Abstract: A vertically oriented straight tube steam generator is provided with a boiling portion having tilted baffles to ensure recirculation and nucleate boiling irrespective of the water level and a superheater portion above the water level which allows varying water level for load and pressure control of the steam generator.

Abstract: Shell and tube heat exchangers achieve greater efficiency and substantially eliminate instabilities due to condensate subcooling by the location of flow restricting orifices at the outlet ends of heat exchanger tubes adjacent to the outlet header. Outlet orificing preferentially passes liquid condensate so as to prevent accumulation of condensate within the tubes and permits a higher tubeside temperature, even in the most heavily loaded tubes. In a two-pass configuration all tubes are outlet orificed. In a four-pass system, the most heavily loaded tubes (second pass) are orificed, although all tubes may be outlet orificed. Outlet orificing may be used in conjunction with inlet orificing which is used to provide greatest mass flow of tubeside steam to most heavily loaded tubes. Outlet orificing may be used in connection with vertical or horizontal U tube configurations. Preferred embodiment is utilized in a moisture separator reheater for use with steam turbines to reheat steam for later turbine stages.

Abstract: A vapor generator is described wherein cross-over loops joining two different tube bundles are positioned in a stagnant area out of the flow of the heating fluid, thus reducing the tube metal temperatures in a highly stressed area. Tube anchor devices are provided to reduce expansion movement and stresses while permitting some relative movement and providing support during seismic disturbances.

Abstract: A vertical steam separator-superheater which has a common casing (1) enclosing a lower separating portion (3) and an upper superheating portion (4). The separator-superheater includes an axial dry steam inlet zone, nests (16, 17) of superheating tubes disposed in envelopes spaced out round the central zone and fixed to a thin flexible casing (30) which is itself fixed to the upper portion of the common casing and an outer superheated steam collection zone (18). The lower portion includes a wet steam inlet chamber (5) and separators grouped in two coaxial truncated pyramide (10, 11).

Abstract: The device includes inside a cylindrical casing with a horizontal axis and parallel to said axis and symmetrical about the longitudinal plane of symmetry:a. in its lower portion, a pair of separator devices which remove the water from the water and steam emulsion which is to be superheated;b. in its upper portion, a pair of detachable nests of tubes which constitute the superheaters; andc. members forming channels which allow part of the water and steam emulsion to rise on either side of the separators and of the superheaters near the inside surface of the casing, then to drop back between them to enter the inlets of the separators near to the plane of symmetry.Application to supplying a high-power turbine with superheated steam.

Abstract: A vertical steam separator-superheater suitable for drying and superheating steam coming from a high-pressure expansion turbine.The separator-superheater has a common casing (1), enclosing a lower portion (3) which forms a separation zone and an upper portion (4) which forms a superheating zone, which has an axial dry steam inlet zone (15). Nests of superheater tubes are disposed in tubular modules 16 and 17 which are spaced out around the axial zone. A peripheral superheated steam collection zone (18) surrounds the superheater modules. The tubular modules of the superheater tubes are fixed to a thin flexible casing (30) which is itself fixed to the upper end (31) of the common casing. This arrangement reduces the number of expansion bends which would otherwise be required.

Abstract: An improved reheater for a moisture separator reheater includes an inlet header, an outlet header and a plurality of heat-exchange tubes connected therebetween. The inlet header is partitioned to provide at least two separate sections. Piping and control valves are also provided to supply steam to each section of the inlet header from the reheater inlet pipe. The improved reheater includes at least one bundle of tubes communicating with the header(s) via tubesheet(s). The inlet ends of the tubes may be differentially orificed whereby in combination with a nominal flow rate to the partitions, in-tube condensate subcooling is substantially eliminated with minimal scavenging steam at design conditions. At off-design, or low power level, conditions, where fixed resistances of orifices and fixed partitions cannot accommodate changes in heat transfer demand from tube to tube, the aforementioned control valves are automatically adjusted.

Abstract: Improved means for substantially eliminating condensate subcooling in single-stage moisture separator reheaters is provided by recirculating large quantities of scavenging steam through the reheater tube bundle. Heating steam for the tubeside (within the tubes of the tube bundle) of the reheater is extracted from the main steam supply upstream of the high-pressure turbine. This main steam is throttled before entering the tube bundle at part load conditions to reduce the temperature differential with respect to the high-pressure turbine exhaust steam which is to be reheated on the shellside. The tubes of the tube bundle are differentially orificed at their inlet to provide sufficient steam to each tube based on complete condensation at tube exit. At throttled, part load conditions, considerable excess scavenging steam is required to correct for the inefficiencies of the fixed orifices at these off-design conditions.

Abstract: A Moisture Separator Reheater (MSR) has a plurality of tube bundles which receive high-pressure saturated (tubeside) steam therein. Steam to be reheated (shellside steam) is passed in heat-exchange relationship with the tubes of the first and second reheater tube bundles after first being dried by the panels of a moisture separator. It emerges from the shell of the reheater dried and heated. In the reheater tube bundles saturated steam at temperatures and pressures substantially higher than the shellside steam transfers heat to the shellside steam by condensation within the tubes. The steam in the second stage tube bundle is at a temperature and pressure that is substantially higher than that of the steam in the first stage tube bundle and is heating shellside steam at a higher temperature than the shellside inlet steam to the first stage tube bundle. A greater quantity of tubeside steam than is theoretically necessary is passed through the tube bundles.

Abstract: Feedwater preheater having a multiplicity of tubes conducting feedwater, in combination with a device for separating moisture from moisture-bearing steam, includes structural components disposed transversely to a steam flow toward the heating tubes in vicinity of a steam inlet to the preheater, the structural components being in the form of a plurality of rod-shaped rows of profile members disposed between respective tubes of the feedwater preheater and the steam inlet, adjacent rods of the rows of profile members being spaced from one another, the spaces therebetween being mutually offset from one row of profile members to another in direction toward the tubes of the feedwater preheater.

Abstract: An intermediate steam superheater includes a heat exchanger comprising a bundle of tubes supplied with steam and subject to the disadvantage that the steam may condense completely in some of the tubes while passing freely through others of the tubes with a consequent loss of heating efficiency. This is corrected by sucking the steam from the outlet ends of the tubes and injecting it into the inlet ends of the tubes so that such a high flow rate occurs through the tubes that the tubes are kept substantially free from condensate while the steam is continuously recirculated through all of the tubes, the condensate from the condensed portion of the steam being discharged from the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for two vapor media comprises a number of straight tube bundles arranged in side-by-side horizontal relation and so connected with each other that heating steam flows through them in series. Each tube bundle is provided with a distributing chamber at the steam entrance end and a receiving chamber at the steam discharge end, a condensate drain is provided at each receiving chamber, the heating steam is throttled as it passes from the receiving chamber of one tube bundle to the distributing chamber of the next tube bundle in the series, the heat exchange areas of the tube bundles diminish in the flow direction such that the heating steam first flows through the tube bundle having the greatest heat exchange area, and steam to be superheated flows in heat exchange relation with the exterior surfaces of the tubes in a cross-counterflow manner.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for power generation from a recirculating superheat-reheat circuit with multiple expansion stages which alleviates complex control systems and minimizes thermal cycling of system components, particularly the reheater. The invention includes preheating cold reheat fluid from the first expansion stage prior to its entering the reheater with fluid from the evaporator or drum component.

Abstract: A superheater-separator of steam coming from a high-pressure expansion turbine, before its admission into an expansion turbine at a lower pressure. The superheater-separator is divided into several vertical sectors comprising (from a central zone outwards) a zone for separating the water entrained by the steam and a superheating zone, at least one vertical section comprising only a zone for separating the water entrained by the steam for bleeding off a fraction of the dried steam before it is superheated.

Abstract: The heat exchanger comprises an outer cylindrical casing and an inner cylindrical sleeve coaxially mounted therein. Dry superheated steam circulates in the jacket between the outer casing and the inner sleeve, and may be extracted at any convenient point along the casing. Wet steam is introduced into the inner casing whose lower portion comprises a separation baffle for removing water from the wet steam and whose upper portion has nests of heat exchanging tubes for superheating the steam.

Abstract: A heat exchanger in which water tubes are heated by liquid sodium which minimizes the results of accidental contact between the water and the sodium caused by failure of one or more of the water tubes. A cylindrical protective tube envelopes each water tube and the sodium flows axially in the annular spaces between the protective tubes and the water tubes.

Abstract: The feedwater heater of this invention comprises a plurality of heating tubes arranged in U form, with feedwater being passed therethrough, a feedwater inlet chamber having a feedwater inlet for introducing feedwater thereinto and a tube plate assembling the ends of said heating tubes and also having formed therein a feedwater reservoir, a feedwater outlet chamber having a feedwater outlet for discharging the heated feedwater and a tube plate assembling the other ends of said heating tubes and also having formed therein a feedwater reservoir, a first cylindrical body or shell having disposed therein a tube nest consisting of the U-formed heating tube portions positioned on one side as well as support plates holding said heating tubes in position, said cylindrical body having its one end communicated with said feedwater outlet chamber and also provided with a hot steam inlet for introducing hot steam that serves as the feedwater heating source, a second cylndrical body or shell having disposed therein a tube n

Abstract: A control device regulating flow rate of a two-phase mixture of steam and water through a vent conduit in fluid communication with the exit from the fourth pass of a four-pass heat exchanger and a low pressure source. The heat exchanger conducts a first fluid vapor through the first and second tube side passes while condensing a portion of the first fluid vapor therein and separating the resulting mixture into condensate and vapor portions at the exit of the second pass. The separated first fluid vapor is then routed through the third and fourth passes where additional condensation of first fluid vapor takes place. A high ratio of first fluid vapor to first fluid condensate is maintained in all four passes to prevent tube failure due to cyclic tube temperatures resulting from alternate flooding and draining of the tubes' interior. The first fluid exiting from the fourth pass is a two-phase mixture of vapor and condensate which must both be vented to a lower pressure source.

Abstract: An apparatus for drying wet steam and subsequently superheating the dried steam, which comprises an upright cylindrical container with a coarse separator in the bottom region of the container and with an axially upwardly following fine separator. Arranged within the container in the axially upward direction of the fine separator is a passage around which there are located superheating elements which are parallel to the axis of the container and extend nearly up to the upper bottom of the container.

Abstract: An apparatus for heating a fluid in which a vapor generator is provided which includes a furnace section for combusting a fuel and means to pass water in a heat exchange relation to the furnace section to convert the water to steam. A heat exchanger is provided in fluid flow communication with the furnace section for receiving the steam and for passing the steam in a heat exchange relation with the fluid to preheat the fluid. An additional heat exchanger is provided adjacent the furnace section for receiving the combustion gases from the furnace section and passing same in a heat exchange relation with the preheated fluid to apply additional heat to the fluid.

Abstract: A vapor generator and heat exchanger, particularly suited for use in a substantially cylindrical cavity in a pressure vessel includes high and low temperature sections of the vapor generator positioned coaxially with the annular outer section terminating a distance from the end of the central or axial section to form at the one end an annulus arranged between the central or axial section and the pressure vessel wall. A plurality of reheater or heat exchanger sections and various inlet and outlet conduits are positioned in the annulus. A heating fluid is directed first transversely over the tubes of the reheater sections, then along the tubes of the central or axial high temperature section after passing over the outer annular low temperature section.

Abstract: The end of the heat exchanger into which the vaporized heat-containing medium enters is divided into at least three chambers by partitions. The U-shaped tubes which pass the heat-containing medium into a heat exchange relation with a medium to be heated connect the three chambers sequentially in the flow path of the heat-containing medium but with a diminishing number of tubes connecting each sequential pair of chambers. The intermediate chambers allow the condensate formed by the heat-containing medium to be separated from the remaining vapor prior to passage of the vaporized medium into the next set of tubes.

Abstract: The steam generator is made of two assembly parts which can be transported separately and installed in place one above the other. The lower part contains a reheater made up of a group of U-shaped tubes. The two leg portions of this tube group are disposed within a casing which has two oppositely disposed inlet openings for the heated gas flow. Various partitions and covers are also provided to direct, the heated air in two counterflows over the leg portions and, thence, out of the lower generator part over the superheater and evaporator in the upper part of the generator.

Abstract: A boiler has an outer wall of weldable material and an inner chamber including a high temperature heat exchanger which is connected by pipes passing through openings in the outer boiler wall for the supply and discharge of a heat exchange medium. Each pipe for the heat exchange medium is spaced from and passes through a sleeve-like jacket that is welded to the outer boiler wall and projects outwardly therefrom. A cooling gas is fed into the sleeve-like jacket to pass along an annular space between the jacket and the pipe. The cooling gas flows into an annular chamber between the outer boiler wall and the inner chamber. According to a second embodiment, concentric sleeves are provided in the annular space between the jacket and pipe to pass the cooling gas to and fro within this space.

Abstract: A device for separating moisture from steam and reheating the steam for use in power generating facilities. The moisture separator-reheater is horizontally disposed with inertial separators and heat exchange tubes extending longitudinally through the shell such that flow is received at the bottom of the moisture separator-reheater, passed through the inertial separators, and then directed upwardly through one or more tube bundles to exhaust at the top of the unit. The inertial separators are disposed in two banks diverging upwardly from a common drain to locations on either side of the tube bundle. The incoming flow of wet steam is divided and directed toward each separator bank. The flow is then deflected laterally to evenly distribute steam along the entire length of each separator bank. Perforated plates, positioned in front of the separator banks, also act to further distribute the incoming moist flow.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus for removing moisture from wet steam and reheating the steam. The moisture laden steam is directed into the apparatus to be distributed to dryers and then flows upwardly across a bundle of tubes through which hot steam is flowing to superheat the vapor.

Abstract: Steam which is free of condensate is supplied to a fluid jet yarn texturing device. The steam is obtained by passing saturated steam through a condensate separator and then through a superheater. The amount of heat supplied by the superheater is regulated in response to a measurement of the temperature of the steam introduced into the texturing device.

Abstract: An improved reheater for a moisture separator reheater is provided with a header having first and second baffles disposed therein, dividing the interior of the header into inlet, recirculation and outlet flow chambers. The improved reheater also includes two bundles of U-shaped tubes communicating with the header via a tube sheet. Each tube of the first bundle communicates with the header at the inlet and recirculation chambers. Each tube of the second bundle communicates with the header at the recirculation and outlet flow chambers. This arrangement effects a four-pass recirculation of reheating fluid through the improved reheater. Drains are provided at both the recirculation and outlet flow chambers to prevent condensate flooding and any resulting thermal cycling and rupture of the tubes.

Abstract: Water is flowed through bayonet tubes where it is heated to steam which is superheated in other bayonet tubes all the bayonet tubes extending from a single tube sheet. Heated water enters the inner tube of a bayonet tube assembly so that it is heated in the annulus between the inner tube and its associated outer tube and then flows into the annular space between the inner and outer tube of the second bayonet tube assembly so that it is is heated to steam to leave by the inner tube of the second bayonet tube assembly to then flow into the annular space between the inner and outer tubes of the third bayonet tube assembly to be superheated and leave the third bayonet assembly by the inner tube thereof, the flow between one or more of the bayonet tube assemblies being connected by connecting tubes which connect with thermal sleeves covering the inner tubes of the bayonet tube assemblies below the single tube sheet.

Abstract: Water is heated to steam in bayonet tubes and the steam is superheated in bayonet tubes which are heated by helium and which extend from a single tube sheet in which there are no excessively large temperature gradients. Feed water enters the inner tube of a bayonet tube assembly so that it is heated in the annulus between the inner tube and its associated outer tube and then flows into the annular space between the inner and outer tube of a second bayonet tube assembly so that it is heated to steam to leave by the inner tube of the second bayonet tube assembly to then flow into the annular space between the inner and outer tubes of a third bayonet tube assembly to be superheated and leave the third bayonet assembly through the inner tube thereof.