Abstract: A method of and apparatus for adjusting and controlling the moisture content of carbonaceous fuel components used in making smoking articles comprises a mass flow accumulator and a dryer through which the fuel components are conveyed. Unheated air is flowed over the fuel components in the accumulator to adjust and maintain the moisture content of the fuel components to a level which permits cutting of the fuel components without chipping or cracking. After the fuel components are cut into individual fuel elements and combined with an aerosol generator or substrate they are conveyed through the dryer where heated air is flowed over them to further reduce the moisture content to a desired level for further processing and manufacture into smoking articles.

Abstract: In a method of making a smoking product a mixture comprising a particulate bulk material, tobacco for example, a binder, sugar, ammonia and an ammonium salt, preferably with the addition of water, is extruded to provide a coherent extrudate.

Abstract: Electrochemical heat sources, materials used to make electrochemical heat sources and methods of forming electrochemical heat sources are disclosed. The electrochemical heat sources includes at least two metallic agents capable of interacting electrochemically with one another, such as magnesium and iron or nickel. The metallic agents may be provided in a variety of forms, including a frozen melt, a bimetallic foil, wire of a first metal wrapped around strands of a different metal, and a mechanical alloy. The metallic agents may be in the form of a powder filling a straw, or small particles extruded with a binder or pressed to form a rod. The powder filled straw or rod may be placed in a heat chamber surrounded by tobacco in a smoking article. An electrolyte solution contacts the metallic agents in the heat chamber to initiate the electrochemical interaction, generating heat which in turn may be used to volatilize nicotine and flavor materials in the tobacco.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a smoking substitute composition wherein nicotine is the form of an inclusion complex between nicotine and a cyclodextrincompound.

Abstract: A method of making an electrochemical heat source is disclosed. The non-combustion heat source includes at least two metallic agents capable of interacting electrochemically with one another, such as magnesium and iron or nickel. The metallic agents may be provided in a variety of forms, including a frozen melt, a bimetallic foil, wire of a first metal wrapped around strands of a different metal, and a mechanical alloy. The metallic agents may be in the form of a powder filling a straw, or small particles extruded with a binder or pressed to form a rod. The powder filled straw or rod may be placed in a heat chamber surrounded by tobacco in a smoking article. An electrolyte solution contacts the metallic agents in the heat chamber to initiate the electrochemical interaction, generating heat which in turn may be used to volatilize nicotine and flavor materials in the tobacco.

Abstract: The invention is comprised of a smoking composition of nicotine in the form of an inclusion complex located between crylisized polysaccharide and nicotine and a smoking material. The composition releases nicotine when exposed to elevated temperatures.

Abstract: An apparatus for conditioning whole dried cloves, including a trough, for inputting a quantity of whole dried cloves into the trough, the trough having a top and a bottom, and a fully flighted screw conveyor for transporting a quantity of whole cloves therethrough. The trough further includes a plurality of steam inputs oriented at the bottom of the trough and a plurality of water inputs located at the top of the trough. The trough further includes an output to which the quantity of whole cloves is passed. The combination further includes a cutting apparatus having an input coupled to the output of the trough, a hopper, a first and second converging slotted conveyor belt, and a rotating knife drum which includes a plurality of cutting knives arranged thereon. Additionally, the combination includes a conveyor dryer having a plurality of independently controlled drying chambers and a conveyor belt for providing said cloves through said plurality of drying chambers.

Abstract: A smoke-free cigarette substitute containing in a tubular sleeve a nicotine-containing carrier, in granular or powder form, which is drawn into the oral cavity of the user, thus dispensing nicotine into the mouth.

Abstract: A continuous method for processing dry whole cloves into particles suitable for inclusion in cigarettes comprising steps of: a) raising the moisture content of the whole dried cloves by (i) providing said cloves in a heat conducting receptacle, and (ii) simultaneously providing steam and water into said receptacle; b) continuously slicing said moisturized whole cloves into finely chopped particles; and c) drying said clove particles at a variety of different convective air drying rates and temperatures. Apparatuses includes means for conditioning whole dried cloves, including a trough, means for inputting a quantity of whole dried cloves into the trough, the trough having a top and a bottom, and a fully flighted screw conveyor for transporting a quantity of whole cloves therethrough. The trough further includes a plurality of steam inputs oriented at the bottom of the trough and a plurality of water inputs located at the top of the trough.

Abstract: A cigarette including a longitudinally segmented combustible fuel element, and a substrate carrying tobacco extract and glycerin positioned physically separate from the fuel element is disclosed. The substrate is a gathered paper-type material, and is positioned in a spaced apart relationship from the fuel element. One preferred smoking article of the present invention is a cigarette which comprises (i) a symmetrical and longitudinally segmented combustible fuel element; (ii) a physically separate aerosol generating means including at least one aerosol forming material; and (iii) means for securing, maintaining or retaining the fuel element within the smoking article.

Abstract: This invention relates to a heat source comprising metal carbide and a method for preparing the same using a reducing/carbidizing atmosphere. The metal carbide heat sources of this invention have ignition temperatures that are substantially lower than conventional carbon particles normally used in carbonaceous heat sources, while at the same time provide sufficient heat to release a flavored aerosol from a flavor bed for inhalation by the smoker. Upon combustion, the heat sources produce substantially no carbon monoxide.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to cigarettes and other smoking articles which contain a catalytic composition, preferably as part of the fuel element, that substantially decreases the amount of carbon monoxide contained in the mainstream smoke during smoking. The present invention also relates to the catalyst-containing carbonaceous fuels themselves, as well as to methods of making such carbonaceous fuels. Fuel elements which contain a catalytic composition in accordance with the presentation are especially useful in smoking articles having an aerosol generating means which is physically separate from the fuel element.

Abstract: A smokable article having an aerosol generating zone connected to a mouthpiece via a tubular intermediate zone, wherein the aerosol generating zone includes an annular combustion element and a cylindrical carrier for an aerosol precursor coaxially disposed therewithin with a space therebetween forming air flow passages. Heat from the combustion element conducted to the aerosol carrier generates aerosols that may be drawn by air passing through the air flow passages to the mouthpiece by a smoker.

Abstract: A chemical heat source comprising metal nitride, metal oxide and carbon, particularly useful in smoking articles, and methods of making the heat source are provided. The metal nitride of the heat source has an ignition temperature substantially lower than conventional carbonaceous heat sources, while at the same time provides sufficient heat to release a flavored aerosol from a flavor bed for inhalation by the smoker. Upon combustion the heat source produces virtually no carbon monoxide. The metal nitride is prepared by pre-forming the starting materials into a desired shape, and converting them to metal nitride in situ, without substantially altering the shape of the starting materials.

Abstract: It has been found that the addition of specific levels of sodium, advantageously in the form of sodium carbonate, to low sodium level binder, e.g., ammonium alginate, containing carbonaceous fuel compositions results in dramatic changes in the performance of both the fuel element themselves and, cigarettes (or other smoking articles) incorporating the fuel elements. These performance differences include variation in the yields of aerosol and/or flavorants. The addition of sodium carbonate to the fuel elements greatly improves the smolder rates and also improves puff calories, without overheating the cigarette, thereby resulting in substantial improvements in total (and puff by puff) aerosol yield.

Abstract: An apparatus for laminating at least two strips of strip material and forming the laminate into lightweight, thin-walled tubular members that may be used in the construction of non-combustion smoking articles.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for making cigarettes with the stems and leaves of fennel and/or foeniculum vulgare in place of tobacco in order to provide a nicotine-free cigarette. Cigarettes made in accordance with this invention minimize the harm to smokers and allow smokers to maintain their health. To produce the cigarettes, fennel and/or foeniculum vulgare may be mixed together or used alone, based on the availability of either plant. The process of making cigarettes from these ingredients is simplified due to differences in the nature and form of the foeniculum vulgare and fennel. The process for making cigarettes of the present invention is simplified and is less costly in comparison to making cigarettes from tobacco. The present invention is beneficial to both smokers and manufacturers.

Abstract: A smoking material that comprises a dried preparation of Laurus nobilis or Nelumbo garetin or their combination, particularly including their leaves. This smoking material can be used alone or in combination with various herbal extracts, honey and can be combined into mixtures with smoking tobacco, if desired. It is made by a process in which plant parts, particularly the leaves, are roasted for at least about eight hours at a temperature of about 100.degree. C. to 120.degree. C. The smoking material, when smoked, is similar in taste to tobacco, but has extremely low concentrations of the harmful components present in tobacco and, in particular, is free of nicotine and its metabolites.

Abstract: A method of preparing a cigarette filling comprising tobacco and a partly fibrous herbal or spice additive, comprising processing the additive to form a sheet material thereof, cutting that sheet material into generally leaf sized portions, blending the cut sheet material with tobacco in the desired ratio of additive to tobacco, and subsequently cutting, drying or otherwise treating the blended material to form a cigarette filling. The invention is particularly but not exclusively concerned with the use of cloves as the additive.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a smoking article which is capable of producing substantial quantities of aerosol, both initially and over the useful life of the product, without significant thermal degradation of the aerosol former and without the presence of substantial pyrolysis or incomplete combustion products.Preferred embodiments of the present smoking article comprises a short combustible carbonaceous fuel element, a short heat stable, preferably carbonaceous substrate bearing an aerosol forming substance and disposed longitudinally behind the fuel element, an efficient insulating means, and a relatively long mouthend piece. Preferably, the fuel element is provided with a plurality of longitudinally extending passageways which act to control the heat transferred from the burning fuel element to the aerosol generating means, thus preventing the thermal degradation of the aerosol former.

Abstract: A combustible smokable filler material includes an agglomerated matrix filler having an inorganic component (e.g., particles of calcium carbonate) and a carbonaceous component (e.g., calcined molasses). The smokable filler material includes a binding agent and an aerosol forming material. Tobacco extracts and/or pieces of tobacco laminae can be incorporated into the smokable filler material, and/or the smokable filler material can be blended with tobacco cut filler. Cigarettes are provided by wrapping the smokable filler material in a paper wrapping material. A typical paper wrapping material has a porosity of less than about 5 CORESTA units.

Abstract: A smokable filler material includes an aerosol forming material (e.g., propylene glycol and glycerin) and a binding agent (e.g., ammonium alginate). Tobacco extracts and/or pieces of tobacco laminae can be incorporated into the smokable filler material, and/or the smokable filler material can be blended with tobacco cut filler. The amount of aerosol forming material within the smokable filler material typically is at least about 20 percent, based on the weight of that smokable filler material. Cigarettes are provided by wrapping the smokable filler material in a paper wrapping material. A typical paper wrapping material has a porosity of less than about 5 CORESTA units. Cigarettes cn include two layers of circumscribing paper wrapping materials. Cigarettes also can include filter elements.

Abstract: The invention described here relates to a smokable article which is intended to enable the smoker to avoid the condensates usually present in the smoke while retaining or even enhancing the taste experience familiar from conventional cigarettes or smokable articles; this is achieved by the advantageous geometrical and thermodynamic configuration of the heat source.

Abstract: A carbonaceous heat source for a smoking article is provided. The heat source is designed to maximize heat transfer to a flavor bed in the smoking article. The heat source undergoes substantially complete combustion leaving minimal residual ash, has a relatively low degree of thermal conductivity and ignites under normal lighting conditions for a conventional cigarette.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for producing carbon containing fuel elements especially suited for use in cigarette--like smoking articles. One method of the present invention makes use of two separate pyrolysis steps to ensure that the carbon used to form the fuel elements for smoking articles is substantially free of materials which could adversely affect the aerosol delivered by such articles. Also disclosed is a method in which a fuel element formed from carbon and a binder is pyrolyzed after formation to convert the binder to carbon.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a tasteless carbon heat source from a preformed article of a ligno-cellulosic material according to which the article is pyrolyzed in a continuously exchanged inert atmosphere at a temperature within the range of from about 800.degree. to about 1100.degree. C., for from about 0.5 to about 3 hours, then cooled in the inert atmosphere at a rate of from about 500.degree. to about 10.degree. C. per hour to a temperature within the range of from about 275.degree. C. to about 25.degree. C., and then subjected to at least one additional process step selected from an oxygen absorption step, a salt impregnation followed by heat treatment step, and a water desorption step. The present invention also relates to a smoking article including the carbon heat source, and a flavor generator comprising a substrate material containing at least one thermally releasable flavorant.

Abstract: Cigarettes include tobacco-containing smokable material wrapped in a low porosity paper wrapper. The smokable material includes an intimate mixture of tobacco extract, pyrolyzed alphacellulose, agglomerated calcium carbonate particles, glycerin and carboxymethylcellulose. The agglomerated calcium carbonate particles are provided by providing an agglomerated matrix of calcium carbonate particles and organic binding agent, and calcining the organic binding agent. The resulting agglomerated matrix includes particles of calcium carbonate within a carbonaceous binding material. Such cigarettes yield low levels of incomplete combustion products and generate low levels of visible sidestream smoke.

Abstract: A smoking material consists of an open-structured cellulosic substrate having a crystallizable or semi-crystallizable coating that includes a sugar such as lactose or glucose or a mixture of lactose and glucose. The coating may be in the range of 50-95% of the weight of the smoking material, and the sugar may be 20-90% by weight of the coating.

Abstract: An iron carbide heat source, particularly useful in smoking articles, is provided. The iron carbide particles making up the heat source have ignition temperatures that are substantially lower than conventional carbon particles normally used in carbonaceous heat sources, while at the same time provide sufficient heat to release a flavored aerosol from a flavor bed for inhalation by the smoker. In a preferred embodiment, the iron carbide heat source of this invention is substantially cylindrical in shape and has one or more fluid passages therethrough. Upon combustion, the heat source produces substantially no carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A method for reducing the amount of carbon monoxide produced in the combustion of carbonaceous fuels. The fuel is coated on at least a portion of its exterior surface with a microporous layer of solid particulate matter which is non-combustible at temperatures in which the carbonaceous fuel combusts. This invention is particularly applicable in the reduction of carbon monoxide in the burning of carbonaceous fuel elements found in currently available "smokeless" cigarettes.

Abstract: A smoking device having a cylindrical fuel rod circumscribed by an air impermeable wrapper. The fuel rod consists of a homogeneous mixture of a non-tobacco fuel, a non-combustible tobacco, an aerosol generating material and a heat sink material.

Abstract: A tobacco substitute which has a tobacco flavor but contains only an extremely small amount of nicotine, being produced from aloe leaves of about 30.times.3.5 cm, first cut in approximately 3 cm lengths, then cut finely in the longitudinal direction, placed in water for a very short time, and immediately removed, after which the water may be squeezed out by hand or allowed to drain naturally; dried by spreading out on a basket or a mat for two days in the sun or ten days in the shade if simply rinsed with water, or half a day in the sun if manually squeezed after rinsing; after which a liquid adhesive, such as casein, carragenin, funorin, powdered starch, and the like is blown onto the surface; and finally a powder which is mainly tobacco is blown evenly onto the cut aloe leaves and dried to give a tobacco substitute with a tobacco flavor to which tobacco smokers can easily become accustomed.

Abstract: Processed smokable materials are provided by forming a slurry of combustible material (e.g., a carbonaceous material) in an aqueous liquid. The slurry then is contacted with a foaming agent which includes a mixture of a surfactant and a polymeric film-forming agent. The slurry is agitated to provide a slurry of decreased density. The slurry so provided then is formed into the desired shape and dried. The processed smokable material which results is useful as cut filler for cigarette manufacture.

Abstract: A smoking or non-smoking material comprises a volatile-releasing substrate bearing a flavor enhancing proportion of distiller's dried solubles. The composition is useful to pleasurably stimulate a taste sensation. In one use, the composition of the invention is disposed in a cigarette like form to simulate a cigarette and used in a similar manner to give the "smoker" pleasure and oral gratification. In other words, the substrate is smokable.

Abstract: An artificial cigarette is constructed with a paper stock tube plugged at both ends by a porous body and containing a quantity of beads or pellets of a vapor emitting composition where the composition includes at least one or more stress reactivity-reducing substances selected from the group consisting of nutmeg oil, mace extract, neroli oil, valerian oil, myristicin, elemicin, and isoelemicin. The contents of the tube can be augmented by filler materials and one or more substances selected from the group consisting of flavoring materials and aromatic materials.

Abstract: A dried, concentrated fiberless aqueous extract of cured tobacco leaves suitable for smoking or chewing and a process for producing same.

Abstract: The present invention preferably relates to a smoking article which is capable of producing substantial quantities of aerosol, both initially and over the useful life of the product, without significant thermal degradation of the aerosol former and without the presence of substantial pyrolysis or incomplete combustion products or sidestream aerosol.The article of the present invention is able to provide the user with the sensations and benefits of cigarette smoking without the substantial combustion products produced by burning tobacco in a conventional cigarette. In addition, the article may be made virtually ashless so that the user does not have to remove any ash during use.Preferred embodiments of the present smoking article comprise a short combustible carbonaceous fuel element, a heat stable, preferably particulate alumina, substrate bearing an aerosol forming substance, an efficient insulating means, and a relatively long mouthend piece.

Abstract: The chewing tobacco composition contains 25 to 40% by weight cut tobacco, 0.1 to 10% by weight powdered cellulose pulp and 60 to 75% by weight casing solids. The use of powdered cellulose pulp in the composition provides for an increase in the amount of casing solids in the composition. The method entails dipping the cut tobacco into a casing solution composition containing 40% by weight water and 0.5 to 4.0% by weight powdered cellulose pulp.

Abstract: Disclosed is a smoking material mainly composed of fruit fiber of pineapple. Lees remaining after pressing the juice from pineapple pulp is dried, rolled, cut, flavored and moistened, and then the resultant product looks like tobacco. It can be formed into nicotine-free cigarettes if no tobacco is blended. The smoking material or tobacco substitute is free of unpleasant taste and irridation, and it can be flavored to give mild taste. Also, controlled amount of tobacco leave can be blended with the tobacco substitute to produce a smoking material having a reduced nicotine content.

Abstract: There is disclosed a lozenge formed by compression of at least two mixed components, one of said components including lactose or a lactose containing substance and the other of said components comprising a carrier having nicotine or a nicotine derivative absorbed therein such that there is no direct contact between the nictone and the lactose whilst together in the lozenge.

Abstract: Cigarettes which yield very low levels of sidestream "tar" during use comprise a paper wrapper having an air permeability of less than about 10 CORESTA units, and a blend of a tobacco filler material and a second smokable material. The second smokable material preferably includes about 60 weight percent calcium carbonate, about 30 weight percent pyrolyzed alpha-cellulose and about 10 weight percent carboxymethyl cellulose. Such cigarettes, when used, generate very low amounts of sidestream "tar," and hence, very low levels of visible sidestream smoke.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to densified particulate materials and to a process of preparing such materials.The present invention is also related to cigarette-type smoking articles utilizing the densified particulate materials of the present invention as an extender of the fuel and/or as a flavor enhancer.In cigarette-type smoking articles, the densified particulate material of the present invention may also serve as a substrate or carrier for an aerosol forming substance. The use of densified particulate tobacco, in whole or in part, as such a substrate affords many advantages heretofore unavailable in cigarette-type smoking articles.The use of the densified particulate materials of the present invention in conventional tobacco products, e.g., cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and the like, affords advantages heretofore unavailable. Preferably, a mixture of densified carbon and densified tobacco is used, both as an extender/filler and as a flavor enhancer.

Abstract: A composition and method for providing a sustained organoleptic bit sensation to the oral cavity which includes the use of cayenne pepper ground to a fine texture of from about #30 Duraloy (#20 U.S.) to about #58 Duraloy (#48 U.S.), the pepper preferably having a heat content of from about 10,000 to about 40,000 BTU's. When used in a tobaccoless chew or snuff composition to approximate the bite of a tobacco composition, the pepper is preferably added in two stages, a first portion to the base mixture before encasing it, and a second portion applied as a top dressing after encasing the base mixture.

Abstract: An apparatus for making smoking articles is described. The preferred apparatus comprises structure to form a passage axially through a jacketed rod of tobacco, at one end of which there is a tubular sleeve of non-combustible material, and to insert an aerosol generating cartridge containing an aerosol forming substance, at one end of which there is a fuel element, into the passage so that the aerosol forming substance is within the passage in the rod of tobacco and the fuel element is within the sleeve of non-combustible material.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for providing tobaccoless herbal chew and snuff products which include an herbal component capable of being encased with a casing material providing a coherent cud in the oral cavity during use. In particular the present invention contemplates the use of a nicotine-free herbal substitute, such as red clover in the case of snuff and dandelion leaf in the case of chew, which can be encased with, among other things, a binder to provide a coherent cud in the mouth during use. As a result of this invention, safe nicotine-free snuff and chew compositions can be provided.

Abstract: A tobacco substitute product and method of making same. Bran, soybean and mesquite are initially treated in a solution including sodium chloride, sweetener, glycerol and a burning aid. The soybean is toasted and formed into flakes and mixed with the bran and mesquite. This composition is treated with a flavoring and a filler may also be added.

Abstract: A method of making a substitute for oral smokeless tobacco comprises the steps of applying a coating of binding agent on fragments of tea to form a cohesive material and moistening the fragments of the tea sufficiently to form a compact mass which is dissociable into portions of selectable size by hand-pinching the mass. The resulting composition resembles genuine smokeless tobacco in appearance, texture, tactile response, and mode of use. One uses the composition by taking a pinch of the composition and placing it in his mouth between the cheek and gum. The composition produces brown juices which provide an expectorate resembling that of genuine smokeless tobacco. The composition is packageable in a low profile cylindrical container of the type used to package snuff.

Abstract: A non-smoking material comprises a non-cellulose carrier homogenously mixed with a flavor enhancing proportion of distiller's dried grain with solubles. The non-burning composition is useful as a tobacco substitute. In one use, the composition of the invention is disposed in a cigarette like form to simulate a cigarette and used in a similar manner to give the "smoker" pleasure and oral gratification.

Abstract: A tobacco containing gum which is chewable and includes propolis as a breath freshener to decrease the throat irritation or stomach upset which commonly occurs with tobacco containing products. The tobacco containing gum being part of an overall program to decrease the user's dependence on tobacco.

Abstract: The process is carried out using an apparatus including two pressurized roller systems, each roller system having two rollers in roll contact. A series of generally "V" shaped grooves extends about the periphery of one roller of the first roller system, while the other roller thereof has a smooth surface. The two rollers of the second roller system are spaced apart by a distance of about 0.002 inch to about 0.020 inch.