Abstract: A piston for an internal combustion engine includes a piston head that has a piston crown, a top land, a ring part, and a combustion bowl with a bowl base, a bowl wall, and an insert which is made of an annular component and which is held in the piston head by means of an undercut section. According to the invention, the component has an inner wall on the bowl side, the inner wall continuously tapering off all the way to the bowl wall or the bowl base in a flush manner, thereby forming a circumferential edge that tapers into a point.

Abstract: A two-stroke spark-ignition engine with through scavenging, exhaust valves (7), an injection nozzle (5) and sparking plug (6) in the cylinder head is characterized by higher volume efficiency and higher volume output with the possibility of gradual change of timing of air inlet into the engine cylinder (2) from the idle run to the full power. The use of a charger or turbocharger is convenient. Higher volume efficiency is achieved by a limitation of flow of exhaust gas back to the suction part through a gradual change of the inlet section to the engine cylinder (2) and by ensuring a higher air pressure before the inlet section. The change of the inlet section is achieved by a rotary bushing (4) on the cylinder (2) or insert of the engine cylinder (2), the bushing (4) being controlled with a control rod (14) from the throttle pedal.

Abstract: A method for controlling a powertrain includes selectively initiating an ammonia generation cycle, including injecting fuel into a combustion chamber of an engine before a primary combustion event to a calibrated air fuel ratio in a range lean of stoichiometry based upon generation of NOx within the combustion chamber, injecting fuel into the combustion chamber after the primary combustion event based upon an overall air fuel ratio in a range rich of stoichiometry and resulting generation of molecular hydrogen, and utilizing a catalyst device between the engine and a selective catalytic reduction device to produce ammonia.

Abstract: In an in-cylinder fuel injection two cycle engine, a combustion chamber dome and a piston cavity are provided in an offset position from a cylinder bore center axis to an exhaust port side, respectively. A spark plug is mounted in a cylinder head such that its electrode is positioned in vicinity of the cylinder bore center axis in the dome. Further, a fuel injector is mounted in the cylinder head such that its injection nozzle is positioned around an outer periphery edge of the dome on the exhaust port side and fuel is injected from the injection nozzle toward the piston cavity. The piston cavity is shaped into a concavely spherical surface so as to direct injected fuel toward the electrode of the spark plug, thereby locally rich, combustible mixture being formed around the spark plug.

Abstract: A loop-scavenged, two-cycle internal combustion engine has a low-pressure, cylinder wall fuel injection system that is practical for multi-cylinder marine engines and also reduces the amount of unburned hydrocarbons in exhaust emissions when compared to conventional carbureted two-cycle engines. The fuel injectors are mounted through the cylinder wall so that fuel spray contacts the piston crown underneath a zone in which incoming air flow through the transfer ports converges. The converging air flow helps to convect vaporized fuel from the piston crown upwards towards the spark plug electrode in the combustion chamber and away from the exhaust port, thereby reducing the likelihood of short circuiting unburned fuel through the exhaust port before the exhaust port closes and compression begins. All fuel is injected into the piston cavity before the exhaust port closes.

Abstract: An improved diesel engine is provided wherein clean air is blown past compression ring seals to prevent particulate matter in combustion gases from entering between a cylinder wall or liner and a piston sidewall. The diesel engine includes at least one cylinder, a piston reciprocatingly mounted in the cylinder, a combustion air port, an exhaust gas port, a fuel injector proximate the cylinder head, and at least two compression ring seals. A clean air port communicates with the cylinder wall for conducting pressurized clean air into the cylinder. A chamber is disposed in the piston and includes a port substantially centered on the piston crown, and a blow-by port on the piston sidwall bounded by the two compression ring seals. The clean air port is spaced from the combustion air port such that when the piston is proximate the bottom-dead-center position of its stroke and combustion air is conducted into the cylinder, the compression ring seals bounding the blow-by port also bound the clean air port.

Abstract: A two-stroke cycle internal combustion engine has a sustained power stroke which results from delayed mixing of a stratified charge. Use of delayed mixing of an overall stoichiometric air-fuel mixture results in formation of a low amount of the oxides of nitrogen. Delayed mixing of a stratified charge is achieved by placement of a Helmholtz resonator cavity in the piston and peripherally just below the crown thereof. The Helmholtz resonator cavity communicates with the combustion chamber via a narrow slot made by undercutting the top edge of the piston. A port type intake valve is used. Pressurized air passing through the intake port during the exhaust phase of the cycle streams past the undercut top edge of the piston. After the engine cylinder has received a charge of fresh air the compression stroke is begun and the main chamber is filled with a slight fuel-rich gaseous charge. The companion Helmholtz resonator cavity receives only an air charge from the intake port.