Abstract: A tube stop for cooperation with a tube and fin furnace wall and a horizontal buckstay which includes first and second generally parallel generally planar spaced plates, apparatus for attachment of the first and second generally parallel generally planar spaced plates to the associated tube wall. A U-shaped plate has first and second opposed generally planar generally parallel space side walls, the first and second side walls being respectively disposed in spaced relation generally parallel relationship to the first and second generally parallel generally planar spaced plates, apparatus for coupling the first and second walls of the U-shaped member respectively to the first and second generally parallel generally planar spaced plates, and apparatus for rigidly coupling the U-shaped plate to the to the associated horizontal buckstay.

Abstract: A buckstay system for a membraned-tube wall having a first wall section which meets a second wall section at an angle to form a corner, utilizes the natural load carrying ability of membraned tube wall construction to simplify or eliminate structural components previously utilized at such locations. Some embodiments use the membraned-tube wall corner configuration alone, or in combination with corner reinforcing plates and/or stiffening members to distribute combustion gas pressure loads to adjacent membrane-wall panels. Other aspects provide reinforcement only to accommodate transient overpressure conditions.

Abstract: In a boiler, particularly a recirculating fluidized bed boiler, the tubes of heat exchanger banks (panels) are connected together so that they are securely supported against sideways movement. A first heat transfer panel has a first plurality of elongated heat transfer tubes, vertically stacked one atop the other, and extending horizontally in a first dimension; and a second heat transfer panel has a second plurality of vertically stacked heat transfer tubes extending horizontally in a second dimension, perpendicular to the first dimension. The panels are supported by walls of the boiler reaction chamber. Connectors attach one of the tubes of the second bank to the first bank to stiffen the first bank against sideways movement. The connectors may be bollard or triangularly shaped lugs welded to or operatively engaging tubes of both banks, or a tube of the first bank may be bent to form a loop, with a tube of the second bank passing through the loop and engaging the bends of the bent tube.

Abstract: An assembly ties together a plurality of boiler tubes to increase their mechanical stability and maintain a uniform spacing between adjacent tubes. A tie bar has a plurality of periodically spaced fingers extending from a cross member to form openings between adjacent fingers with in which the boiler tubes tightly fit. A retainer projects orthogonally from ends of some of the fingers. A locking bar has wedges spaced along one edge which engage the retainers clamping the boiler tubes between the fingers of said locking bar. Stops and brackets attach to the boiler tubes to support the fingers and cross member, thereby holding the tie bar in place during assembly.

Abstract: A tubesheet cover plate and method is described wherein a plate is provided for covering the tubesheet face and with apertures with outwardly flared openings into each tube.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are disclosed for heating a coking feedstock to a temperature sufficient to effect coking of the coking feedstock in a coking drum, said process and said apparatus being characterized by the fact that the heating is conducted in a double fired heater in which the coking feedstock is heated by flames located on opposite sides of the tubing through which the feedstock flows. The process and apparatus allow for increased coke production and extended operating periods.

Abstract: A method for increasing the reliability and remaining useful life of a system of boiler tubes. The present condition of boiler tubes is ascertained and a temperature profile is developed. Additional operating parameters are obtained and used to model the tube system. The model is manipulated to predict a modification which will cause increased tube system life and reliability. The tubes are modified according to the model.

Abstract: Arranged on the hemispherical dome forming the upper part of the bundle of the steam generator is a structure consisting of bows (16) in the form of a portion of a ring and connecting hoops (18). The anti-vibration bars (15) introduced between two layers of adjacent tubes (5) of the bundle are connected, at their outer end, to brackets (17) fastened to the bows (16) in a perpendicular direction. Some anti-vibration bars are fastened to the hoops (18). The anti-vibration bars are screw-fastened to the brackets (17) or the hoops (18). The stabilizing device can also include a comb-shaped anti-flyoff yoke which can be introduced under the tubes placed in the upper part of the dome and then rotated through 90.degree. in order to be fastened to a bow (16).

Abstract: Pendant superheater or reheater tubes are maintained in spaced relationship by pairs of collar elements joined together in a closely adjacent relationship. One of the collar elements is dimensioned allow for vertical movement of the tube over which it is fitted throughout the range of temperatures to which the tubes are exposed. The other collar is mechanically fixed to the adjacent tube without welding or other means of physically joining in a manner which prevents vertical or rotational movement. The paired collars are physically joined as by welding so that the fixed collar fixes the spacing between tubes and maintains them in the same horizontal plane while allowing for relative vertical movement. As illustrated the fixed collar is locked by being mounted on a curved tube section having a curvature sufficient to prevent relative vertical movement and through interference with the collar wall to prevent relative rotational motion.

Abstract: A device for suspending horizontal heat exchange tubes (7, 8) on a vertical carrier tube (1) comprises a bottom support sleeve (2) welded at its bottom edge around the support tube, a top support sleeve (4) having its bottom edge resting on the top edge of the bottom support sleeve, said top support sleeve being provided on its sides with two half-shells (5, 6) of radius of curvature slightly greater than that of the horizontal tubes, and add-on half-shells (9, 10) of radius of curvature slightly greater than that of the horizontal tubes, welded edge-to-edge (19, 21; 20, 22) to the half-shells fixed to the top sleeve, thereby forming collars which clamp the horizontal heat exchange tubes on either side of the vertical carrier tubes. A method of manufacturing the device.

Abstract: A support device and structure for supporting horizontal tubes of a conventional or fluidized bed steam generator comprising a vertical tube for carrying plural pairs of support brackets. Each support bracket has a central sleeve with a pair of opposite extending tube hooks that taper in width from the sleeve, outwardly to an end of the tube hook. The ends of the tube hooks for each pair of support brackets extend toward each other, but are maintained at a distance from one another to avoid the accumulation of ash or other bed material. Welded-on nubs along the length of the support tube localize the axial position of the bracket pairs.

Abstract: A novel construction of a heat exchanger such as a vertical type thermosiphon reboiler having a removable tube bundle and optional removable shell is disclosed. The inlet tube sheet is matingly, engagably secured to a ledge portion which is, in turn, secured to one flange of the shell and the opposite tube sheet is matingly, engagably secured to the opposite flange of the shell. Sealing members are more favorably located in such construction. The assembly is easily disassembled for cleaning.

Abstract: A stayrod configuration for permitting complete sludge lancing of the tubesheet, including a plurality of first stayrods, each having the same diameter as the steam generator tubing and being threaded into the tubesheet at spaced positions which match the tube pattern. This plurality of first stayrods is attached to a connector, which is threaded to provide a receptacle for a second, full-length stayrod within a shortened spacer.

Abstract: Device for attachment of a bundle of tubes (3) coiled into a helix according to several cylindrical coaxial layers, comprising longitudinal rods (4) provided with concave cylindrical recesses (16) for receiving each tube portion (3) corresponding to the same cylindrical layer, the rods (4) being so disposed between each layer as to form several flat radial sheets, elements (8) for attachment of the tubes on the rods being interposed between two consecutive rods of a given radial sheet, each attachment element (8) comprising essentially a piece (8) adapted to cover two turns slotted consecutively in the corresponding rod, the device maintaining the tube by pinching in isostatic fashion, the contact between the device (4, 8) and the corresponding tube (3) being localized in three quasi-pinpoint zones (14, 15) of the tube spaced from one another. The device is useful for the support of a bundle of tubes of steam generators of the sodium-water type.

Abstract: A tube support for supporting horizontal tubes from an inclined vertical support tube passing between the horizontal tubes. A support button is welded to the vertical support tube. Two clamping bars or plates, the lower edges of one bearing on the support button, are removably bolted to the inclined vertical tube. The clamping bars provide upper and lower surface support for the horizontal tubes.

Abstract: An attachment arrangement for attaching a boiler casing to a membrane tube wall utilizes an extension plate which is connected to and extends beyond an edge of the casing. The extension plate and the surface of the casing adjacent its edge define an attachment area which is attached to the tube wall. A slot extends in the casing and through part of the extension plate. The slot is covered by an expansion element having a termination covering the end of the slot. The termination is on the extension plate. The termination of the expansion element extending over the extension plate provides compensation for expansion in the attachment area which avoids deformation and tearing of the casing in this area.

Abstract: A composite tube structure having an inner substrate alloy and an outer, corrosion resistant alloy suitable for use in fluid-bed coal combustion reactors to form a water wall around at least a portion of the periphery of the fluid bed zone. The outer, corrosion resistant alloy centers around a composition of 0.1% carbon, 0.2% silicon, 0.5% manganese, 22% chromium, 3.8% aluminum, 0.4% titanium, 0.05% nitrogen, 0.2% molybdenum, 32% nickel, balance iron.

Abstract: A superheater tube shield of refractory material comprises a pair of elongated half shields of identical interchangeable interlocking size and shape, each half shield having a semi-circular sidewall portion extending between and to diametrically opposite tongue and groove side wall portions which are assembled together about the tubes by axially inserting elongaged tongues into the elongated grooves. Refractory cement may be applied to attach the half sheilds to the tubes.

Abstract: Steam generator, particularly for a pressurized water nuclear reactor, which has in per se known manner a water box in which circulates the hot water from the reactor core, and then enters a series of heat exchange tubes installed in a tube plate and extending within a secondary ferrule traversed by the secondary water, wherein the water box, secondary ferrule and tube plate are three independent, disassemblable assemblies.

Abstract: A steam generator includes first and second mutually parallel flue gas flues; the first flue gas flue having an upper end, an intermediate ceiling at the upper end having an upper surface, a cross flue leading from the first to the second flue gas flue, and first and second vertical walls formed of pipes and disposed opposite each other as seen along the cross flue; a steam generator frame supporting the intermediate ceiling; the intermediate ceiling being formed of pipes gas-tightly welded to each other and disposed alongside each other in one layer in tube tracks extended along the cross flue; each of the pipes of the intermediate ceiling changing into a respective pipe of one of the vertical walls; and first and second vertical suspension pipes connected from a common location along a given one of the tube tracks through the upper surface of the intermediate ceiling and through the cross flue to the steam generator frame for suspending the intermediate ceiling, the first suspension pipe changing into a pip

Abstract: The invention relates to the protection of metal boiler tubes from corrosion and erosion. Accordingly, the invention provides a metal boiler tube whereof at least a selected part of its surface is initially porous and whereof the initially porous surface has been coated with at least one stable metal oxide by the aplication to the porous surface of a solution containing salts or oxides of such metals followed by the conversion of such salts or treatment of such oxides of metals to attach the stable metal oxides to the porous surface.

Abstract: An expansion joint is provided between the bottom supported tube walls and the top supported tube walls of a fluidized bed boiler furnace. The expansion joint includes an upwardly open trough having one side and a floor defined by bent portions of the bottom supported tube wall, and another side wall defined by a refractory lined steel plate. A knife edge or sealing projection is connected to an outwardly bent portion of the top supported tube wall and extends downwardly through the upward opening of the trough and into the spaced defined by the trough. The trough is filled with sand or other inert granular material which partially covers the knife edge. The knife edge is in the form of a tube wall with tubes having lower perforations. Fluidizing gas can be supplied into the knife edge to fluidize the sand around the lower end of the knife edge to permit movement of the knife edge in the sand as the top and bottom supported tube walls expand.

Abstract: A steam generator wrapper closure and a method of installing the same includes a plug member (108) which includes a large diameter portion (110) and a small diameter portion (112) with an annular shoulder portion (114) defined therebetween. A locking pawl (124) is rotatably mounted upon the plug (108) through means of its shaft (122). A pawl shaft extension rod (154) and a handle (150) are utilized to manipulate the pawl (124) and the plug (108) from a position external to the steam generator outer shell (16). The axis of the pawl shaft (122) is radially offset with repect to the axis of the plug (108), and the diametrical extent of the pawl (124) is less than that of the small diameter portion (112) of the plug (108).

Abstract: A system for recovering waste heat from a stream of heated gas is disclosed. The system includes a convection heat transfer chamber, a boiler tank, and a plurality of heat pipes thermally interconnecting the convection heat transfer chamber with the boiler tank. Each of the heat pipes includes an evaporator section which is disposed in heat transfer relation with a stream of heated gas flowing through the convection heat transfer chamber, and a condenser section disposed in heat transfer relation with a volume of water disposed within the boiler tank. The evaporator sections and condenser sections are totally enclosed within the convection heat transfer chamber and boiler tank, respectively, and are connected in closed cycle fluid communication with each other.

Abstract: A tube wall for a metallurgical furnace is mainly formed by an array of generally parallel tubes centered on respective tube axes and each having two widened open tube ends one of which projects laterally from the respective tube in one radial direction and the other of which projects laterally from the respective tube in the opposite radial direction. Each tube end laterally engages the tube end of an adjacent tube and the tubes are laterally spaced between their ends. Respective caps each cover two adjacent tube ends and interconnect same so that the interiors of the tubes and caps form a sinuous passage. Finally, respective welds secure the tube ends and caps together hermetically to seal off the passage. Thus appropriate means can circulate a coolant through the array. Such construction is sufficiently rigid to do away with webs laterally interconnecting the tube sections, thereby eliminating the cost of their manufacture and installation.

Abstract: The exchanger is placed in a fluid of elevated temperature and comprises tubes connected to an inlet header and to an outlet header. The exchanger comprises a plurality of panels (4) constituted by tubes (41 to 48) extending below two inlet headers and two outlet headers, to which they are connected at the upstream and downstream ends, and forming two semi-panels which are imbricated one inside the other, each semi-panel comprising a subheader tube (41 or 42) connected to an inlet header (21 or 22) and being divided into at least one tube (43,44,45 or 46, 47, 48) which is coiled into a laced configuration so that the two sub-header tubes (41 or 42) extend vertically within the envelope of said tubes having a laced configuration and they support them through cantilever supports (411, 421). This exchanger may be in particular employed in a fluidized bed apparatus or for the recovery of the heat of gas or fumes.

Abstract: A refractory cover for steam tube yokes and hangers may be assembled or disassembled from parallel steam pipes or tubes circumferentially distributed around a cylindrical steam boiler furnace. The yoke and hanger assemblies that support such steam tubes are protected against deterioration and mechanical failure due to thermal and combustion gas interaction with the supports. The cover includes an open box and an end closure having interlocking U-shaped openings that fit around the pipe and cover one side of the yoke and hanger. A lid member includes an outer and inner interlocking U-shaped openings at 90 degrees to the box and enclosure openings which also fit around the pipe to cover the other side of the yoke and hanger. In a preferred form the box bottom includes a pair of parallel U-shaped openings to span a yoke and hanger which supports adjacent parallel steam pipes.

Abstract: Steam outlet connection for connecting the outlet (5) of a tube of the bank of tubes of a steam generator to the pipe (8) connecting it to a steam header. The connection is of the T type with a straight portion (10) closed at one end and a side branch (19) connected to the pipe (8). The closed end of the straight portion (10) has an end wall (14) having a zone of sufficiently slight thickness to permit its perforation for the purpose of injecting a gas into the tube.

Abstract: Improvements in the design of internal components of J-shaped steam generators for liquid metal fast breeder reactors. Complex design improvements have been made to the internals of J-shaped steam generators which improvements are intended to reduce tube vibration, tube jamming, flow problems in the upper portion of the steam generator, manufacturing complexities in tube spacer attachments, thermal stripping potentials and difficulties in the weld fabrication of certain components.

Abstract: A boiler tube having a double-tube structure constituted by an inner tube and an outer tube integrated with each other. The inner tube is made of an alloy consisting essentially of, by weight, 0.02 to 0.15% of C, 0.5 to 3.5% of Si, not greater than 2% of Mn, 25 to 40% of Ni, 20.5 to 27% of Cr, 0.5 to 3% of Mo, not greater than 1% of Nb and the balance Fe and having a substantially fully austenite structure. The outer tube is made of an alloy consisting essentially of, by weight, 0.02 to 0.2% of C, not greater than 3.5% of Si, not greater than 2% of Mn, 33 to 45% of Ni, 30 to 40% of Cr and the balance Fe and having a substantially fully austenite structure. The inner tube made of the alloy having the composition specified above exhibits a high resistance to steam oxidation without any reduction in high-temperature strength even at elevated steam temperature, while the outer tube made of the alloy having the composition specified above exhibits a superior resistance to corrosion by coal combustion gas.

Abstract: A system for recovering waste heat from a stream of heated gas is disclosed. The system includes a convection heat transfer chamber, a boiler tank, and a plurality of heat pipes thermally interconnecting the convection heat transfer chamber with the boiler tank. Each of the heat pipes includes an evaporator section which is disposed in heat transfer relation with a stream of heated gas flowing through the convection heat transfer chamber, and a condenser section disposed in heat transfer relation with a volume of water contained within the boiler tank. The boiler tank is provided with a header plate having an array of heat pipe openings through which the heat pipes project. A heat pipe support sleeve is received in each heat pipe opening in sealed engagement with the header plate, with the heat pipes projecting through the support sleeves and thermally interconnecting the convection heat transfer chamber with the boiler tank.

Abstract: A tube wall for a metallurgical furnace is mainly formed by an array of generally parallel tubes centered on respective tube axes and each having two widened open tube ends one of which projects laterally from the respective tube in one radial direction and the other of which projects laterally from the respective tube in the opposite radial direction. Each tube end laterally engages the tube end of an adjacent tube and the tubes are laterally spaced between their ends. Respective caps each cover two adjacent tube ends and interconnect same so that the interiors of the tubes and caps form a sinuous passage. Finally, respective welds secure the tube ends and caps together hermetically to seal off the passage. Thus appropriate means can circulate a coolant through the array. Such construction is sufficiently rigid to do away with webs laterally interconnecting the tube sections, thereby eliminating the cost of their manufacture and installation.

Abstract: In boilers, process tubes are suspended by means of vertical tubular supports that are in thermal contact with and attached to the metal roof casing of the boiler and the upper bend portions of the process tubes. The tubular supports have a liquid sealed within the support so that under conditions the liquid refluxes thereby rejecting heat to the atmosphere above the roof casing of the boiler.

Abstract: A system for recovering waste heat from a stream of heated gas is disclosed. The system includes a convection heat transfer chamber, a boiler tank, and a plurality of heat pipes thermally interconnecting the convection heat transfer chamber with the boiler tank. Each of the heat pipes includes an evaporator section which is disposed in heat transfer relation with a stream of heated gas flowing through the convection heat transfer chamber, and a condenser section disposed in heat transfer relation with a volume of water contained within the boiler tank. The boiler tank is provided with a header plate having an array of heat pipe openings through which the heat pipes project. A heat pipe support sleeve is received in each heat pipe opening in sealed engagement with the header plate, with the heat pipes projecting through the support sleeves and thermally interconnecting the convection heat transfer chamber with the boiler tank.

Abstract: Two types of boilers for generating high pressure steam from gaseous effluents containing abrasive and corrosive solids are provided. Both types of boilers are vertical boilers of the fire-tube type with the gas flowing within the boiler tubes and with the water and steam surrounding the boiler tubes.In one type of boiler according to this invention, the solids-containing gas is downfed through the boiler tubes with the gas emerging from the tubes and impinging on a concave, conical deflector and a convex nose cone located below the deflector. The deflector and nose cone serve to disengage solids from the gas.In the other type of boiler according to the invention, the solids-containing gas first impinges on a baffle plate which serves to disengage solids from the gas. The solids flow down for removal, while the gas flows up the boiler tubes to generate steam.

Abstract: A heat exchanger water box for steam generators bounded by a hemispherical base and a tube sheet on which the ends of the U-shaped tubes of the exchanger are fixed, on either side of a partition plate separating the water box into two chambers, respectively for supply and evacuation. The partition plate (3) fits with clearance over its whole periphery into a circular groove and a diametrical groove (11) respectively provided in the inner walls of the hemispherical base (2) and the tube sheet (1), and the hemispherical base (2) has at least one drain orifice (26) passing through it which opens at the lowest point of the circular groove for fitting the plate.

Abstract: The steam generator has a combustion chamber which merges at the top into a combustion gas flue having walls in the form of evaporator tubes. A superheater tube bank is suspended in the combustion gas flue in front of the evaporator tubes. The superheater tubes are connected together in pairs to a common inlet at a lower end which passes through the evaporator tube banks while the evaporator tubes of the combustion chamber are connected in pairs to a single evaporator tube within the flue.Retaining elements are provided to form a moving connection between the superheater tubes and the evaporator tube and provision is made to compensate for differences in expansion between the superheater tubes and the evaporator tubes at the top end of the superheater tube bank.

Abstract: A device for fixing a panel of horizontal heat-exchange tubes on vertical tubes 1 or beams provided with longitudinal fins 2. It includes a series of shoulders 4 having upwardly projecting rims on the fins, parts 6 which form latches having noses 9 by which they are fixed on these rims and dogs 14 installed in holes 12 in the lower portions of the parts which form latches. The shoulders, the parts which form latches and the dogs co-operate to prevent the panel of tubes from being detached when it is positioned.

Abstract: The reactor for the production of CO and H.sub.2 containing gases by means of a partial oxidation of powdery or liquid high ash fuels in a carburation fluid including free oxygen, at high temperatures and increased pressure, includes a pressure vessel enclosing a gas-tight housing whereby an interspace is formed between the inner wall of the vessel and the outer surface of the housing. Within the housing is arranged a cooling wall enclosing the reaction chamber proper. The cooling wall includes a coil of cooling pipes embedded in a mass of refractory material such as silicium carbide. The pipes are partially supported on web sections projecting from the inner surface of the housing into the refractory lining. The web sections prevent propagation of leaking hot gas from the reaction chamber along the inner surface of the housing.

Abstract: Chromized nickel- and cobalt-based superalloys have alphachrome phase formed during chromizing, and the amount of that phase is diminished by one or more treatments with alkali-permanganate solution and intervening removal of permanganate reaction product film as by acid dip. A kit of such solutions can be prepared. Low-alloy steel steam boiler tubing can have chromized interior and aluminized exterior, and long lengths chromized without a perfectly sealed retort around it can have end caps fitted with extra pack to reduce oxygen penetration to interior. Chain saw cutter blades can be chromized and carburized. Stripping of aluminized coatings from super-alloys with fluoride-containing nitric acid solution is improved by follow-up treatment with fluoride-free nitric acid solution.

Abstract: A system for supporting a bundle of tubes against lateral movement in a heat exchanger, such as a nuclear power plant steam generator, wherein spring collar devices positioned at intervals along the tubes permit lateral movement of the tubes but prevent any relative movement between the tube and its associated spring collar device. Any lateral movement is between adjacent spring collar devices. With this arrangement, fretting and corrosion between the outer surfaces of the tubes and their lateral support members are substantially eliminated.

Abstract: In a heat exchanger such as a steam generator for a nuclear reactor, two or more bundles of helically coiled tubes are arranged in series with the tubes in each bundle integrally continuing through the tube bundles arranged in series therewith. Pitch values for the tubing in any pair of tube bundles, taken transverse to the path of the reactor coolant flow about the tubes, are selected as a ratio of two unequal integers to permit efficient operation of each tube bundle while maintaining the various tube bundles of the heat exchanger within a compact envelope. Preferably, the helix angle and tube pitch parallel to the path of coolant flow are constant for all tubes in a single bundle so that the tubes are of approximately the same length within each bundle.

Abstract: Connecting arrangement for a heating boiler, in whose water-bearing sheet-steel housing is arranged an installation casting consisting of a combustion chamber and fuel-gas ducts.For having a good and simple connection between the sheet-steel housing and the installation casting the improvement consists in that the front and rear wall of the sheet-steel housing are provided with an access opening and the opening edges are bent in the form of a collar, the inside diameter of the collar being rather smaller than the outside diameter of the seating faces of the installation casting and the front and rear wall being connected to the seating faces by a press fit.

Abstract: A heat exchange vessel has a plurality of tubes disposed therein. A tube sheet section in the vessel has a plurality of ports formed therein for receiving one end of each of said tubes, and at least one channel is formed in said first tube sheet section for communicating with said ports. An additional tube sheet section disposed in said vessel has a plurality of ports formed therein for receiving the other ends of said tubes and at least one channel formed in said additional tube sheet section is provided for communicating with said latter ports. Means is provided for introducing a heat exchange fluid to the channel associated with one of said tube sheet sections for passing through its respective ports through said tubes. Likewise means is provided for collecting the fluid from the channel associated with the other tube sheet section for passing the fluid externally of the vessel.