Abstract: A solenoid valve is to be controlled in such a way that an armature of the solenoid valve assumes an intermediate position between an opened position and a closed position and the armature oscillates about this intermediate position with small deflections. For this purpose, a setpoint current value is generated on the basis of a target current value, wherein a ripple current value is superimposed on the target current value; this setpoint current value is compared with a measured current value and a differential current value is generated therefrom; an actuating current value is generated from this differential current value in a current regulator; and a control signal for controlling the solenoid valve is generated from this actuating current value in a control signal generator.

Abstract: An afterburner system and method for reducing the CO2 and other pollutants produced by the combustion of a fuel in a combustion chamber while maintaining or increasing the efficiency of said combustion includes feeding a catalyst, preferably lithium and/or boron to the afterburner, or a preconditioning afterburner, along with the exhaust from the combustion chamber. The presence of the catalyst in the after burner results in further reduction of pollutants generated by the combustion in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: There is provided a combined cycle power plant in which a high-pressure steam turbine and an intermediate-pressure steam turbine can operate in a state where amounts of thermal effect thereof are close to a limit value, and capable of reducing start-up time. A combined cycle power plant includes: an exhaust heat recovery boiler that includes a high-pressure superheater which superheats steam for a high-pressure steam turbine, and a reheater which reheats steam for an intermediate-pressure steam turbine; bypass pipes through which steam bypasses the high-pressure superheater and the reheater; bypass valves that regulate flow rates of steam which flows through the bypass pipes; and a bypass controller that controls the bypass valves such that a difference between thermal effect-amount margins of the turbines is decreased.

Abstract: A method for controlling clutch pressure in an electronically controlled limited slip differential comprises receiving a target clutch pressure command indicative of a desired differential torque transfer setting. Processing the target clutch pressure command comprises estimating one of a motor current or a motor speed, calculating an integrated error of a target motor current or an integrated error of a target motor speed, calculating gains over time based on the estimated motor current or the estimated motor speed and based on the integrated error of the target motor current or the integrated error of the target motor speed, applying the calculated gains thereby forming a closed loop feedback, and calculating an oscillation. The target motor current or the target motor speed is applied to a motor connected to a clutch in the differential according to the calculated oscillation to control the clutch pressure of the differential.

Abstract: A waste heat steam generator for a gas and steam turbine power plant is provided. The generator has economizer, evaporator and superheater heating surfaces which form a flow path and through which a flow medium flows. An overflow line branches off from the flow path and leads to injection valves arranged downstream at a flow side of a superheater heating surface in the flow path. The overflow line permits a brief power increase of a downstream steam turbine without resulting in an excessive loss in efficiency of the steam process. The brief power increase is permitted independently of the type of waste heat steam generator. The branch location of the overflow line is arranged upstream of an evaporator heating surface at the flow medium side and downstream of an economizer heating surface.

Abstract: A combined cycle power plant is provided and includes a gas turbine engine to generate power from combustion of a fuel and air mixture, a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) disposed downstream from the gas turbine engine to receive heat energy from the gas turbine engine from which steam is produced, the HRSG including a superheating element and a drum element, and a steam turbine engine to be receptive of the steam produced in the HRSG and to generate power from the received steam, the HRSG further including a valve operably disposed to isolate the superheating element from the drum element when a risk of condensate formation in the HRSG exists.

Abstract: A ground supported single drum power boiler is described combining a refractory lined and insulated V-Cell floor; refractory lined and insulated combustion chamber; integrated fuel chutes configured to pre-dry wet solid fuel; top mounted fuel bin; internal chamber walls; configurable combustion air systems; and a back pass with after-burner ports and cross flow superheaters. The boiler can be configured in pre-assembled modules to minimize the field construction time and cost. An alternative embodiment is adaptable as a gasifier.

Abstract: Disclosed is a coal boiler that makes it possible to reduce the height of the boiler and shorten the period of construction. The coal boiler includes a first furnace in which a combustion gas generated by burning coal and air ascends; a second furnace in which the combustion gas supplied from the first furnace flows downward; and a heat recovery area in which the combustion gas supplied from the second furnace flows upward.

Abstract: A system that controls temperature in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). One heat recovery steam generator system may include a first exhaust path. The heat recovery steam generator system also may include a second exhaust path. The heat recovery steam generator system may include a first damper configured to selectively allow a portion of an exhaust to flow through the second exhaust path.

Abstract: The invention provides processes and apparatuses for safely, rapidly, cost-effectively producing superheated steam. These processes and apparatuses involves producing clean low-cost electricity by the long rigid power arms generator thereby operating electric-arc furnaces side by side, melting steel repeatedly and tungsten steam pipes bedded in molten steel to produce superheated steam, this method of producing steam will replace nuclear, coal and other fossil fuel method of producing steam on the steam producing side of the equation without dismantling the entire nuclear or coal fired power plants, by merely discarding the nuclear side or the coal side of the either plant altogether. The use the ocean water to produce superheated steam for turbines and the distillation will produce clean drinking water, excess power from the generator through an electrolysis process will produce oxygen for the electric-arc furnace to increase temperature for steam and hydrogen gas stored as energy.

Abstract: A combined cycle power plant is provided and includes a gas turbine engine to generate power from combustion of a fuel and air mixture, a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) disposed downstream from the gas turbine engine to receive heat energy from the gas turbine engine from which steam is produced, the HRSG including a superheating element and a drum element, and a steam turbine engine to be receptive of the steam produced in the HRSG and to generate power from the received steam, the HRSG further including a valve operably disposed to isolate the superheating element from the drum element when a risk of condensate formation in the HRSG exists.

Abstract: Process for the production of ammonia from a hydrocarbon feedstock all steam produced in the waste heat boilers of the reforming and ammonia section of the plant is superheated in one or more steam superheaters located downstream the ammonia converter in the ammonia section of the plant. There is no need for steam superheater (s) in the reforming section of the plant to cool the synthesis gas. A steam superheater for use in the process is also provided. The superheater comprises two compartments in which the first and second compartments are connected in series with respect to the steam flow and in parallel with respect to the process gas flow.

Abstract: With an installation construction method for boiler facilities, the boiler facilities comprise a boiler building configured of a steel structure, and a boiler main unit suspended within the boiler building from the upper portion of the boiler building. A portion of the boiler building is constructed, a portion of the boiler main unit is suspended from the upper portion of the partially-constructed boiler building, and while the remaining steel structure portions are being added to the partially-constructed boiler building so as to construct the boiler building, the remaining portions of the boiler main unit are added to complete the boiler main unit.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an automatic plant and a method of stockage in a covered yard of petcoke fuel with high humidity-contents, natural dehumidification up to set humidity values and subsequent reuptake for conveyance to the silos feeding a thermal unit.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for providing recovered lignin of suitable quantity and quality to provide sufficient heating value to power the generation of supercritical or near critical water without the need for outside sources of energy. Supercritical or near critical water generator devices and systems are also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus for cooling a hot gaseous medium includes a vessel, wherein a bundle of pipes is disposed in a coolant compartment, and wherein a liquid coolant flows around the bundle. The pipes are mounted near upstream ends in a thermal shield and extend through openings in a support plate mounted at a distance from the thermal shield defining a front space between the thermal shield and the support plate in the vessel separated from the coolant compartment. The apparatus permits addition of liquid coolant to the front space. The openings in the support plate are larger than the pipes, defining an annular space. Liquid coolant flows co-current with the hot gaseous medium in the pipes from the front space to the coolant compartment. A skirt type extension surrounds the pipe in the front space to the support plate and having an opening at the thermal shield.

Abstract: An improved vapor generator and control system includes a vaporization chamber for generating superheated vapor from liquid therein and at least one input connectable to liquid supply and adjustable control for controlling input of liquid into the vaporization chamber whereby output of superheated vapor is controllable while the system is in operation. A method for fabricating vapor generators includes the steps of providing at least two separate parts of a vapor generator, fastening the parts together to form a vapor generator defining a vaporization chamber and providing a capability to connect input control for control of input of liquid to the vaporization chamber. A method for cleaning selected objects comprises the steps of generating superheated vapor and controlling output of superheated vapor terms of volume and/or pressure and/or direction by adjustably controlling in an ongoing manner volume, pressure, and velocity of the liquid being subjected to vaporization.

Abstract: A steam generator includes a furnace configured and adapted to generate a stream of furnace exit gases from the combustion of municipal solid waste fuel. At least one superheater is disposed within an upper portion of the furnace or backpass. The superheater is configured and adapted to superheat fluids within the superheater by facilitating heat transfer between fluids within the superheater and furnace exit gases outside the superheater. At least one waterwall furnace platen is disposed within the furnace upstream from the superheater, the waterwall furnace platen is configured and adapted to lower furnace exit gas temperature at the superheater by facilitating heat transfer between fluids within the waterwall furnace platen and furnace exit gases outside the waterwall furnace platen.

Abstract: A superheater in a power plant that superheats steam to operation conditions exceeding an operating limit of an associated steam-producing boiler. The superheater combusts oxygen and fuel with cooled recycled combustion gas to produce a CO2-rich combustion product gas stream at a fixed temperature. The combustion gas is used as the heat transfer fluid in the superheater's heat exchanger. The CO2-rich flue gas stream allows for efficient capture of substantially pure CO2. The superheater may be retrofitted to an existing power plant as a separate component, external to the boiler. The plant may thus have its electrical power output increased, while its overall CO2 emissions per nit of generated power is decreased, even when inexpensive, readily-available fossil fuels are used as the primary fuel for filing the boiler and/or the superheater.

Abstract: A continuous steam generator including a combustion chamber with a plurality of burners for fossil fuel is provided. A vertical gas duct is connected downstream of the combustion chamber on the hot gas side, in an upper region via a horizontal gas duct. The outside wall of the combustion chamber is formed from evaporation pipes which are welded together in a gas-tight manner and mounted upstream of a water separator system on the flow medium side and from superheater pipes which are welded together in a gas-tight manner and mounted downstream of the water separator system. The water separator system includes a plurality of water separation elements, each element includes an inlet tube which is connected to the respective upstream evaporation for tubes, which extend into a water evacuation tube. A distributer element is arranged on the evaporator side between the respective water separator element and the inlet collector.

Abstract: A continuous steam generator is provided. The continuous steam generator includes a number of burners for fossil fuels, the outside wall thereof being fully or partially formed from steam generator tubes welded together in a gas-tight manner. The burners are arranged in a combustion chamber, and a vertical gas duct is mounted downstream of the combustion chamber above a horizontal gas duct on the hot gas side. A first part of the steam generating tubes forms a system of evaporation tubes mounted upstream of a water separator system, on the flow medium side, and a second side, and a second part of the steam generating tubes forms a system of superheater tubes mounted downstream of the water separator system on the flow medium side. Superheater tubes adjacent and parallel to evaporation tubes are mounted directly downstream of the water separator system on the flow medium side.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the generation of superheated steam. According to the invention, essentially saturated or wet steam is generated in a main vessel in which superheating is technically not possible or only restrictedly possible and which is superheated in an auxiliary plant whereby the superheater of the auxiliary plant is controlled dependent upon the steam production of the main plant.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an efficient heat generation device where fuel is burnt in a pressure gain combustion process. The heat generating system has an inner combustion chamber that is housed in heat exchangers. The combustion chamber walls, in one form, include fluid conduits. While different fluids could be utilized, water is most common and the term water herein is intended to define water and all functional equivalents. The water conduits (tubes) may be multi-pass longitudinal, parallel to the combustor axis or they may be winded around the combustion chamber in a spiral fashion. The combustion products exiting the combustion chamber enter the outer liner where water tube bundles extract the heat of the combustion. One embodiment also utilizes an air preheating stage. Heated water and steam generated in the heat exchanger stages wrapped around the combustor enters the final heating stage where it passes through the flame accelerators in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: An evaporator including a lower drum, an upper drum, and at least one tube extending between the lower drum and the upper drum. The plurality of tubes have fluid passageways therein extending from the lower drum to the upper drum. A duct is provided having a heating gas passageway provided therein. The at least one tube extends through the heating gas passageway. The fluid passageways define an overall flow path from the lower drum to the upper drum extending in a direction substantially counter-current to an overall flow path defined by the heating gas passageway extending from a gas inlet of the heating gas passageway to a gas outlet thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a steam generation plant, comprising a steam generator (1) with a combustion chamber (8), an evaporator, a superheater (9), an intermediate superheater (12), a condenser (14), a feed water preheater (16, 19, 19?) regeneratively heated by steam, a steam turbine set (2) with a high-pressure section (4), a medium pressure section (5) and a low-pressure section (6), a flue gas line (22), connected to the combustion chamber (8), an air supply line (21), for the supply of combustion air to the burner in the combustion chamber (8) and an air preheater (3) with flue gas and combustion air passing therethrough. An air line (23) branches off from the air supply line (21) downstream of the air preheater (3) in said steam generation plant and supplies an air-fractionation unit (25). Air coolers (34, 35) are arranged in the air line (23) through which the condensate or feed water from the condensate/feed water circuit from the steam generator (1) flows.

Abstract: The invention relates to a continuous steam generator provided with an evaporator through flow heating surface which is disposed in a heating gas channel which can be cross flown in an approximately vertical manner in a heating gas device, said evaporator through flow heating surface comprising a plurality of parallel connected steam generating pipes enabling a flow medium to flow through, and an overheating heating surface which is arranged downstream from the evaporator through flow heating surface comprising a plurality of parallel connected overheating pipes enabling the evaporated flow medium to flow through, also enabling production and operational costs to be reduced and enabling the temperature of the steam on the outlet of the overheating heating surface to be controlled in a comparatively simple and flexible manner. The steam end-point of the flow medium is displaced to the overheating pipe, if required.

Abstract: A method of heating process streams fed to a boiler incorporating an oxygen transport membrane device that includes an oxygen-containing stream and a boiler feed water stream. The membrane device separates oxygen to support combustion of a fuel and generate heat to raise the steam. Heat is recovered and process streams are heated by separately heating portions of the oxygen-containing stream and the boiler feed water stream with a retentate stream produced from the oxygen separation and a flue gas stream generated from the combustion. The flow rate of the portion of the oxygen-containing stream heated by the retentate stream is greater than that heated by the flue gas stream to help minimize heat transfer area and thus, fabrication costs. Also, water is condensed from the flue gas stream during the heat exchange involved in the heat recovery to increase thermodynamic efficiency.

Abstract: This invention relates to a boiler (1) drying, igniting and combusting refuse and producing steam (2, 2a) by heat exchange with flue gases (3), said boiler defining a main flow direction (5) of gases, said boiler (1) comprising a separator element (4) and an end superheater (8), the separator element (4) being adapted for separating said flue gases (3) into streams of a less-corrosive gas flow (6) and a corrosive gas flow (7), said separator element (4) being located substantially in and along said main flow direction (5), said end superheater (8) being located in proximity to said separator element (4) and in the flow (6) of said less-corrosive gas. Said separator element (4) comprises a plate (4a) or a wall (4b), which in a number of said separator elements (4) forms a channel as another separator element. This provides for an increased lifetime of said superheater and makes the boiler provide a high and efficient electrical power output.

Abstract: A method of controlling the operation of a pressurised steam boiler (50) heated by a burner (20), which includes the steps of a) monitoring the level of water in the boiler (50), b) monitoring the pressure of steam in the boiler (50), c) monitoring the firing rate of the burner (20), and d) controlling the flow rate of water into the boiler (50) having regard to the signals resulting from a) and b) and, at least for some signal conditions, also having regard to signals resulting from c). The level of water is detected by a pair of capacitance probe assemblies (58A and 58B).

Abstract: A method for positioning superheaters (2, 3, 4, 5) in biomass burning steam generators, and a steam generator. The steam generator comprises a combustion chamber (1), a flue gas duct (6), a steam circuit (7), and the superheaters (2, 3, 4, 5) positioned for minimizing corrosion at a high temperature. The steam generator is fitted with at least two superheaters (2, 3, 4, 5), whose positioning in the flue gas duct (6) and serial arrangement in the steam circuit (7) are effected in such a way that the superheater's or superheaters' heat transfer surface has its surface temperature remaining below the melting point of KOH, 406° C. (corresponds to a steam temperature of about 350-380° C.) down to the point in the flue gas duct (6), at which the flue gases' temperature has fallen to 750° C. While the flue gases are within the range of less than 750° C.

Abstract: A method for positioning superheaters (2, 3, 4, 5) in biomass burning steam generators, and a steam generator. The steam generator comprises a combustion chamber (1), a flue gas duct (6), a steam circuit (7), and the superheaters (2, 3, 4, 5) positioned for minimizing corrosion at a high temperature. The steam generator is fitted with at least two superheaters (2, 3, 4, 5), whose positioning in the flue gas duct (6) and serial arrangement in the steam circuit (7) are effected in such a way that the superheater's or superheaters' heat transfer surface has its surface temperature remaining below the melting point of KOH, 406° C. (corresponds to a steam temperature of about 350-380° C.) down to the point in the flue gas duct (6), at which the flue gases' temperature has fallen to 750° C. While the flue gases are within the range of less than 750° C.

Abstract: In a soda recovery boiler, flue gases are led through a so-called economizer (3) to recover heat from flue gases. The flue gases are cooled in the last stage (3b) of the economizer (3) with a circulation water cooler (4) for flue gases, separate from the supply water system of the boiler. The circulation water cooler (4) for flue gases is used for preheating combustion air.

Abstract: A steam generator for converting water to steam by the transfer of heat from a heating medium includes two or more water/steam circuits. Each water/steam circuit has at least one evaporator for transferring the heat from the heating medium to the water. A single water/steam drum receives steam or water and steam from the evaporators. A descending pipe has at least one bypass, from which the supply pipes of the respective water/steam circuits branch off, and a venturi device in the area of the bypass. The inlet opening of the supply pipe of at least one water/steam circuit is disposed in the area of diffuser-shaped outlet of the venturi device such that the supply pipe section acts as a dynamic compression pipe in order to increase the pressure of the working medium in this circuit.

Abstract: The fossil fuel fired continuous-flow steam generator has a gas turbine combustion chamber for fossil combustibles. On the heating gas side a vertical gas extractor is mounted downstream of a horizontal gas extractor. The walls surrounding the combustion chamber are composed of vertical evaporator tubes that are welded together. During operation the temperature differences between adjacent evaporator tubes of the combustion chamber are kept as low as possible. The burners are arranged at the level of the horizontal gas extractor. For a number of evaporator tubes which can be simultaneously impinged by the flow medium the ratio of the steam generating capacity M (in kg/s) at full load and of the sum A (in m2) of the inner cross-sectional surfaces of the same evaporator tubes is less than 1350 (in kg/sm2).

Abstract: A steam generator has an especially simple structural concept of a combustion chamber for a predetermined output range and for various qualities of different fossil fuels. The steam generator includes a first combustion chamber and a second combustion chamber which have a respective number of burners for fossil fuel and are constructed for an approximately horizontal main flow direction of heating gas. The first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber open into a common horizontal gas flue connected upstream of a vertical gas flue on the heating-gas side.

Abstract: The invention relates to a steam generator comprising an evaporation tank and several heating elements (2). The evaporation tank consists of an evaporation vessel (1) and a removable limescale rectacle (4) positioned below same. The evaporation vessel (1) is configured as a double-walled vessel having an inner wall (11) and an outer wall (12) which define an outer chamber (13). The inner wall (11) has four inner water-flow openings (111) which connect the interior of the vessel with the outer chamber (13) and the outer wall (12) has outer water-flow openings (121, 122). Water is delivered to and withdrawn from the vessel via the outer flow openings (121, 122), the outer wall (13) and the inner flow opening (111).

Abstract: A steam generator has a combustion chamber which is configured for an approximately horizontal main direction of flow of the fuel gas and which is followed on the fuel-gas side, via a horizontal gas flue, by a vertical gas flue. The containment walls of the combustion chamber are formed from evaporator tubes. Temperature differences between adjacent evaporator tubes of the combustion chamber are to be kept particularly low in all the load states of the steam generator. For this purpose, a first group and a second group of evaporator tubes can be acted upon in each case in parallel by a flow medium. The first group of evaporator tubes is connected in series with the second group.

Abstract: A heat supply system is provided which enables use of small pipes with the same diameter for both feed branch pipes and return branch pipes, thus reducing the initial cost and also suppressing heat emission loss. The heat supply system comprises a heat exchanger 1, a feed main pipe 2, a return main pipe 3, a feed branch pipe 4 connected to the feed main pipe 2, a first return branch pipe 5 for directing the flow of a heat medium to an edge section in the downstream side of the feed branch pipe 4, a plurality of load pipes connected in parallel to a section between the feed branch pipe 4 and the first return branch pipe 5 each having a load member 7 provided thereon, and a second return branch pipe 6 connected to a section between an edge section in the downstream side of the first return branch pipe 5 and the return main pipe 3, said heat supply system having a plurality of branch pipe paths 11 including therein the feed branch pipe 4, first return branch pipe 5, load pipe 8, and second branch pipe 6.

Abstract: A steam generator has an especially simple structural concept of a combustion chamber for a predetermined output range and for various qualities of different fossil fuels. The steam generator includes a first combustion chamber and a second combustion chamber which have a respective number of burners for fossil fuel and are constructed for an approximately horizontal main flow direction of heating gas. The first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber open into a common horizontal gas flue connected upstream of a vertical gas flue on the heating-gas side.

Abstract: A steam generator, in particular a waste-heat steam generator, includes first and second evaporator heating surfaces located in an elongate gas flue for hot gas. A first supply line for feed water is throughflow-connected on an inlet side to the first evaporator heating surface, while the second evaporator heating surface is throughflow-connected on an inlet and an outlet side to a low-pressure drum. The low-pressure drum is provided with a second supply line for feed water. The first supply line has a first treatment point and the second supply line a second treatment point. Each of the treatment points serves for adding and/or extracting chemicals for water treatment, so that each evaporator heating surface can receive only feed water which is conditioned according to regulations applying to that evaporator heating surface. A method for operating the steam generator is also provided.

Abstract: An exhaust heat recovery boiler in which an exhaust gas discharged from a gas turbine into a boiler duct to recover a heat of the exhaust gas and ammonia is injected to and mixed with the exhaust gas to reduce nitrogen oxide contained in the exhaust gas, the exhaust heat recovery boiler comprising: a boiler duct of a horizontal installation type having an inner hollow portion along which an exhaust gas flows from an upstream side to a downstream side; a superheater; an evaporator; a denitration reactor; and an economizer, which are disposed inside the boiler duct in this order from the upstream side to the downstream side of the exhaust gas flow therein. A drum is disposed outside the boiler duct and connected to the evaporator and a downcomer pipe extending from the drum into the boiler duct.

Abstract: The invention relates to a steam generator (1) for superheated steam for incineration plants with corrosive flue gases, essentially comprising a radiation section (2) and a convection section (5), having at least one superheater (8) and having plates (10) arranged on the inside of at least one wall (9) of the radiation section (2), a space (12) being provided between the plates (10) and the wall (9) of the radiation section (2), and at least part of the superheater (8) being arranged as a wall superheater (15) in the space (12) in the radiation section (2). The steam generator is distinguished by the fact that the space (12) contains a noncorrosive gaseous atmosphere which is at a higher pressure than the pressure of the gases in the combustion chamber (3). In this way, it is possible to reach a high superheater temperature without corrosion to the final superheater, so that the superheater can be made from inexpensive material.

Abstract: In some operating states, supplemental additional sealing steam must be fed to the sealing-steam system of a steam turbine. The feeding of supplemental sealing steam from the live-steam line involves considerable problems. According to the invention, therefore, the sealing-steam system is connected via a feeder line to a bleed point of the superheater of the boiler, so that the temperature of the supplemental sealing steam is well below the live-steam data and, in particular, is compatible with the material temperature in the region of the high-pressure shaft seal.

Abstract: A heat recovery boiler has a casing, a superheater having a heat transfer pipe, an evaporator provided with a steam drum, and an economizer. The superheater, evaporator and economizer arranged in the casing along a flow of an exhaust gas from the combustion system. A lead pipe connects an inlet of the pipe line to the steam drum while a superheated steam pipe line connects an outlet of the pipe line to the steam drum of the evaporator. A drain pipe is connected to the pipe line while a superheater bypass pipe having a superheater bypass valve has a first end operatively connected to the steam drum and a second end connected to the superheated steam pipe. With this arrangement, the superheater bypass valve incorporated into the superheater bypass pipe and a drain valve in the drain pipe are opened. Force is applied to water collected in the bottom of the superheater by passing saturated steam generated from the steam drum through the lead pipe and the superheater bypass pipe.

Abstract: For achieving a high plant efficiency, a waste-heat steam generator, in particular for a combined-cycle power plant, has a number of heating surfaces heatable by a flue gas and carrying a medium to be heated. The steam generator can be operated at critical or supercritical pressures and has a once-through evaporator connected in countercurrent to the flue gas provided on a medium side. The evaporator is followed by a preheater and preceded by a superheater on a flue-gas side.

Abstract: Only suspension type superheaters (52) and (53) are disposed in an outlet of a furnace. These superheaters have heat transfer areas which are so dimensioned that an exhaust gas temperature at downstream of the superheaters is 1000.degree. C. to 1100.degree. C. when the boiler is under a maximum load. An exhaust gas passage downstream of the superheaters (52) and (53) is divided into sub passages along a flow of an exhaust gas, and a damper is disposed in an outlet of each of the sub passages for adjusting a flow rate of the exhaust gas flowing through the respective sub passages. A traverse type reheater (41) is disposed in the sub passage. Since a difference between a temperature (1000.degree. C. to 1100.degree. C.) of the exhaust gas flowing around the reheater (41) and a temperature of steam flowing through the reheater (41) is large, heat exchange can be performed with a high efficiency even through a small heat transfer area.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided useful for agricultural applications, such as a selective delivery of superheated steam adjacent to leaves of plants such as grape vines in order to defoliate basal leaves and to kill localized insect pests. The apparatus includes a superheated steam applicator, such as a nozzle to deliver superheated steam.

Abstract: A multi-pressure waste-heat boiler (7) comprises at least one circulation steam generator, having a low-pressure economizer (15), a low-pressure drum (17) and a low-pressure evaporator (16), and at least one once-through steam generator having a high-pressure economizer (21), a high-pressure evaporator (22) and a high-pressure superheater (23). An oxygen addition (32) is arranged between the steam drum (17) of the circulation steam generator and the high-pressure economizer (21) of the once-through steam generator. An ammonia addition (31) is arranged in the feed line (33) leading to the circulation steam generator.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling reheater steam temperature is disclosed. The method can be carried out by selectively adjusting the flow of superheated steam into a superheater positioned between two reheater sections in the convection pass of a carbonaceous fuel boiler system.

Abstract: In a steam generator having a convective part arranged downstream of the furnace chamber and essentially consisting of final superheater (1), pre-superheater, evaporator and economizer connected in series on the flue-gas side, a further contact heat exchanger (5) having a plurality of tube banks (10) is arranged upstream of the final superheater (1). This contact heat exchanger (5) is connected to the steam drum (6) in such a way that it can be operated as both an evaporator and a superheater. The working medium to be heated flows in parallel from the bottom to the top through the tube banks (10), as a rule arranged vertically or inclined, of the contact heat exchanger in the evaporator circuit and flows in series through said tube banks (10) of the heat exchanger in the superheater circuit.