Abstract: An internal combustion engine system is described herein. The system uses compressed air from a compressor to purge at least a portion of a fuel from an internal combustion engine. During a purge operation, a controller opens and closes an injector of the fuel to be purged to allow the compressed air from the compressor to push at least a portion of the fuel back into a fuel tank through the injector. The controller deenergizes a fuel pump that pumps the fuel to be purged, allowing the pressure of the fuel that is to be purged to reduce to a pressure that allows the compressed air to flow into the injector.

Abstract: A power system includes an intake arrangement configured to intake charge air; a fuel arrangement configured to store a blend of methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) fuel; an engine configured to receive, ignite, and combust a mixture of the charge air and the blend of methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) fuel; and a controller coupled to selectively command such that, in a first mode, the controller commands the one or more of the intake arrangement, the fuel arrangement, and the engine such that the charge air and the blend of methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) fuel are introduced at a stoichiometric equivalence ratio; and in a second mode, the controller commands the one or more of the intake arrangement, the fuel arrangement, and the engine such that the charge and the blend of methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) fuel are introduced at a lean equivalence ratio.

Abstract: The ECM calculates a peak value of an in-cylinder pressure before ignition based on the operating state of the hydrogen engine. When the peak value of the in-cylinder pressure before ignition exceeds a threshold value, the ECM performs an advancement correction of the ignition timing such that the peak value becomes less than or equal to the threshold value.

Abstract: The present disclosure belongs to the field of dual-fuel engine combustion systems, in particular to a dual-fuel intelligent combustion system and a control method thereof. The dual-fuel intelligent combustion system comprises a cylinder body, a cylinder cover, a piston, a methanol fuel injector, a diesel injector and ECUs (electronic control units), wherein the cylinder body, the cylinder cover and the piston form a combustion chamber, the cylinder cover is arranged right above the cylinder body, the piston is arranged in the cylinder body, the combustion chamber is provided with an air inlet channel and an air outlet channel, the combustion chamber is internally provided with the methanol fuel injector for injecting alcohol fuel into a cylinder and the diesel injector for injecting ignition fuel diesel into the cylinder, and the methanol fuel injector and the diesel injector are respectively controlled by the two ECUs.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for controlling emissions and a likelihood of engine knock during combustion in a multi-fuel engine. A method for an engine includes mixing an amount of a first fuel and an amount of a second fuel to combust a fuel mixture having a fuel ratio of the first fuel relative to the second fuel, the first fuel having a faster combustion flame speed relative to the second fuel, the fuel mixture having an air-to-fuel ratio with an amount of air delivered to the engine. The method further includes controlling either or both of a speed of combustion and a stability of combustion of the fuel mixture with the amount of air delivered to the engine by changing at least one of the fuel ratio, the air-to-fuel ratio, or both of the fuel ratio and the air-to-fuel ratio.

Abstract: Operating an internal combustion engine system includes combusting gaseous hydrogen fuel and gaseous hydrocarbon fuel at a first substitution ratio in a plurality of cylinders in an engine, inputting an emissions cost value and a hydrogen cost value to a fuel blending control system for the engine, and determining, by way of an electronic control unit of the fuel blending control system, a fuel blending control term based on the respective cost values. Operating the engine system further includes varying admission of at least one of the hydrogen fuel or the hydrocarbon fuel to an intake system for the engine based on the fuel blending control term, and combusting the hydrogen fuel and the hydrocarbon fuel at a second substitution ratio produced by the varied admission in the plurality of cylinders in the engine.

Abstract: An engine includes a cylinder internal pressure sensor, a torque sensor, and an engine control device. The cylinder internal pressure sensor detects a cylinder internal pressure. The torque sensor detects an engine load. The engine control device receives a detection result of the cylinder internal pressure sensor and a detection result of the torque sensor. If the load detected by the torque sensor is zero (no load) and the cylinder internal pressure obtained from the detection result of the cylinder internal pressure sensor is greater than or equal to a threshold, the engine control device determines that an abnormality occurs in detection by the torque sensor.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus for controlling operation of dual fuel engines are disclosed that regulate the fueling amounts provided by a first fuel and a second fuel during operation of the engine. The first fuel can be a liquid fuel and the second fuel can be a gaseous fuel. The fueling amounts are controlled to improve operational outcomes of the duel fuel engine.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device for injecting ammonia in gaseous form into an exhaust line of a combustion engine, the device including a supervisor, an evaporation chamber incorporating a heater for heating a quantity of reducing agent thus releasing ammonia in gaseous form that exits the evaporation chamber via a pipe opening into the exhaust line. The control supervisor is associated with an internal first pressure sensor housed in the evaporation chamber and with a second pressure sensor intended to be housed in the exhaust line, including a calculator calculating a quantity of ammonia to be injected into the exhaust line at a given instant as a function of the pressure values from the first and second pressure sensors.

Abstract: A method for operating an internal combustion engine including a step of concurrently introducing at least two combustible fuel jets into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. A first combustible fuel jet of the at least two combustible fuel jets is ignited at an ignition time point. In a first operating mode of the internal combustion engine a second combustible fuel jet which is different from the first combustible fuel jet of the at least two combustible fuel jets is ignited after the ignition time point.

Abstract: A controller for an internal combustion engine of a generator set operates the engine at a first, low load condition at a lean air/fuel ratio using hydrogen fuel, and at a second, high load condition at a richer air/fuel ratio using gaseous fuel. The controller transitions from the first condition to the second condition by adding gaseous fuel to achieve the richer air/fuel ratio during a transient event.

Abstract: A timing setting section sets a fuel injection timing in a second half of a compression stroke of an internal combustion engine, at a predetermined computation timing, which is set for each combustion cycle of the internal combustion engine, when an amount of a reduction target component in exhaust gas detected by an exhaust gas sensor is greater than or equal to a predetermined value, on condition that the internal combustion engine satisfies a predetermined high temperature condition. The fuel injection control device further includes an injection control unit to compute a fuel injection period based on the injection timing set by the timing set unit and to control the fuel injection valve based on the injection timing and the injection period.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for maintaining combustion stability in a multi-fuel engine. In one example, a system comprises a first fuel system to deliver liquid fuel to at least one cylinder of an engine, a second fuel system to deliver gaseous fuel to the at least one cylinder, and a controller. The controller is configured to supply the gaseous fuel to the at least one cylinder, inject the liquid fuel to the at least one cylinder thereby to ignite the liquid fuel and the gaseous fuel in the at least one cylinder via compression-ignition, and adjust an amount of the gaseous fuel relative to an amount of the liquid fuel based on a measured parameter associated with auto-ignition of end gases subsequent to the compression-ignition of the liquid fuel.

Abstract: A multi-fuel engine includes an engine operable on a liquid fuel and first and second gaseous fuels. The multi-fuel engine also includes a liquid cutoff solenoid selectively operable between open and closed positions to allow and inhibit a flow of the liquid fuel to the engine and at least one gaseous cutoff valve selectively operable between open and closed positions to allow and inhibit a flow of the first and second gaseous fuels to the engine. A jet block couples the first gaseous fuel source and the second gaseous fuel source to a carburetor connected to an intake of the engine, with the jet block being located downstream from the at least one gaseous cutoff valve. The jet block includes a first gaseous fuel jet to meter the first gaseous fuel to the carburetor and a second gaseous fuel jet to meter the second gaseous fuel to the carburetor.

Abstract: A method for operating a solenoid valve coupled to the inlet valve of a fuel injection pump comprises adjusting a pull-in electrical energy of the solenoid valve based on a fuel injection pump volumetric efficiency.

Abstract: A combination control assembly for dual fuel internal combustion engine comprises: a bracket (8) that is fixed on an engine shell (12); a micro switch (9) that is used to send signals; a female quick connector (7) is used to connect with the carburetor and a male quick connector (10) is used to connect with the female quick connector (7); a gas pipe (11) is used to connect with the male quick connector (10) and the other side, gaseous fuel; the bracket (8) is provided with the micro switch (9) and the female quick connector (7), the micro switch (9) is provided with a reed (91), and the male quick connector (10) is provided with a trigger tab (101). When the male quick connector (10) is connected to the female quick connector (7), the trigger tab (101) is against the reed (91). A knob component (6) is connected with the fuel valve (5) to control fuel flow in the fuel pipe (4), and the engine flameout is also controlled by the knob component (6).

Abstract: A method is described of supplying liquid to a liquid delivery system in a vehicle. A a replaceable liquid container including a reservoir containing liquid is releasably coupled in the vehicle to provide fluidic communication between the reservoir and a liquid delivery system of the vehicle during operation of the vehicle. The method includes the steps of: (i) prior to establishing liquid communication between the reservoir and the liquid delivery system of a selected vehicle, communicating with a data carrier carried by the container and determining data associated with at least one of the container and its contents; and (ii) using the data in an analysis of suitability of the container and/or content of the container for the selected vehicle and generating a suitability output, and (iii) establishing liquid communication between the reservoir and liquid delivery system of the selected vehicle in dependence on the suitability output.

Abstract: Methods and systems for simultaneously operating port fuel injectors and direct fuel injectors of an internal combustion engine are described. In one example, operation of a port fuel injector is deactivated in response to an indication of reduced performance of a direct fuel injector so that degradation of the direct fuel injector may be reduced.

Abstract: A method is described of supplying liquid to a liquid delivery system in a vehicle. A a replaceable liquid container including a reservoir containing liquid is releasably coupled in the vehicle to provide fluidic communication between the reservoir and a liquid delivery system of the vehicle during operation of the vehicle. The method includes the steps of: (i) prior to establishing liquid communication between the reservoir and the liquid delivery system of a selected vehicle, communicating with a data carrier carried by the container and determining data associated with at least one of the container and its contents; and (ii) using the data in an analysis of suitability of the container and/or content of the container for the selected vehicle and generating a suitability output, and (iii) establishing liquid communication between the reservoir and liquid delivery system of the selected vehicle in dependence on the suitability output.

Abstract: This invention relates to improvements in internal combustion engines. More particularly it relates to increased levels of usable electrical energy production and fuel efficiency within a relatively fixed speed, cam-track style Engine/Generator when combined with the secondary injection or injections of a rapidly expanding medium (usually water) into the engines combustion chambers during and after the combustion process has been initiated. The injection of said medium causing reduced fuel consumption, increased cylinder pressure, an extended usable piston stroke length, and increased usable energy production, while reducing the temperature of the combustion gases in order to control or eliminate the production of the pollutant, NOx and to further reduce thermal pollution exhausted into the atmosphere.

Abstract: Diesel fuel composition suitable for use in an internal combustion engine comprising: (a) 2 mass % to 30 mass % of kerosene having a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 1.5 mm2/s or less and a density of 810 kg/m3 or less; (b) 2 mass % to 20 mass % of Fischer-Tropsch derived base oil having a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 7.5 mm2/s or greater and a density of 790 kg/m3 or greater; and (c) diesel base fuel. The diesel fuel composition of the present invention provides improved cold flow properties while simultaneously maintaining other properties such as viscosity and density within diesel fuel specification requirements.

Abstract: In a method for exhaust gas aftertreatment, in which an exhaust gas to be aftertreated, which is produced during combustion of a fuel, is treated with a reducing agent. A constituent of the fuel is hereby also used as a constituent of the reducing agent, with the constituent of the fuel which is also used as a constituent of the reducing agent being hydrogen. The hydrogen is produced from water, and the reducing agent is a mixture of hydrogen and ammonia.

Abstract: Method for operating an arrangement for using waste heat of an internal combustion engine, wherein the internal combustion engine has an exhaust gas duct and the arrangement for using waste heat has a circuit conveying a working medium. In the circuit are arranged, in the flow direction of the working medium, a pump, at least one evaporator, an expansion machine and a condenser. The at least one evaporator is also arranged in the exhaust gas duct, wherein in the at least one evaporator an exhaust gas expelled from the internal combustion engine is used as a heat source, and thus the working medium is evaporated in the evaporator. The method according to the invention detects, inside the at least one evaporator, a leakage of the working medium into the exhaust gas duct.

Abstract: An engine system is disclosed. The engine system may have an engine including at least one cylinder. The engine system may also have a first source configured to supply fuel for combustion in the engine and a second source configured to supply an ignition promoter material for combustion in the engine. The engine system may have a droplet injector configured to generate at least one droplet of the ignition promoter material, apply an amount of charge on the at least one droplet, and deliver the at least one droplet to the at least one cylinder. The engine system may also have a controller. The controller may be configured to determine an engine parameter, and to determine the amount of charge based on the engine parameter. In addition, the controller may be configured to adjust the droplet injector to apply the determined amount of charge to the at least one droplet.

Abstract: A fuel control system and method for providing fuel to an internal combustion engine are provided. The fuel control system generally includes at least one valve device structured to deliver a fuel supply to the engine, a first fuel source structured to provide a primary fuel to the valve device, a second fuel source structured to provide an alternate fuel to the valve device, and an electronic controller structured to control the valve device. The electronic controller controls the valve device as a function of various data to selectively deliver the primary fuel and the alternate fuel to generate a fuel supply, e.g. as a mixture of the two fuels. The data used to control the fuel supply may include GPS data, engine data, environmental data, and/or other operational data.

Abstract: A vehicle data setting system is provided with auxiliary connection terminals as standard equipment in addition to connection terminals normally used. When an output setting instruction is inputted to the vehicle data setting system from a failure diagnosis tool, output data to be outputted from the connection terminals are changed to desired data by control of a CPU.

Abstract: A method for a PFDI engine may comprise, during a first condition, comprising direct-injecting fuel to the PFDI engine, estimating a fuel vapor pressure, and setting a fuel lift pump pressure greater than the fuel vapor pressure by a threshold pressure difference, and during a second condition, comprising port-fuel-injecting fuel to the PFDI engine, setting a DI fuel pump command signal greater than a threshold DI fuel pump command signal without supplying fuel to a DI fuel rail.

Abstract: Systems and methods for diagnosing and operating an engine with a fuel pump that supplies fuel to a fuel injector that may be temporarily deactivated are described. In one example, injection of fuel may commence in response to a level of lubrication of a fuel pump. The system and methods may extend fuel pump life in systems where fuel injection may be deactivated.

Abstract: A system controlling a multi-fuel compression ignition engine includes a crankshaft position sensor, an electronic control module for receiving an original time signal from the crankshaft position sensor and signaling the fuel injectors when to inject fuel into the combustion chamber in relation to when each piston is at top-dead-center, an injection pulse duration, and quantity and pressure under which the fuel is injected, and an electronic phase adjustor module for intercepting the time signal before it reaches the electronic control module, and when the fuel supplied to the engine is other than 100% No. 2 diesel or petroleum diesel fuel. The electronic phase adjustor module generates a revised time signal relative to time signal in terms of degrees of rotation of the crankshaft, so that when the engine is running on other than 100% No. 2 diesel or petroleum diesel fuel, harmful exhaust emissions are minimized.

Abstract: A fluid delivery apparatus for delivering fluid according to a fluid delivery rate command including a fluid tank, a pump, a buffer, in which a pressure sensor is positioned, an injector, a pump controller, a fluid delivery controller, and a diagnostic controller. When a motor driven pump is used, the diagnostic controller is able to detect issues by comparing a measured pressure change with an expected value calculated using pressure sensing values and the power applied to the motor. If an air driven pump is employed, pressure sensing values, fluid delivery rate commands, and pump operating status can be used for calculating compressed air volume in the pump and trapped air volume in the buffer, and for further triggering pressing and suction strokes of the air driven pump, diagnosing issues in the fluid delivery apparatus, detecting fluid level in the fluid tank, and refilling trapped air in the buffer.

Abstract: A system and method for supplying fuel to an engine is disclosed. In one example, a first controller supplies injector commands to a second controller via an asynchronous serial communication bus. The system may reduce the complexity of supplying two or more fuels to an engine.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of introducing fuel into a diesel engine for combustion within the engine. A combustible gas in liquid form is injected into the engine for combustion therein with diesel fuel so as to maintain a combustible gas concentration derived from the liquid in the range of 0.2%-0.6% of air intake by volume of combustible gas. Suitable gases include LPG or liquid petroleum gas, natural gas, hydrogen, ethane, methane, propane, butane, hexane, heptane, pentane, acetylene, carbon monoxide, ammonia or other combustible gas, or a combination of two or more thereof.

Abstract: As one example, a fuel rail assembly for supplying pressurized fuel to a plurality of cylinders of an engine is provided. The fuel rail assembly includes a fuel rail housing defining an internal fuel rail volume having at least a first region and a second region; a fuel separation membrane element disposed within the fuel rail housing that segregates the first region from the second region. The membrane element can be configured to pass a first component of a fuel mixture such as an alcohol through the membrane element from the first region to the second region at a higher rate than a second component of the fuel mixture such as a hydrocarbon. The separated alcohol and hydrocarbon components can be provided to the engine in varying relative amounts based on operating conditions.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a control system for a multi-fuel internal combustion engine capable of using gaseous fuel and liquid fuel, with which variation in an air-fuel ratio of an air-fuel mixture following a switch in the fuel used by the internal combustion engine is suppressed. To achieve this object, the present invention provides a control system for a multi-fuel internal combustion engine capable of using gaseous fuel and liquid fuel, in which, when the fuel used by the internal combustion engine is switched, an amount of burned gas remaining in a cylinder before and after the switch is modified, whereby variation in an amount of wall surface adhered fuel is suppressed using heat of the residual gas.

Abstract: A control device for an internal combustion engine includes an engine and a control unit. The engine can be driven by switching between CNG fuel and liquid fuel. The control unit switches an air fuel ratio, in case of switching fuel to be supplied to the engine between the CNG fuel and the liquid fuel, so that torque fluctuation of the engine is unchanged before and after switching the fuel.

Abstract: Method and system are disclosed for mixing and using different combustible fuels to run combustion engines such as gasoline, diesel, or turbo-charged engines of cars, trucks, boats, airplanes, and the like. In various embodiments the mixture components and their proportions may be different or may be manually, dynamically and/or automatically controlled and adjusted.

Abstract: A gaseous fuel control system for a dual-fuel internal combustion engine comprising a plurality of valves for controlling the amount of gaseous fuel supplied to the engine. The valves have adjustable full-open flow rates and rapidly move from full-open to full-closed in response to a digital signal. An electronic system for monitoring at least one engine operating parameter maps the parameter value to control the opening and closing of the valves to establish a desired gaseous fuel flow rate.

Abstract: A method for checking a functional capability of an internal combustion engine operated by a multi-fuel system, in which method at least two control devices electronically control a combustion process of the internal combustion engine with a different fuel, each control device having a dedicated safety concept, and a system functionality of the multi-fuel system being divided among the at least two control devices. To describe an overall safety concept, one control unit, which may be one of the at least two control devices, monitors the overall system functionality of the multi-fuel system.

Abstract: Systems and methods for separating higher octane fuel from a fuel mixture are presented. In one example, fuel vapors may be limited or constrained from migrating to fuel tanks storing lower octane fuels. The systems may vent fuel vapors from a plurality of fuel tanks to a single fuel vapor storage canister. Alternatively, the systems may vent fuel vapors from the plurality of fuel tanks to a plurality of fuel vapor storage canisters.

Abstract: An engine method, comprising delivering fuel with an octane level above a threshold to a first fuel tank and delivering fuel with an octane level below a threshold to a second fuel tank; monitoring a staleness of fuel within first fuel tank and the second fuel tank; delivering fuel with an octane level above the threshold to an engine in response to the staleness of fuel of the first fuel tank; and delivering fuel with an octane level below the threshold to the engine in response the staleness of fuel of the second fuel tank.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a fuel circuit of a fuel injector that includes a first channel, a second channel, and a valve. The first channel is configured to receive a first fuel and define a flow path for the first fuel. The second channel is configured to receive a second fuel and define a flow path for the second fuel. The valve is in fluid communication with the first channel and the second channel. The valve is adapted to direct the second fuel to the first channel when a pressure in the first channel reaches a predetermined level.

Abstract: Fuel management system for efficient operation of a spark ignition gasoline engine. Injectors inject an anti-knock agent such as ethanol directly into a cylinder of the engine. A fuel management microprocessor system controls injection of the anti-knock agent so as to control knock and minimize that amount of the anti-knock agent that is used in a drive cycle. It is preferred that the anti-knock agent is ethanol. The use of ethanol can be further minimized by injection in a non-uniform manner within a cylinder. The ethanol injection suppresses knock so that higher compression ratio and/or engine downsizing from increased turbocharging or supercharging can be used to increase the efficiency or the engine.

Abstract: A machine includes a machine body and a dual fuel compression ignition engine attached to the machine body. A dual fuel system is operably coupled to supply the engine with liquid diesel fuel and natural gas fuel directly into respective cylinders of the engine. The fuel system includes an insulated tank for storing the natural gas fuel, a pressure sensor positioned to measure fluid pressure within the tank, and a pump for drawing the natural gas fuel from the tank. An electronic controller is in communication with the pressure sensor and has a cryogenic system diagnostics algorithm executable thereon that is configured to receive a pressure signal from the pressure sensor, detect a cryogenic system fault based on the signal, and generate a notification signal based on the fault.

Abstract: To reduce emissions at higher engine loads and speeds, methanol fuel is port-injected with charge-air into a diesel engine, and diesel fuel is then direct-injected to initiate combustion. The charge-air has a reduced oxygen concentration sufficient to prevent pre-ignition of the methanol prior to injection of the diesel fuel, and to reduce NOx formation. At low engine speeds and loads, the engine may run on diesel fuel alone.

Abstract: A diesel-gasoline dual fuel powered combustion engine system is provided with spark-assisted fouling free EGR system in which gasoline and air are homogeneously combined and supplied to cylinders and then a diesel fuel is injected and combusted together. The system may include: a plurality of cylinders each having a fuel injector; and an exhaust line through which flows an exhaust gas discharged as a fuel from each cylinder is combusted; wherein gasoline fuel combustion type is adapted to one or more cylinder of the plurality of the cylinders, and diesel-gasoline fuel pre-mixed combustion type is adapted to the other cylinders.

Abstract: A system includes a controller operable to control an engine in an operating mode. The controller operation is based at least in part on a first parameter set and on a second parameter set. The first parameter set is associated with an engine fuel supply and includes information regarding characteristics of a first fuel and a second fuel. The first fuel and second fuel are not the same type of fuel. The second parameter set is associated with one or more engine operation threshold values.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a dual fuel supply system for supplying fuel to a direct-injection system of a diesel engine. The dual fuel supply system includes a diesel supply system to supply diesel to the direct-injection system; and a mixed fuel supply system that is operatively able to supply a liquid fuel premixture of diesel and liquefied gaseous fuel to the direct-injection system at a supply pressure within a fuel demand pressure range of the direct-injection system and at a corresponding temperature range that retains the fuel premixture below its vapor temperature as it flows through the fuel path of the direct-injection system and the diesel engine. The dual fuel supply system is configured to permit selective change over between the diesel supply system and the mixed fuel system to supply the direct-injection system selectively with either diesel or liquid fuel premixture respectively.

Abstract: An engine system, comprising an externally filled fuel tank with an external fill port; a separator for separation of fuel based on octane level, the separator having a high octane outlet and a low octane outlet; a secondary fuel tank with an amount of fuel located therein and a return line, the secondary fuel tank fluidically coupled to the low octane outlet of the separator and the return line fluidically coupling the externally filled fuel tank to the high octane outlet of the separator or the secondary fuel tank fluidically coupled to the high octane outlet of the separator and the return line fluidically coupling the externally filled fuel tank to the low octane outlet of the separator.

Abstract: An engine method, comprising delivering fuel with an octane level above a threshold to a first fuel tank and delivering fuel with an octane level below a threshold to a second fuel tank; monitoring a staleness of fuel within first fuel tank and the second fuel tank; delivering fuel with an octane level above the threshold to an engine in response to the staleness of fuel of the first fuel tank; and delivering fuel with an octane level below the threshold to the engine in response the staleness of fuel of the second fuel tank.

Abstract: An improved multi-fuel supply and co-injection system and method for powering internal combustion and turbine engines, whereby various combinations of fuels, both liquid and gaseous, may be mixed together and fed into the system, under the real-time control of a microprocessor responding to a variety of sensors and acting on a variety of control devices, all working together in a manner designed to enhance the utilization of the thermal content of the various fuels, and in particular to enhance the combustion efficiency and increase the power output while decreasing the consumption of fuel, calculated both by quantity and by cost and whereby the liquid fuel lubricates the moving parts of the injection system.