Abstract: A system for providing air substantially free from radioactive and toxic contaminates to a nuclear reactor habitability area is provided. The system can include at least one emergency air filtration unit structured and operable to provide air free from radioactive and toxic contaminates to the habitability area. The system can additionally include at least one stored energy power source structured and operable to provide operating power to each emergency air filtration unit.

Abstract: A mask designed to be worn to cover the mouth of a user comprises an inner and exterior layers, with an odor adsorbing layer and a filter layer disposed between the inner and exterior layer. The filter layer is positioned between the inner layer and odor adsorbing layer to prevent or minimize entry of unwanted particulate matter into the user's mouth. Once the mask is used to its fullest, it can be thrown away since it is constructed to be sufficiently low in cost so that it can be disposed and another one used the next time odor and particulate filtering is needed.

Abstract: Method and device for scavenging tainted escape gas at a location proximate the patient's mouth (24) before that gas diffuses into, or otherwise reaches the personal breathing space (32, 35) of attending health care providers (38, 39). The scavenging device (50) includes, but is not limited to a suction arrangement (52) suspendable from a patient's nasal mask (40) used for administering gaseous analgesia or anesthetic such as nitrous oxide to the patient (20). A suction inlet (54) is positionable proximate the patient's mouth (24) and an exhaust outlet (56) is provided that is interconnectable with a vacuum source (46).

Abstract: In some embodiments, an oxygen concentrator may include lightweight injection molded housing components coupled to dual-pump diaphragm compressors. The oxygen concentrator may be coupled to a pressure transducer that detects a user's inhalation. The detected inhalation may signal the release of a bolus of oxygen. The sensitivity of the pressure transducer readings may be adjusted based on a detected environment. The user's breathing rate may also be determined to control the number of compressors used for increased efficiency. An ultrasonic sensor and gas flow rate meter may be used to determine an amount of oxygen being delivered to the user. Other components such as step valves and a solar panel may also be used to further conserve battery power. The oxygen concentrator may also incorporate an audio device such as a mobile phone.

Abstract: A medical ventilator includes a pressure generator for increasing a pressure of gas that produces heat during the operation thereof. A heat sink spaced from the pressure generator is provided for absorbing heat from the pressure generator. A bacteria filter requiring heating in excess of an ambient temperature for the effective operation thereof is coupled in thermal communication with the heat sink. A heat pipe is coupled in thermal communication with the heat sink and the pressure generator for conveying at least part of heat produced by the pressure generator to the bacteria filter via the heat sink.

Abstract: A direct current motor having a fixed stator coil module and a magnetic rotor that can be rotated around the perimeter of said module and forming an impeller at the same time. The coils, terminal and electric connecting lines as well as upstream motor control and voltage converter modules are embedded in a non-conductive casting compound. Power is supplied from an intrinsically safe accumulator or battery pack at a voltage that is still considered intrinsically safer using a higher current value to match the required motor output. The filter and blower unit can be used in zone “0” potentially explosive atmospheres.

Abstract: An embodiment in accordance with the present invention provides a water dissipation device to remove water vapor from a humidified gas traveling through a breathing circuit between a patient and a ventilator, or a ventilator and a patient. The present invention includes a water dissipation device having a housing defining entry and exit ports for coupling to the breathing circuit and a breathable medium permeable to water vapor and impermeable to liquid water bacteria, viruses and other gases enclosed within said housing.

Abstract: A personal air filtration device and methods of using the same for providing a zone of filtered air proximate a breathing zone of a user are described. A blower provides an air flow to a head support which delivers the air flow to a zone proximate the users head. The air flow passes through a filter. The filter can be a point of delivery filter disposed about an air permeable surface of the head support. The delivered air flow can provide a laminar air flow defining a zone of filtered air about the user's breathing zone.

Abstract: A filter for a breathing device is flexible and can be manufactured in a simple manner. The filter includes a flexible frame (5) with a filter port (8) and with an end piece (9). The flexible frame (5) is provided between two filter mats (2, 3). The flexible frame (5) can be folded over along a bent edge (7) such that the filter port (8) and the second end piece (9) are arranged opposite each other.

Abstract: In a breathing apparatus the chemical cartridge through which respiratory air flows to generate oxygen is divided into a plurality of air treatment chambers (15 to 18) by means of retaining grids. An impact-damping means (21a, 21b) consisting of a multilayer fine wire mesh, which abuts flat against the relevant front cover is located in the external air treatment chambers (15, 18) whilst provided in the middle air treatment chambers (16, 17) is a damping element (24, 25) consisting of a multilayer fine-wire mesh folded in a zigzag fashion, having fold edges running parallel and at a distance from the outer wall of the chemical cartridge (2), one edge thereof running in a zigzag fashion is fixed to a wire grid (26, 27). The damping elements of each adjacent air treatment chambers are not in alignment. Potassium hyperoxide granules (22) for oxygen generation are located in the air treatment chambers.

Abstract: A personalised cap (10) for use with a protective helmet is disclosed, having crown and brow portions (12, 14). The brow portion (14) is removable independently of the crown portion (10), and an alternative brow portion (14?) is provided for use when a environmental protection hood is to be worn under the helmet. An alternative crown portion (12?) also may be provided. A hood for use over a helmet and a hose for use to provide air to a respiratory mask, a mask and fittings for attaching a mask to a helmet are also disclosed. The environmental protection hood may comprise a manifold (412) having an element external to the hood, for receiving supply of services needed within the hood, and an element internal to the hood, for providing those services where required.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a seamless pad-type filter which is characterized in that it comprises two co-extensive sides, a top side and a bottom side. The top and bottom sides are made of fluid filtration material. The two sides create an inner chamber therebetween and are surrounded and joined together by a seamless outer perimeter. The seamless outer perimeter providing a seamless folded continuity between the two sides of the pad-type filter in the form of a plurality of fold lines which, as connecting segments beginning and ending at the same point, define the seamless outer perimeter. The top side further comprising a plurality of positive and negative secondary creases formed around a plurality of positive and negative crease lines. The crease lines are inclined to the fold lines and form pleats.

Abstract: A dustproof mask that can be used semi-permanently, allows easy respiration and conversation, improves wear comfort and dust preventing effect, and filters harmful air. A mask main body and wearing band, wherein the mask main body includes an adhering piece formed at an inside edge of main body. A fixed frame forms an exhaust space at an inner center. Multiple exhaust holes are formed on both ends of exhaust space. The exhaust panel is inserted in and fixed with fixed frame, having multiple discharge holes. Multiple shield films are formed on the front side of discharge holes and opened at exhalation. A filter cover is formed on both sides of mask main body as a single body. A removable and replaceable filter case is combined with the filter cover. A dustproof nonwoven fabric, carbon filter, antibiotic nano-silver filter, dustproof nonwoven fabric are included in the filter case.

Abstract: A filter pad, particularly for a protective hood or smoke mask, has a flow distributor and an adjacent underlying filter layer. The flow distributor, which is impermeable or substantially impermeable to gas, diverts gas flow and directs flow in the underlying filter layer thus increasing or maximizing resident time for filtering in the filter layer. The filter pad may include one or more flow distributors and one or more filter layers. The filter pad may be incorporated into a protective hood that is provided for the protection of individuals in the event of fire or other disaster. The hood includes a transparent, low flammability cover having an opening therein with the filter pad exposed through the opening, the hood being disposed over and completely around the head of a wearer with a bottom thereof extending to a neck of the wearer.

Abstract: This water respirator filter will allow the individual who is working in dangerous environments to be able to filter air through a water and solid filtering media. The first stage allows the air to pass through the liquid filtering media, such as water, and then pass through a solid filtering media, such as cotton or cellulose.

Abstract: A filtering means for a suction tube is capable of blocking pollution sources in the air. Such means is mainly made of a tube body. The tube body is formed into an arc and has a first connecting tube and a second connecting tube thereon. A blocking body is received in the first connecting tube for blocking fine particles in the air. Further, an outer cover having a plurality of through holes is provided so as to fix the position of the blocking body. The interior of the second connecting tube is provided with a partition. The surface of the partition is provided with a plurality of gaps thereon. The gaps are formed like a grate to prevent large-sized foreign matters from entering the suction tube. With providing the filtering means on the suction tube, the fine particles contained in the air, the sputa or bacteria contained in the air exhaled by the patient can be blocked when passing through the suction tube.

Abstract: An oxygen delivery system includes first and second sieve beds configured to selectively receive a supply fluid and separate a substantially oxygen-rich fluid therefrom. A patient conduit having a patient outlet is in alternate selective fluid communication with the sieve beds. The system includes a breath-detection device in fluid communication with the patient conduit, configured to calculate a rate of breathing and to trigger, in response to a breath detection, an output of a predetermined volume of the substantially oxygen-rich fluid alternately from a respective one of the sieve beds. The system also includes a device configured to measure the output flow rate at predetermined intervals. The output, having a target flow rate and a flow rate, occurs during a respective dynamically adjusted patient oxygen delivery phase, which is dependent upon the target flow rate, the output flow rate, and/or the breathing rate.

Abstract: An air filtering soft face mask has a soft body formed of multiple layers of material, including at least one layer of air filtering material capable of filtering selected contaminants from air. The body has an arcuate or peaked nose engaging edge adapted to engage a nose of a wearer and terminating in remote ends that extend downwardly. The body has a chin underlying edge adapted to underlie a chin of a wearer and terminating in remote ends that extend upwardly. The remote ends of the chin underlying edge being secured to the remote ends of the nose engaging edge to form side edges. Jaw movement tensions the body, forcing the nose engaging edge into firmer engagement with the nose of the wearer, forcing the chin underlying edge into firmer engagement with the chin of the wearer and tensioning the side edges into firmer engagement with the cheeks of the wearer.

Abstract: A personal air-filtration device directing filtered air at the face without the use of a mask or a mouthpiece is described. The inventive device provides filtered air to the user without obstructing the user's mouth, thus allowing the user to talk and consume food and/or water while in operation.

Abstract: A breathing gas feed assembly for the flight crew of an airplane comprises an emergency breathing mask and a stowage box for the mask. The box is adapted to receive the mask diagonally and it is closed by two doors hinged about respective hinge axes situated on two adjacent edges of the box.

Abstract: An improved nasal filter is provided which includes a pair of filter housings joined by a flexible bridge. The bridge is adapted to conform and removably adhere to the outer contour of the nasal columella or nose tip of a user's nose. The filter housings are oval-shaped and include a filter-insert cavity. The filter-insert cavity is adapted to receive and removably hold a disposable filter element therein. The filter housings are formed of a soft, shape-memory material adapted to flexibly accommodate the anatomy of the internal nasal passages of a nose. The improved nasal filter is adapted to improve the quality of air inhaled by individuals while providing a comfortable, quick, easy, and efficient customized fit.

Abstract: A respiratory protection air-purifying device that minimizes the area required in front of the face, especially around the mouth area, by locating the heavier filter cartridge behind the head, resting on the lower neck and shoulders, connected by two filtered air tubes around the head and neck partially counter-balancing the valve chamber directly in front of the mouthpiece, forming a ring around the head with the mouthpiece in the mouth and the exhaust port in the bottom of the valve chamber. The valve chamber has the filtered air intake check type valves opposite each other horizontally, an exhaust check type valve down with short exhaust tube and an oval mouthpiece tube passing through the mouthpiece, into the mouth. The respirator is worn around the head and neck with the filter resting on the lower neck and shoulders, the mouthpiece inserted in the mouth.

Abstract: An air filter that a user places in his mouth when necessary. The filter is in the shape of a plug and has inlet air ports defined therein with the air passing through filter media before passing out of outlet ports which are located inside the user's mouth when the filter is in use. The filter can be worn around a user's neck to be readily available when needed.

Abstract: A respirator that has a mask body and a nose foam, the mask body being adapted to fit over the nose and mouth of a person and having an interior surface that curves concave downward in the nose region of the mask body. The nose foam has first and second opposing major surfaces and a thickness T that extends from the first major surface to the second major surface. The first major surface of the nose foam is secured to the interior surface of the mask body in the nose region, and the opposing second major surface of the nose foam is available for making substantial contact with a person's nose when the mask body is placed on a person's face. At least the first major surface of the nose foam has a predefined downward concave curvature. A nose foam that is pre-shaped in this manner has less opportunity to become pinched or unnecessarily deformed before being placed on a wearer's face.

Abstract: An air purifier for a protective garment is connected to the protective garment with a air duct and has a housing having an inlet and an outlet, a filter attached to the inlet, a fan mounted in the housing adjacent to the filter, a thermal conductor mounted between the fan and the outlet, a thermoelectric cooling module attached to the thermal conductor and a power supply mounted in the housing and connected electrically to the fan and the thermoelectric cooling module. When the fan rotates, air outside the housing is filtered by the filter and drawn into the housing, appropriately warmed up or cooled down by the thermal conductor and flows into the protective garment. The air purifier provides clean air for a user wearing the protective garment at room temperature.

Abstract: A gas processing unit in patient circuits for use in anaesthesia or respiratory care. The patient circuit comprises a gas source for creating gas mixture for patient breathing and circulating arrangement for delivering the gas mixture to the patient. The circulating arrangement comprises tubes through which gases flow to the patient and from the patient. The circulating arrangement has a proximal end connected to the gas source for creating gas mixture, and a distal end connected to the patient, and a processing unit. The processing unit comprising a housing and at least one processing element placed in the housing. The processing element is arranged to form an angle other than 90 degrees with respect to a direction of gas flow in the tubes.

Abstract: An improved nasal air filtration apparatus comprised of a flat, disk shaped baffle air filter inserted into each nostril, so that upon inspiration the air filter is closed from the inspiration air pressure, and upon exhalation the air filter is opened by the exhalation air pressure, allowing easier and more efficient breathing of filtered air through the nostrils.

Abstract: A respirator containing filter cases uses cellular elements or positioning boards provided in filter cases to consistently secure a plurality of particle-shape refillable filter materials in place, to prevent air breathing in through the respirator from forming channels between the particle-shape refillable filter materials in the filter cases, so that the particle-shape refillable filter materials in the filter cases can properly filter the incoming air, and the service life of the respirator can be extended; and, using a recessed space formed inside the respirator body, where an appropriate space can be reserved between the casing and the user's nose and mouth to enlarge the breathing area of filtered air passing through the filter cases, reduce pressure drop, and enable less breathing effort to the user even after extended period of time in wearing the present invention of respirator containing filter cases.

Abstract: The invention is a portable, non-pressurized oxygen generation device. A first chamber holds an oxygen liberating chemical, and a catalyst from a second chamber begins the oxygen liberating reaction when the two chemicals mix. The chemicals are pre-measured, and oxygen generation can begin within seconds of activation.

Abstract: A nostril filtering system is described for providing clean, filtered air for breathing in through the nose. The filtering system includes a soft, pliable filter material held in a flexible frame that can be inserted into each nostril of a user. In the case of foul odors or noxious fumes, for example, the filter can include an activated charcoal filter portion. The device can be offered in several sizes to accommodate adults and children.

Abstract: A biohazard mask for civilian use comprises bidirectional HEPA filtering to protect both personal and public health during an outbreak. Several measures are taken to maximize comfort and wearability, such as comfort-fit through a gel seal, anti-fogging protection through separation of the eye volume from the mouth-nose volume and through eye moisture release valves, heat-dissipation through a net suspension, and overpressure release valves to maintain the face seal during coughing or sneezing. Wicking exhalation filters promote moisture abatement around the mouth and nose. Attractive and stylish designs, combined with accommodation for telephone communication or audio entertainment, helps wearers keep the mask on during an outbreak.

Abstract: A face mask for filtering contaminants from the air. The face mask includes a harness for securing the mask over the nose and mouth of the wearer and a nonwoven fibrous layer attached to the harness. The nonwoven fibrous layer contains at least 40 weight percent thermally bonding fibers, where at least 10 weight percent of the fibers in the nonwoven fibrous layer are bicomponent fibers. The nonwoven fibrous layer is molded in a cup-shaped configuration and has a surface fuzz value of not less than 7.5 after being subjected to a surface fuzz abrasion test.

Abstract: The present invention is a filter cartridge with integrated inhalation and exhalation valves. The exhalation valve integrated into the filter cartridge prevents unfiltered air from being inhaled. The inhalation valve(s), also integrated into the filter cartridge, effectively reduces the dead space inside the filter cartridge and thereby limits re-breathing of carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Disclosed is a portable face protector for protecting a human being from poisonous gas and securing visibility, which can be used in an emergency such as a fire, etc. The face protector comprises a visibility securing member having a transparent window, for tightly covering a face around eyes of a user; and a cloth member for tightly covering the face around a mouth and a nose of the user so as to filter poisonous gas in an emergency. Therefore, the face protector can be facilely carried and rapidly used in an emergency such as a fire, etc., so as to protect a human lift from the poisonous gas and safely escape from a critical region.

Abstract: The invention refers to a filtering system composed by a face mask and a filter against biological agents, joined together by a new connector. The connector joins the filter to the mask in an easy, fast and affective way. The filtering system provides a very high barrier against biological agents, a high seal and is very easy to use.

Abstract: The invention provides a filter mask for filtering air inhaled and exhaled from the mouth and nostrils while providing a positive facial lock at all edges of the mask. The filter mask has upper and lower edges which are provided with malleable stiffeners for conforming to the shape of the wearer's nose and cheek area and the lower jaw and chin area, respectively. The material of the filter mask is folded to have an omega pleat for forming a breathing chamber and a secondary pleat for assisting in securing the mask to the lower jaw and chin area. A pair of headbands are used to hold the mask on the head. The peripheral edges of the mask are bound. The mask provides excellent filtration since the positive facial lock around all edges of the mask substantially prevents air from leaking between the mask and the face.

Abstract: A respiratory protection air-purifying device that minimizes the area required in front of the face, especially around the mouth area, by locating the heavier filter cartridge behind the head, resting on the lower neck and shoulders, connected by two filtered air tubes around the head and neck partially counter-balancing the valve chamber directly in front of the mouthpiece, forming a ring around the head with the mouthpiece in the mouth and the exhaust port in the bottom of the valve chamber. The valve chamber has the filtered air intake check type valves opposite each other horizontally, an exhaust check type valve down with short exhaust tube and an oval mouthpiece tube passing through the mouthpiece, into the mouth. The respirator is worn around the head and neck with the filter resting on the lower neck and shoulders, the mouthpiece inserted in the mouth.

Abstract: A component is attached to filtration material by providing the component with a deformable extension member that is preferably integral with the component and that extends from a base portion of the component. The extension member is inserted through an opening provided through the filtration material and is then deformed to provide a mechanical clamp that is utilized in attaching the component in position. In certain embodiments, the component is an attachment such as an exhalation valve of a respiratory mask.

Abstract: A method of making a respirator, which method includes placing an electret in a respirator body that is adapted to fit over the nose and mouth of a wearer. The electret is disposed in the respirator body such that air passes through it before being inhaled by a respirator wearer. The electret includes a nonwoven web that has fluorinated polymeric microfibers and that has at least about 25% atomic fluorine as detected by ESCA and a CF3:CF2 ratio of at least about 0.45.

Abstract: A filtering face mask that includes a mask body that is adapted to fit over the nose and mouth of a person and a harness that is attached to the mask body. The mask body comprises i) a first shaping layer that has been molded; ii) a second shaping layer that has been molded; iii) a filtration layer that is disposed between the first and second shaping layers; iv) a first adhesive layer that adheres the first shaping layer to the filtration layer; and v) a second adhesive layer that adheres the second shaping layer to the filtration layer.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a protective headgear system which includes a relatively light weight, substantially rigid, headgear structure which may include an internal, adjustable headband. A fan mechanism is mounted on the headgear structure. A power supply selectively powers the fan. The system includes filter means which is attachable to the headgear structure to cover the structure. A facial shield is attachable to the headgear structure to cover the face of the wearer to maintain non-contaminating conditions relative to the wearer. A shield protector is attachable to the facial shield. A flexible cuff is attachable to the facial shield to enclose the lower opening of the lens and provide protection for the wearer.

Abstract: A device for removing airborne contaminants and inhaled biopathogens, particularly particulate or aerosol contaminants, from respired air that can be either stationary or incorporated into a garment or accessory worn upon the body. In a preferred embodiment, a negative electrode is connected to voltage multiplier and modulation circuit and then to a discharge electrode having an electron emissive surface disposed near the wearer's airway. The positive (counter) electrode is similarly disposed away from the airway such as, for example, near the forehead. Electrons, ejected from the electron emissive surface, transfer a negative charge to airborne particulate contaminants which are accelerated toward, and collected by, the counter electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to an equine inhalation mask, comprising at least one valveless combined inhalation and exhalation conduit, into which inhalant sources comprising respiration control elements and an energy supply that does not require supply lines are interchangeably integrated. A filter system is mounted on the outer end of the inhalation and exhalation conduit facing away from the head of the horse. Said system and the fact that the mask is effectively sealed when on the head of the horse prevent any escape of the aerosol into the environment, thus permitting a reliable inhalation therapy lasting several minutes under normal respiratory conditions.

Abstract: A humidifier (24) for use with a breathable gas supply apparatus (20). The humidifier (24) comprises a hollow body (42, 44) adapted for partial filling with water to a predetermined maximum water level, a gas inlet (48) to the body (42, 44) above the maximum water level and a gas outlet (50) from the body (42, 44) above the maximum water level. The humidifier (24) further comprises a constant temperature heating element (30) for heating the water and/or an adjustable flow divider (62) adapted to divide the interior of the body (42, 44) above the maximum water level into a relatively dry gas region (68) and a relatively wet gas region (70). The position of the divider (62) is variable so as to vary the relative proportion of the gas flowing from the inlet (48) to the outlet (50) that passes through the relatively dry (68) and relatively wet (70) gas regions to thereby vary the amount of humidification thereof.

Abstract: A breathing apparatus for hunting in colder temperatures that reduces fogging of eye glasses, rifle scopes, or camera lenses by redirecting breath vapor behind the body with a snorkel device with a flexible hose, and a breath scent carbon filtered exhaust. The device is provided a neck gator to attach the device to the hunter or nature enthusiast by pulling the device over the head and onto the neck.

Abstract: A respiratory mask includes a shield and a mask body. The shield includes an air-impermeable bent sheet that defines a rim-receiving recess. The mask body is detachably connected to the shield and includes a rim that is received in the rim-receiving recess and that defines a chamber therein. The shield cooperates with the mask body to define a gap therebetween. The rim is formed with at least an aperture that is in spatial communication with the chamber and the gap. A filter sheet is permeable to air and is attached to the rim to cover the aperture.

Abstract: A compact multipurpose dustproof mask includes a body pipe having an outlet hole formed at one end and a mouth contact hole formed at the other end thereof, and the end where the mouth contact hole is formed is held in the mouth and/or nose, a backward flow preventing ball installed to be capable of moving back and forth and pressed by a returning means in a direction to block a narrow hole formed inside the body pipe so that the body pipe can be open/shut according to pressure of internal air, and a branch pipe formed between the mouth contact hole of the body pipe and the backward flow preventing ball, the branch pipe having an inlet hole having a shape corresponding to a filter formed at one end thereof so that the filter is connected. Thus, the manufacturing cost and the size of a product can be reduced. Also, the mask can be easily carried and kept.

Abstract: A filtering face mask that covers at least the nose and mouth of a wearer and that includes an exhalation valve. The exhalation valve opens in response to increased pressure when the wearer exhales to allow the exhaled air to be rapidly purged from the mask interior. An exhale filter element may be placed in one of several locations in the exhale flow stream to remove contaminants from the exhaled air. The face mask is beneficial in that it provides comfort to the wearer by allowing warm, moist, high-CO2-content air to be rapidly evacuated from the mask interior through the valve and also protects the wearer from splash fluids and polluted air while at the same time protecting other persons or things from being exposed to contaminants in the exhale flow stream.

Abstract: A vapor phase treated electret filter media includes an additive or mixtures thereof that enhance the charge stability of the media. The filter media achieves acceptable alpha values for a range of filtration challenges without significant decay in alpha values over time. Preferred charge additives include fatty acid amides and mixtures thereof. Exemplary vapor phase deposition monomers include fluorinated monomers.

Abstract: A particulate filter including a centrally disposed synthetic meshed filter region surrounded by an adhesive region. The adhesive region, preferably formed of porous fabric with a hypoallergenic adhesive coating on one side, includes a proximal tab, left and right medial tabs, and a distal tab which adhere to the base, lateral, and tip aspects of the nose. The filter includes pharmaceutical agents used to inhibit allergic reactions, aid in the removal of particulates in the air during inspiration, or to create desired physiological effects in the user of the filter. Several techniques are disclosed to accomplish this task, including coating or impregnating the filter material can be with a pharmaceutical compound, adding a pharmaceutical compound to the adhesive use to removably attach the filter to the nose of a user of the filter, or applied to the adhesive section or attachment region.