Abstract: A steam generator has a pressure casing formed in the shape of a drum. The longitudinal axis of this pressure casing is oriented horizontally or largely horizontally. A hollow tube (1) is formed in such a way that at least two hollow tube sections (1?) are provided, preferably a plurality of hollow tube sections which extend predominantly parallel to each other, and which are arranged in stack-form vertically or vertically offset above each other, and which in each case are interconnected in pairs at an end section, wherein this hollow tube is located in the vertical direction above the feed section (8).

Abstract: A once-through steam generator including one or more steam-generating circuits extending between inlet and outlet ends thereof and including one or more pipes, the steam-generating circuit having a heating segment at least partially defining a heating portion of the once-through steam generator, and one or more heat sources for generating heat to which the heating segment is subjected. The steam-generating circuit is adapted to receive feedwater at the inlet end, the feedwater being subjected to the heat from the heat source to convert the feedwater into steam and water. The pipe has a bore therein at least partially defined by an inner surface, and at least a portion of the inner surface has ribs at least partially defining a helical flow passage. The helical flow passage guides the water therealong for imparting a swirling motion thereto, to control concentrations of the impurities in the water.

Abstract: A generating system is presented that includes a steam generator, a separator coupled to the generator, a supply providing feed water, a start-up system coupled to and receiving the feed water, and a recirculation system coupled to the start-up system. The steam generator operates in a plurality of operating modes. In one mode the steam generator generates a flow of steam and fluid. The separator separates the flow into components of steam and fluid. The recirculation system receives the feed water from the start-up system and provides a required flow to the steam generator during at least one mode. The recirculation system includes an ejector. The ejector induces a portion of the fluid from the separator into the recirculation system, mixes the induced fluid with the feed water to provide a recirculation flow, and the recirculation system provides the required flow to the steam generator including the recirculation flow.

Abstract: An integrated water coil air heater and economizer arrangement for a boiler has a feedwater inlet for supplying feedwater to the boiler, and conduits and a valve for splitting the feedwater from the inlet into a first partial lower temperature, lower mass flow stream, and a second partial higher temperature, higher flow stream. A water coil air heater for passage of air to be heated for the boiler contains at least one heat transfer loop in heat transfer relationship with the air, the heat transfer loop of the water coil air heater being connected to receive the first partial stream. An economizer for passage of flue gas to be cooled for the boiler contains at least one heat transfer loop in heat transfer relationship with the flue gas, the heat transfer loop of the economizer being connected to the heat transfer loop of the water coil air heater for receiving the first partial stream from the water coil air heater.

Abstract: A boiler water cycle of a fluidized bed boiler, preferably, a supercritical once-through-unit (OTU) boiler, includes a drop leg, a number of horizontal inlet headers, substantially having a length of the length of a front wall of the furnace of the boiler, arranged below the furnace, and panels of water tubes of the front wall and a rear wall, extensions of the water tubes being directly connected to the inlet headers, wherein each inlet header is in flow communication with a drop leg by way of an inlet duct connected to the end of the inlet header. The inlet headers include a front wall chamber below the front wall of the furnace, a rear wall chamber arranged below the rear wall of the furnace, and at least one grid chamber below the center part of the furnace grid in a wind box of the fluidized bed boiler.

Abstract: The present invention concerns capillary force vaporizers for use in vaporizing liquids and emitting pressurized vapors. In one embodiment, the inventive capillary force vaporizer includes a porous member, a heater component to convey heat to the porous member, and a vapor containment region. The porous member further includes a capillary network, a surface for receiving liquid and a vaporization area in which vapor is produced from the liquid. The vapor is collected and pressurized within the vapor containment region, which includes one or more openings for the release of vapor at a velocity greater than zero. Several different embodiments for capillary force vaporizers and systems comprising capillary force vaporizers are disclosed along with methods for their use.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system and operation of surface equipment to generate steam while reducing the quantity of boiler blowdown and thereby increasing the amount of feedwater that is re-used or re-cycled in generating said steam. The present invention teaches that, on a sustained basis, the blowdown stream at the outlet of a once-through steam generator can be routed to the inlet of a second once-through steam generator that is in series with the first, that blowdown stream can be used to generate additional steam in the second once-through steam generator and further reduce the amount of blowdown, and that this can be accomplished without need of any treatment that reduces hardness or silica levels of the blowdown stream prior to its entering or during its entry into the inlet of the second once-through steam generator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a steam generator wherein a continuous heating panel of a generator, which is formed from a number of evaporator tubes, and an overheating panel, which is formed from a number of over-heating tubes which are arranged downstream from the evaporator tubes and on the flow side, are arranged in a heating gas channel. According to the invention, a water separating element is integrated into a number of over-flow tubes which are connected on the flow side of one of several evaporator tubes to one or several overheating tubes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a steam generator in which a continuous evaporating heating area is disposed within a heating gas duct that is penetrated in a nearly horizontal direction by a heating gas. Said continuous evaporating heating area comprises a number of steam-generating pipes that are connected in parallel and are penetrated by a flowing medium and is configured such that a steam-generating pipe which is heated more than another steam-generating pipe of the same continuous evaporating heating area has a higher throughput of the flowing medium than said other steam-generating pipe. The aim of the invention is to create a steam generator which provides a particularly high degree of stability of flow during operation of the continuous evaporating heating area while keeping the structural complexity and design comparatively simple.

Abstract: The invention relates to a continuous steam generator provided, in a duct for hot gas circulating in a substantially horizontal direction, with a continuous heating surface of an evaporator comprising a plurality of steam generator tubes which are mounted in parallel for circulating a fluid flow. The inventive device requires exceptionally low construction expenditures and ensures a high degree of safety and a high efficiency. For this purpose, the continuous heating surface of the evaporator is characterized in that it comprises a segment of the heating surface through which a moving fluid flows in an opposite direction with respect to the heated gas direction is positioned in such a way that a saturated steam temperature which is adjusted during operation at the exit from the continuous heating surface deviates from the predetermined maximum value of the temperature of the gas prevailing during operation at the outlet of the segment of the heating surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a continuous steam generator wherein an evaporator throughflow heating surface is disposed in a gas duct which can be cross flown in an approximately vertical manner in a heating gas device, said evaporator throughflow heating surface comprising a plurality of parallel connected steam generating pipes enabling a flow medium to flow through, also enabling particularly high operating stability and security during the supply of the flow medium having a comparatively high mass flow density.

Abstract: The invention relates to a continuous steam generator comprising a surrounding wall which forms a gas draught and whose lower section is configured from gas-tight evaporator tubes that are welded together and whose upper section is configured from gas-tight superheater tubes that are welded together. According to the invention, superheater tubes are connected downstream of the evaporator tubes on the flow medium side by means of a water separator system. The aim of the invention is to provide a system with particularly high degree of operational flexibility even in the start-up and off-peak periods, whilst keeping the production and installation expenditure relatively low. To achieve this, the water separator system comprises a large number of water separator elements, each of which is connected downstream or upstream of less than ten evaporator tubes, preferably one tube and/or less than ten superheater tubes, preferably one tube on the flow medium side.

Abstract: The invention relates to a steam generator comprising a heating gas channel, which can be traversed in an approximately horizontal heating gas direction and in which at least one continuous heating surface is located, configured from a number of approximately vertical evaporator tubes, connected in parallel to allow the passage of a flow medium. The aim of the invention is to provide a method for starting a generator, which guarantees a high degree of operational safety, even for a steam generator with a particularly simple construction. According to the invention, to achieve this, at least several evaporator tubes are partially filled to a predeterminable desired level with unevaporated flow medium, prior to the impingement of the heating gas channel by a heating gas.

Abstract: A steam generator is disclosed herein. The steam generator includes an inlet manifold, a discharge manifold, a heating gas duct, and at least one once-through heating area in the heating-gas duct. The once-through heating area is formed from multiple single-row header-and-tube assemblies. Each single-row header-and-tube assembly includes a plurality of steam generator tubes connected in parallel, an inlet header connected to the inlet manifold, and a discharge header connected to the discharge manifold. Each inlet header is connected to the inlet manifold by one of multiple first link pipes, and each discharge header is connected to the discharge manifold by one of multiple second link pipes. Each said steam generator tube of each of the single-row header-and-tube assemblies has an inside diameter that is less than an inside diameter of any of the first or second link pipes.

Abstract: A steam generator has a continuous heating surface located in a fuel gas channel that can be traversed in an approximately horizontal fuel gas directions. The continuous heating surface has a plurality of steam generator pipes that are connected in parallel for the passage of a flow medium and is designed in such a way that a steam generator pipe, which is heated to a greater extent than another steam generator pipe of the same continuous heating surface, has a higher throughput of the flow medium than the other steam generator pipe. The aim is to produce a low-cost steam generator with a particularly high level of mechanical stability, even when subjected to different thermal stresses.

Abstract: The invention relates to a steam generator (1, 1′, 1″), in which a continuous heating surface (8, 10, 12) is located in a fuel gas channel (6) that can be traversed in an approximately horizontal fuel gas direction (x). Said continuous heating surface comprises a number of steam generator pipes (22, 50, 60) that are connected in parallel (W) for the passage of a flow medium and is designed in such a way that a steam generator pipe (22, 50, 60), which is heated to a greater extent than another steam generator pipe (22, 50, 60) of the same continuous hating surface (8, 10, 12), has a higher throughput of the flow medium (W) than the other steam generator pipe (22, 50, 60). The aim of the invention is to produce a low-cost steam generator with a particularly high level of mechanical stability, even when subjected to different thermal stresses.

Abstract: A steam generator has a once-through evaporator which converts liquid water into steam in tubes over which hot gases flow. Each tube contains a metal tape which is twisted into a helical configuration to induce turbulence in the mist produced by the boiling, and the turbulence insures that the mist wets the inside surfaces of the tubes, thus producing good heat transfer and moderate temperatures in the tubes.

Abstract: A continuous-flow steam generator includes a combustion chamber with evaporator tubes for fossil fuel. The combustion chamber is followed on the fuel-gas side, via a horizontal gas flue, by a vertical gas flue. When the continuous-flow steam generator is in operation, temperature differences between the exit region of the combustion chamber and the entry region of the horizontal gas flue are to be particularly low. For this purpose, of a plurality of evaporator tubes capable of being acted upon in parallel by a flow medium, a number of the evaporator tubes are led through the combustion chamber before their entry into the containment wall of said combustion chamber.

Abstract: A once-through boiler system for use in conjunction with a combustion chamber includes a water inlet through which water having a high total dissolved solids content is supplied to the system, at least one tubular preheating surface for preheating the water as the water flows through the preheating surface, and at least one tubular evaporation surface for further heating the water flowing therein to produce a steam/water mixture. The preheating surface is disposed downstream from the inlet and encloses at least part of the combustion chamber, and the evaporation surface is disposed within the combustion chamber, downstream from the preheating surface.

Abstract: A continuous flow steam generator with a double-flue construction has a vertical gas flue with an ascending conduction of fuel gas. The combustion chamber rear wall is inclined inwards and towards the combustion chamber in an upper part region and thereby forms, with the bottom of an adjoining horizontal gas flue, a nose which projects into the combustion chamber. Some steam generator tubes of the lower part region of the combustion chamber rear wall are led upwards, uninclined, as supports for the combustion chamber rear wall, as far as a supporting structure located outside the conduction of the fuel gas.

Abstract: The steam generator has a combustion chamber for fossil fuel. A vertical gas flue is arranged downstream of the combustion chamber on a heating-gas side and connected via a horizontal gas flue. The structure requires especially little outlay in terms of manufacture and installation. The combustion chamber has a number of burners which are disposed at the same level with the horizontal gas flue.

Abstract: A steam generator has a nitrogen removal device for fuel gas and a combustion chamber, which is followed on the fuel-gas side, via a horizontal gas flue and a vertical gas flue, by a nitrogen removal device for the fuel gas. The steam generator has a particularly low space requirement and ensures a reliable removal of nitrogen from the fuel gases of the fossil fuel. For this purpose, the combustion chamber has a number of burners arranged level with the horizontal gas flue. Moreover, the vertical gas flue is designed for substantially vertical flow of the fuel gas from the bottom upward, and the nitrogen removal device for fuel gas is designed for an substantially vertical flow of the fuel gas from the top downward.

Abstract: A continuous-flow steam generator includes a combustion chamber with evaporator tubes for fossil fuel. The combustion chamber is followed on the fuel-gas side by a vertical gas flue through a horizontal gas flue. When the continuous-flow steam generator is in operation, temperature differences in a connecting portion, which includes an outlet region of the combustion chamber and an inlet region of the horizontal gas flue, are to be kept particularly low. For such a purpose, of a plurality of evaporator tubes capable of being acted upon in parallel by flow medium, a number of evaporator tubes are guided in the form of a loop in the connecting portion.

Abstract: The steam generator has a combustion chamber for fossil fuel. A vertical gas flue is arranged downstream of the combustion chamber on a heating-gas side and connected via a horizontal gas flue. The structure requires especially little outlay in terms of manufacture and installation. The combustion chamber has a number of burners which are disposed at the same level with the horizontal gas flue.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of heating a liquid medium by means of a first thermal system (2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13) and at least one second thermal system (5, 6, 6A, 15, 16) following said first thermal system (2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13), which thermal systems each have at least one heat exchanger (2, 5) through which the medium flows, and which second thermal system (5, 6, 6A, 15, 16) is operated at a higher temperature level than the first thermal system (2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13). The method is characterized in that, for the accelerated raising of the temperature of the medium in the first thermal system (2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13), the direct feed of the medium to the same is reduced and in the extreme case prevented, and in that medium flowing through the first thermal system (2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13) is directed in a circuit. The invention also relates to a plant for carrying out the method.

Abstract: A method of heating a liquid medium by means of a first thermal system and at least one second thermal system following the first thermal system and a plant for carrying out the method. The thermal systems each have at least one heat exchanger through which the medium flows, and the second thermal system is operated at a higher temperature level than the first thermal system. The method includes the reduction or prevention of the direct feed of the medium to the first thermal system for the accelerated raising of the temperature of the medium in the first thermal system. The medium flowing through the first thermal system is directed in a circuit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of heating a liquid medium by means of a first thermal system (2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13) and at least one second thermal system (5, 6, 6A, 15, 16) following said first thermal system (2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13), which thermal systems each have at least one heat exchanger (2, 5) through which the medium flows, and which second thermal system (5, 6, 6A, 15, 16) is operated at a higher temperature level than the first thermal system (2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13). The method is characterized in that, for the accelerated raising of the temperature of the medium in the first thermal system (2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13), the direct feed of the medium to the same is reduced and in the extreme case prevented, and in that medium flowing through the first thermal system (2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13) is directed in a circuit. The invention also relates to a plant for carrying out the method.

Abstract: A once-through steam generator having a combustion chamber. A containing wall of the combustion chamber is formed from vertically disposed evaporator tubes welded to one another in a gas-tight manner. The combustion chamber is to be capable of being used safely and reliably in a pressure range of between about 200 bar and 221 bar, while, moreover, a particularly high efficiency is to be achieved. For this purpose, according to the invention, a mass flow density m of a flow medium has the following relationship m=200+8.42 ·1012·q3[d/(d−2s)]s2·Tmax−5 in the evaporator tubes. In this case, q is the heat flow density acting on the evaporator tubes, Tmax is an admissible maximum temperature characteristic of the tube material, d is the outside diameter of the evaporator tubes and s is the wall thickness of the evaporator tubes.

Abstract: A technique for cooling furnace walls in a multi-component working fluid power generation system is disclosed. In a first embodiment, the technique involves removing process heat from a furnace having an inner tubular wall and an outer tubular wall. In a second embodiment, the technique involves removing process heat from a furnace system utilizing a fluid combiner. In a third embodiment, the technique involves removing process heat from a furnace having tubular walls formed of a plurality of fluid tubes.

Abstract: In a once-though steam generator having a double-flue configuration, a first gas flue is followed on the fuel-gas side, by way of a horizontal gas flue, by a second gas flue. In a once-through steam generator of this type, which is to have a particularly long lifetime even in the case of frequent start-up operations, according to the invention a number of steam generator tubes, connected in parallel for a flow medium to flow through them, are connected to one another to form an evaporator heating surface which is part of a containing wall of the first gas flue. The steam generator tubes which form the evaporator heating surface opening on an exit into an outlet header which is common to them and is disposed at a lower height in comparison with the bottom edge of the horizontal gas flue and which is followed, on the flow-medium side, by a bulkhead heating surface.

Abstract: For achieving a high plant efficiency, a waste-heat steam generator, in particular for a combined-cycle power plant, has a number of heating surfaces heatable by a flue gas and carrying a medium to be heated. The steam generator can be operated at critical or supercritical pressures and has a once-through evaporator connected in countercurrent to the flue gas provided on a medium side. The evaporator is followed by a preheater and preceded by a superheater on a flue-gas side.