boilers, and a trommel dryer supplied with waste heat from the boilers for drying the RDF and adapted for final removal of noncombustible fines from the RDF.

Abstract: In an improved refuse incineration system, wet refuse is heated in a dryer (4) to remove most moisture therefrom while converting such moisture into steam for use in order to save energy consumption in a steam generating plant. The dried refuse is then fed into a boiler (23) for combustion where, because it has been dried, the combustion gas temperature within the boiler is greatly increased and thus the thermal efficiency improved.The preferred form of the system includes additional devices (27, 38) for preheating air used to support combustion of refuse enhancing the extent of combustion of combustible matter in the refuse. The preferred system also including devices (34, 29) for increasing the recovery of residual heat content from the waste stack gas.

Abstract: The invention describes a process wherein high-purity hydrogen and oxygen gases can be economically produced via a water electrolysis method, utilizing cheap energy recovered from an incineration process of industrial, municipal, agricultural and other waste materials in a fluidized-bed incinerator. In the said process combustible solid and/or liquid wastes with high energy content are exploited to supply the energy required to incinerate and decompose other solid or liquid wastes with lower or no energy content. Also the process provides a method wherein any solid, liquid or gaseous emissions or effluents from the process are effectively trapped, controlled and converted to environmentally acceptable, inert and harmless products. Also the process includes an energy recovery system such that the thermal energy from the incineration is used to produce steam and generate electricity required for all operations in the process including the production of oxygen.

Abstract: Method of improving the operation and efficiency of a steam generating furnace fired with high moisture content fuel, comprises providing a drying shaft parallel and offset from the combustion chamber of the furnace; wet fuel is introduced into the upper portion of the shaft while a portion of the hot products of combustion gases from the upper portion of the combustion chamber are also permitted to flow into the upper portion of the shaft. The hot gases evaporate moisture from the fuel and are simultaneously cooled thereby so as to increase in density and fall by gravity within the shaft co-currently with the fuel for recirculation into the lower portion of the combustion chamber while the at least partially dried fuel is deflected from the bottom of the shaft into the lower portion of the combustion chamber along with the recirculated gases.

Abstract: A steam or hot water generator, operating by solid fuels having high contents in volatile materials, provides that the column of fuel bears on an inwardly inclined grate. A fraction of the carbureting air passes through the grate and fuel, carrying along the volatile products. Another fraction of air, not passing through the grate and accordingly also not through the fuel, but which is however heated by travelling under the grate, joins with the fraction rich in volatile products which is still unburnt, bringing the latter to combustion.

Abstract: A grateless furnace has a combustion chamber, means to introduce solid fuel into the combustion chamber and to permit said fuel to form a fire bed in the bottom thereof, the combustion chamber being of such configuration that slag formed during combustion of the fuel accumulates under the influence of gravity, at a low part of the bottom of the combustion chamber, said low part having an opening through which said slag may pass for removal from the furnace. The bottom of the chamber may be V-shaped.

Abstract: A domestic combustion appliance 1 has a body 2 having a distributor plate 14 for supporting a shallow fluidized bed 32. A primary boiler 34 forms part of a rear bounding wall for the fluidized bed 32, and a secondary boiler 50 is located downstream providing flue passages for exhaust gases. A window 10 is provided in the front wall 8 to give a visual effect for volatiles burning, in use, above the bed 32.

Abstract: Sulfur is readily and efficiently removed from solid fuel in a boiler installation which comprises a hearth for burning and thereby gasifying the solid fuel, the hearth including a grid supporting a fluidized bed of the solid fuel spread thereover, and a tubular boiler body superimposed on, and integral with, the hearth, the boiler body including a lower portion receiving the gasified fuel from the hearth, an upper portion, a common transverse wall dividing the tubular boiler body into the lower and upper portions, and a burner extending into the upper boiler body portion near the dividing transverse wall and receiving a supply of secondary combustion air. A conduit connects the lower boiler body portion to the burner for feeding the gasified fuel therefrom to the burner, and dust removing and desulfurization cyclones in the conduit remove dust and sulfur from the gasified fuel.

Abstract: Energy and useful products are recovered from plantain wastes in a self-contained waste treatment plant wherein the raw material waste is charged into a boiler where the same is combusted to produce flue gases containing several organic compounds and dry ash containing residue mineral salts. The flue gas heats water in a water reservoir to generate steam which drives a turbine generator to produce electricity, the flue gas then being collected and at least partially condensed to form a pyroligneous acid solution from which alcohols and the like can be recovered. The dry ash containing residue mineral salt is mixed with other minerals or reagents with the resulting mass being supplied into a continuously stirred fusion furnace situated within the boiler to which heat is supplied by the flue gas to produce commercially useful products, such as zeolites, dolomite or other related products.

Abstract: An improved multi-fueled hot water or steam boiler comprising a plurality of compartments, one compartment for the combustion of a solid fuel, such as wood or coal, and the other for the combustion of a liquid fuel and separated from each other and the exterior of the boiler by water-conducting walls; a water supply tank positioned above one of the compartments and connected to the water-conductive walls; and a plurality of horizontal fire tubes passing through the water supply tank and connecting one compartment to an exhaust flue. The compartment not positioned below the water supply tank has a water-conductive ceiling slanted upwardly toward and connected to the water supply tank. One compartment has an adjustable air-flow secondary damper in addition to a primary air damper. The water-conductive walls, fire tubes, adjustable secondary damper, and upwardly slanting water-conductive ceiling reduce boiler heat losses and improve boiler efficiency.

Abstract: Scrap automobiles are loaded onto carts which move along rails into a two-stage incinerator. Combustible waste is shredded, dried, and loaded onto a transporter which moves along the rails into the incinerator. The automobiles and combustibles are incinerated and the heat produced is collected. The heat is converted into steam used to power a turbine driven electricity generator. The generated electricity is used to electrolyze water and to operate an electric arc furnace which refines the incinerated metal. Heat from the incinerator is further used to heat waste oil in a cracking tower and to heat fermented organic waste in an alcohol still. The combustion gases are passed through a scrubbing tower where they are cooled and scrubbed with a caustic spray to neutralize acids present and they are passed through a bag house filter to remove particulate matter before they are vented into the atmosphere.

Abstract: A furnace for alternatively burning solid or liquid fuels is disclosed. The furnace includes an oil burner and a solid fuel burner as well as a combustion chamber for the burning fuel. The hot combustion gases can be introduced through one of two sets of chimney gas flues, depending upon the fuel being burned. A tiltable flap at the inlet of the chimney gas flues controls which set of flues the gas passes through. At the outlet of the flues, a reversing chamber reverses the direction of the gases and directs them to a flue gas pipe for removing the combustion gases from the furnace. The position of the tiltable flap is controlled by a control means responsive to the sensed temperature of the gas leaving the furnace. The chimney gas flues define a heat exchanger and may be formed from flat plates or round ducts.

Abstract: A heating boiler for substantially continuous controlled combustion of baled straw. The boiler includes a straw feed channel communicating with a combustion chamber having a combustion zone adjacent the rear wall of the combustion chamber, a flue gas heat exchange chamber above the combustion chamber in communication with a flue gas vent and an ash collecting pit below the combustion chamber. A horizontal floor is disposed between the combustion chamber and the ash collecting pit, the floor having a slot adjacent the rear wall of the combustion chamber for passage of ash from the combustion zone into the ash collecting pit and for intake of primary air into the combustion zone. A vertically rotatable ash stripper assembly extends from the rear wall of the combustion chamber, and serves to strip ash from the straw bale surface being combusted in the combustion zone. The ash stripper assembly can be rotated by means of a hollow shaft which also constitutes a secondary air intake.

Abstract: A heating boiler comprises separate furnaces for oil and solid fuel. The oil combustion chamber can be connected directly to flues in contact with water via an afterburning chamber (11) common to the two furnaces. The connection (22) between the oil-combustion chamber (8) and the afterburner chamber can be shut off by a damper (25). Instead a connection is opened between the oil combustion chamber and the furnace (9) for solid fuel via an ash compartment and a grate (20) under the furnace for solid fuel. Through the arrangement with the damper (25) a number of possible variations can be obtained depending on the actual heat requirements.

Abstract: A boiler provided with a burner chamber for a burner firing system and a combustion chamber for a solid fuel firing system, both chambers being arranged horizontally side by side in a common boiler water space enclosed by a horizontal outer boiler body. The combustion chamber has an approximately elliptical cross-section with vertical major diameter and the burner chamber has a round cross-section, the longitudinal center lines of both chambers being substantially at the same level. Both chambers are connected at their front ends with two separate horizontal ancillary heating passages extending axially parallel above the chambers within the boiler water space and having rectangular cross-sections with horizontal major cross-sectional dimensions and with internal comb-like ribbings. The outer boiler body is made of a metal sheet shaped in one piece by rolling into a hollow body of non-circular roundish cross-section.

Abstract: The preferred embodiment of the invention disclosed herein includes apparatus for and steps of separating glass, metal and other generally non-combustible material from refuse to provide a volume of generally combustible refuse, shredding this volume of combustible refuse into relatively small particles, mixing these particles with primary combustion air and conveying the resultant mixture of air and particles into a combustion chamber. The combustion chamber is preheated by auxiliary heating means to a temperature sufficient to cause the mixture to be self-igniting in the combustion chamber. Secondary combustion air is fed to the combustion chamber at spaced-apart points within the chamber for assuring a complete combustion process.

Abstract: A furnace for the combustion of solid fuel is disclosed comprising two juxtaposed grate portions and a passageway for conducting combustion gases from the area above one grate portion to the fuel contained on the other grate portion. One grate portion is steeply inclined, and the other is spaced therefrom and has a facing first, mainly upright part and a second, mainly horizontal part extending backwards below the first grate portion to receive fuel residues therefrom. The combustion gases are conducted from the second, mainly horizontal part of the second grate portion to the upper part of the first grate portion.

Abstract: A double-fired heating boiler includes first and second combustion chambers positioned within a common boiler water chamber and adapted to be fired respectively by gas or oil and by solid fuel. A collector for the combustion gases produced by the burning of the fluid and solid fuel is provided. Separate exhaust conduit systems having ancillary heat exchange surfaces are connected to the respective combustion chambers and to the collector.

Abstract: Halogenated hydrocarbon materials are burned in an internally-fired horizontal fire-tube boiler and the heat of combustion directly produces saturated steam. Halogen values may be recovered from the combustion gases, e.g., by being absorbed in water. Thus halogenated hydrocarbon material which may need to be disposed of, is beneficially converted to energy and useful product.