Abstract: An actuator assembly includes one or more conductive coils each positioned in a movable supporting frame configured to be coupled to a load. A pair of permanent magnets are located on each side of each of the coils to provide opposite polarity magnetic fields to each of the coils. A drive circuit is coupled to the each of coils and configured to supply a drive current to each of the conductive coils. A controller is coupled to each of the coils through the drive circuit and is configured to independently control the drive current supplied to each of the coils to provide movement of the supporting frame to provide a force to the load, based on the opposite polarity fields and the drive current, wherein the movement of the supporting frame is in proportion to an amplitude and polarity of the drive current.

Abstract: A multi-port valve provides three inlets and three outlets. In many embodiments, seven flow configurations are provided. A stemshell can rotate internal to a housing to direct fluid from specific inlets to specific outlets while saving flow through various inlet/outlet ports as required by the various flow configurations.

Abstract: A flush valve assembly including a manifold including an inlet, an outlet, and a fluid passageway positioned between the inlet and the outlet, a motor coupled to the manifold and including a drive gear, a valve cartridge coupled to the manifold, and a shaft extending from the valve cartridge. The shaft includes a valve gear configured to mesh with the drive gear. Rotational motion from the motor is transferred through the drive gear, the valve gear, and the valve shaft to rotate the valve cartridge between a first position and a second position. The flush valve assembly additionally includes a bracket removably coupled to the manifold. The bracket is configured to align the drive gear and the valve gear in a predetermined position.

Abstract: A pressing-controlled valve having a valve casing, a valve seat, a fixed valve plate, a movable valve plate, a driving piece, a press structure and a pulling structure, wherein the valve seat is assembled on one end of the valve casing. The fixed valve plate, movable valve plate and driving piece are disposed in the valve casing. A flow channel for fluid is formed among the valve seat, fixed valve plate and movable valve plate. The driving piece is in contact with the movable valve plate. The pulling structure includes a shaft lever, a guide block and a drawing piece. The press structure pulls the shaft lever the move, the shaft lever pulls the drawing piece through the guide block, so that the driving piece drives the movable valve plate to slide laterally, so as to enhance the handiness of flow control or the on/off of the flow channel.

Abstract: A cooling water control valve device includes a housing and a valve. The housing includes an inside space, an attachment surface, at least one inlet port, and at least one outlet port. The attachment surface is in contact with an outer wall of the engine. The valve is disposed in the inside space to control communication between the at least one inlet port and the at least one outlet port by rotating. The housing includes a housing body that defines the inside space therein and a bypass passage forming member that defines at least a portion of a bypass passage. The bypass passage bypasses the valve and fluidly connects the at least one inlet port and the inside space. The housing is attached to the engine such that the attachment surface comes into contact with the outer wall of the engine.

Abstract: An all-in-one manifold assembly is fabricated separately from and coupled to a pressure vessel of a water filter system. The manifold assembly includes two valve assemblies configured to be rotated between an operational position, a by-pass position and a shut-off position. Rotation of the valve assemblies can occur by manual or automatic rotation. The manifold assembly may further include ports for one or more sensors. A controller can smartly operate the manifold assembly.

Abstract: A diverter valve for a sanitary fitting having a diverter valve housing, a valve body for the targeted supply of a fluid to at least two diverter valve outlets, and a spindle for actuating the valve body. The spindle is biased, so that after cutting the spindle to length, the spindle is displaced from the diverter valve housing by a defined travel. Also a concealed installation body with a corresponding diverter valve as well as a method for mounting a corresponding concealed installation body are provided.

Abstract: A rotary control valve and a sieve bed module assembly for use in pressure swing adsorption processes to make enriched oxygen product gas for therapy in patients is disclosed. The valve includes a stepping motor with a single shaft extending between ends. At ends of the valve, an air side valve function and oxygen side valve function are provided. Each end includes a stationary plate (stator) with ports, and a disc (rotor) that rotates with the shaft, opening and closing ports to achieve the desired valve function. The valve is integrated into the assembly between two sieve beds and a product storage tank is directly coupled to the oxygen side. Placement of the motor, shaft, and movable parts in the valve and mounting of the beds, valve, and tank in the assembly, result in more compact designs. The motor can be programmed to obtain multiple, different PSA processes and flexibility.

Abstract: A sliding diverter valve. The value includes a body portion with a bore having a diameter, an untreated fluid inlet, an untreated fluid spigot outlet, an untreated fluid diverter outlet, a treated fluid inlet, and a treated fluid spigot outlet. The valve further includes a slider which slides in the bore of the body portion and which, (a) in a first, untreated fluid position, directs untreated fluid to flow from the untreated fluid inlet to the untreated fluid spigot outlet and which blocks any fluid from exiting the untreated fluid diverter outlet and any treated fluid from entering the treated fluid inlet, and (b) in a second, treated fluid position, directs untreated fluid to flow from the untreated fluid inlet to the untreated fluid diverted outlet and which blocks any fluid from exiting the untreated fluid spigot outlet, and permits treated fluid to flow into the treated fluid inlet and out of the treated fluid spigot outlet.

Abstract: A rotary control valve and a sieve bed module assembly for use in pressure swing adsorption processes to make enriched oxygen product gas is disclosed. The valve includes a stepping motor with a single shaft extending between ends. At ends of the valve, an air side valve function and oxygen side valve function are provided. Each end includes a stationary plate (stator) with ports, and a disc (rotor) that rotates with the shaft, opening and closing ports to achieve the desired valve function. The valve is integrated into the assembly between two sieve beds and a product storage tank is directly coupled to the oxygen side. Placement of the motor, shaft, and movable parts in the valve and mounting of the beds, valve, and tank in the assembly, result in more compact designs. The motor can be programmed to obtain multiple, different PSA processes and flexibility.

Abstract: The use transmission/absorbance of visible light to determine accurate separation of distillation products emerging from a condenser is described. Changes in wavelength and intensity of light transmitted through or absorbed by the distillate, post condenser, determine when a new fraction passes through the condenser, and may be directed to an appropriate collection vessel.

Abstract: A valve assembly has a valve housing with a hole therein. A valve spool is slidably received directly into the hole of the valve housing with no sleeves or seals interposed therebetween. Preferably, the valve housing and valve spool may be made from hardened stainless steel, preferably hardened 440C stainless steel. Preferably a combination modular housing has an integrally formed manifold section and valve section made by additive manufacturing.

Abstract: There is provided a valve apparatus provided in a pipe. The valve apparatus includes a bypass pipe connected in parallel to the pipe, a first valve configured to adjust a flow rate of a fluid flowing an inlet part of the pipe to an outlet part of the pipe, and a second valve configured to adjust a flow rate of the fluid flowing the bypass pipe to the outlet part.

Abstract: A valve assembly has a valve housing with a hole therein. A valve spool is slidably received directly into the hole of the valve housing with no sleeves or seals interposed therebetween. Preferably, the valve housing and valve spool may be made from hardened stainless steel, preferably hardened 440C stainless steel. Preferably the manifold block has integrally formed manifold section and valve housing section.

Abstract: A valve core includes housing, which is a hollow cylindrical structure with both ends defined as an open end and a through end respectively; a base mounted on the housing to close the open end of the housing; a fixed valve plate mounted on the base, which is unable to rotate relative to the base; a movable valve plate which is rotationally arranged on the fixed valve plate; a manipulation assembly, one end of which is configured on the movable valve plate to manipulate the movable valve plate to rotate relative to the fixed valve plate, and the other end of which is extended to penetrate the through end of the housing.

Abstract: A coolant control system for a motor vehicle includes a controller determining whether the output signal of the vehicle satisfies a predetermined driving condition and controlling a coolant control valve including a driving motor. The coolant control valve includes a coolant inflow chamber, a first coolant line, a second coolant line and a third coolant line formed in a valve housing. The coolant control valve further includes a first outer valve, a first inner valve and a second other valve formed in the valve housing, and each of the valves is communicating with each of the coolant lines, selectively and respectively. In addition, each of the valves includes a hole for selectively communicating with a coolant inflow chamber.

Abstract: A pneumatic suspension system for a vehicle, in which the pneumatic suspension system includes a supply tank, a first set of air springs positioned on a first side of the vehicle; a second set of air springs positioned on a second side of the vehicle, and a dual-action dynamic valve positioned between the first set of air springs and the second set of air springs. The dual-action dynamic valve is connected to the supply tank, the first set of air springs, and the second set of air springs by a series of air hoses. The dual-action dynamic valve is adapted to supply air to either one of the first set of air springs or the second set of air springs while simultaneously exhausting air from the other one of the first set of air springs or the second set of air springs.

Abstract: The invention provides a rotary four-way reversing valve with low pressure drop and low leakage, comprising a valve body and a valve core arranged in the valve body through bearings. The valve body comprises a low-pressure exhaust tube, a high-pressure air inlet tube, a condenser tube and an evaporating tube. The valve core is slantingly divided by a U-shaped seal ring with a spring into a high-pressure chamber and a low-pressure chamber that are not communicated with each other. The valve core comprises a through hole arranged in the high-pressure chamber and aligned with the high-pressure air inlet tube of the valve body and an opening aligned with the condenser tube or the evaporating tube, an opening arranged in the low-pressure chamber and always aligned with the low-pressure exhaust tube and an opening aligned with the condenser tube or the evaporating tube.

Abstract: Hydraulic classifiers are provided for sorting material using injected water. Some embodiments include upper and lower housings having different cross-sectional shapes. In some embodiments, certain improvements are provided for cleanout and/or removal or replacement of teeter bars.

Abstract: An oil cooler for a vehicle includes an inflow tank through which a working fluid flows in. An outflow tank is spaced apart from the inflow tank by a predetermined interval and has a discharge hole at one side which faces the inflow tank. A plurality of tubes connect the inflow tank with the outflow tank longitudinally such that the working fluid flows therethrough. A bypass valve is integrally mounted at an outer side of the one end portion of the inflow tank and connected to an inner side of the inflow tank to bypass or flow the working fluid flowed therein into the inflow tank by selectively opening and closing according to a temperature of the working fluid. An outflow pipe has one end mounted to the discharge hole and another end thereof mounted to the bypass valve to connect the outflow tank with the bypass valve.

Abstract: A pneumatic suspension system for a vehicle, in which the pneumatic suspension system includes a supply tank, a first set of air springs positioned on a first side of the vehicle; a second set of air springs positioned on a second side of the vehicle, and a dual-action dynamic valve positioned between the first set of air springs and the second set of air springs. The dual-action dynamic valve is connected to the supply tank, the first set of air springs, and the second set of air springs by a series of air hoses. The dual-action dynamic valve is adapted to supply air to either one of the first set of air springs or the second set of air springs while simultaneously exhausting air from the other one of the first set of air springs or the second set of air springs.

Abstract: A barbecue grill and components thereof that allow a user to obtain a controlled burst of high intensity heat for a limited period of time, comprising at least one quick sear burner, a quick sear valve assembly adapted for fluid communication with the quick sear burner, and a cooking surface adapted to be positioned above the quick sear burner in or on a firebox of a barbecue grill. The quick sear valve assembly, in turn, comprises a main valve for normal operation of the quick sear burner, and a bypass valve for high intensity heat output of limited duration. The quick sear valve assembly includes a mechanism that is configured to allow the user to selectively actuate the bypass valve.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a fail-safe coolant control valve. The fail-safe coolant control valve includes a valve housing, a valve member, an actuator, and a fail-safe unit. The valve housing is provided on an outer surface thereof with at least two ports. The valve housing has therein an internal space communicating with the ports. The valve member is rotatably installed in the internal space of the valve housing and rotates via an actuator. The fail-safe unit rotates the valve member depending on a temperature of a coolant in the valve housing when a failure occurs.

Abstract: The present invention describes a device consisting of a rotor, a holding-down device, and a base plate. The base plate is normally a fluidic system, a planar fluidic system for example or a fluidic system with several fluidic ports for a directed guidance of liquids or gases through different channels, channel systems, cavities or tubing, for the combination liquid and gas streams, or for prevention of liquid flows.

Abstract: A canted, single vane three-way butterfly valve having a T-shaped housing having an inlet and one outlet port, a third port straddling said inlet and outlet ports, a single vane interspaced between the inlet and outlet ports supported by a central shaft, capable to selectively blocking fluid flow emanating from either inlet or outlet ports from entering said third port when the plenary axis of said vane is tilted forty five degrees from the central axis of either inlet or outlet ports.

Abstract: Disclosed is a flow path switching valve. The flow path switching valve includes a housing provided with a plurality of ports in a peripheral direction thereof, the housing having a space in which fluid is received, a valve body including a disc configured to divide the space of the housing into a plurality of flow spaces and to switch a flow direction of fluid via rotation, and a sealing member configured to seal at least one of an upper end and a lower end of the flow spaces, and a pressure plate configured to pressurize the sealing member toward the valve body as the valve body is rotated.

Abstract: A clutch transmission, in particular a dual clutch transmission, includes a hydraulic circuit for actuating and/or cooling the clutch transmission. The hydraulic circuit includes at least one cooler for cooling a hydraulic medium conveyed by at least one pump, wherein a bypass with a thermostatic bypass valve is associated with the cooler. The thermostatic bypass valve has hereby three switching positions, wherein it can be moved to a first switching position by a spring force, from the first switching position to the second switching position by a thermal element against the spring force and from the second switching position to a third switching position against the spring force by a pressure difference exceeding a predeterminable limit value.

Abstract: A barbecue grill and components thereof that allow a user to obtain a controlled burst of high intensity heat for a limited period of time, comprising at least one quick sear burner, a quick sear valve assembly adapted for fluid communication with the quick sear burner, and a cooking surface adapted to be positioned above the quick sear burner in or on a firebox of a barbecue grill. The quick sear valve assembly, in turn, comprises a main valve for normal operation of the quick sear burner, and a bypass valve for high intensity heat output of limited duration. The quick sear valve assembly includes a mechanism that is configured to allow the user to selectively actuate the bypass valve.

Abstract: A cooling system for internal combustion engines provides directed flows of heated or cooled coolant to various engine components and/or accessories as needed. By providing directed flows, the overall coolant flow volume is reduced from that of conventional cooling systems, allowing for a smaller capacity water pump to be employed which results in a net energy savings for the engine. Further, by reducing the overall coolant flow volume, the hoses and/or galleries required for the directed flows are reduced from those of conventional cooling systems, providing a cost savings and a weight savings. Finally, by preferably employing an impellor type water pump, the expense of an electric water pump and its associated control circuitry can be avoided. The direct flows are established by a multifunction valve which, in a preferred implementation, comprises a two-plate valve wherein each plate is operated by a wax motor.

Abstract: An intravenous (IV) set system comprising a primary IV set defining a primary flow line of the IV set system. The primary flow line can include multiple access points along its length and feeds to a merging fluid pathway proximate to the distal terminus of the primary IV set. At least one secondary IV set with corresponding flow lines can be separably joined to the primary IV set to cause the secondary flow lines to be in fluid communication with the primary flow line. At least one of the IV sets can have a unique set of uniform marking indicia to facilitate rapid identification of the IV sets from other IV sets within the IV set system. Such marked and identified primary and/or secondary IV sets can be allocated to specific medical functions and/or can be for use by specific medical personnel to thereby minimize risk of error in administration of an IV to a patient. The IV set system can further comprise a merging fluid pathway about a primary IV set.

Abstract: The valve is switchable between metering, full flow and shut off configurations. The preferred embodiments of the inventions include a metering-full flow, a metering-shut off and metering-shut off-full flow valves.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a three-way valve that is integrally formed with an outlet of a radiator for use in a fuel cell vehicle that advantageously improves thermal management of a fuel cell stack by eliminating the need for the bypass loop of a conventional system.

Abstract: A series progressive divider valve comprises a valve body having pistons. The valve body comprises a fluid inlet, piston bores, outlet bores, porting and bypass passages. The fluid inlet extends into the valve body. The piston bores extend through the valve body from a first end to a second end and include a piston. The outlet bores extend into the valve body, and each comprises first and second sets of outlet bores, wherein the outlet bores in each set are connected in an open-loop flow path. The porting forms passageways connecting the piston bores to each other and with the outlet bores such that when high pressure fluid is applied to the inlet each of the pistons reciprocates from the first end to the second end in sequence. The bypass passages each have a first end penetrating an outlet bore and a second end connected to an adjacent outlet.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to the filtering and collection of downhole fluids. An example system to filter and sample downhole fluids includes a first sampling chamber that includes one or more cone-shaped filters to receive downhole fluid, filter the downhole fluid, and store the downhole fluid, a second sampling chamber, a spool valve to allow the downhole fluid to flow into the first sampling chamber in a first position and to redirect the downhole fluid to the second sampling chamber or a base block in a second position, and a setting line to selectively move the spool valve from the first position to the second position.

Abstract: A flowmeter in which a flow rate can be measured over a wide flow-rate range while an increase in the cost of manufacture thereof is minimized, and a flow-rate controller equipped with such a flowmeter are provided.

Abstract: A valve system for use in a system including a first source of a first pressurized fluid and a second source of a second pressurized fluid includes a valve housing including a first inlet port adapted to be placed in fluid connection with the first source, a second inlet port adapted to be placed in fluid connection with the second source and an outlet port. The valve system further includes a backflow prevention system to prevent flow of the first pressurized fluid through the second inlet and to prevent flow of the second pressurized fluid through the first inlet port. The valve system is adapted to provide a fluid path between at least the first inlet port and the outlet port to enable fluid to be drawn from the outlet port to the first inlet port. Several of the valve systems of the present invention provide for flow from the first inlet port to the outlet port and concurrent flow from the second inlet port to the outlet port.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a first valve having an inlet capable of being in fluid communication with a first fluid source, an outlet capable of being in fluid communication with the inlet, and two unidirectional valves. The first valve is capable of being in a first mode in which the inlet is in fluid communication with the outlet through a first flow path, and a second mode in which the inlet is in fluid communication with the outlet through a second flow path isolated from the first flow path. The two unidirectional valves are along the second flow path.

Abstract: A diverter assembly (12) for use with a faucet assembly (10) including a diverter valve (78) secured to an inlet end (80) of a sprayer tube (46) and removably received within a connector (62).

Abstract: A valve device for a sanitary fitting having at least two control elements which are movable relative to one another and on which at least two inlet channels and at least one control channel are formed is described. The control channel is configured for a communicating connection between at least one of the inlet channels and at least one outlet channel, depending on the relative position of the control elements. According to a first aspect of the invention, an additional channel, which is in a permanent, communicating connection with the control channel, is provided in the valve device, thereby ensuring a communicating connection of the additional channel with at least one of the inlet channels, irrespective of the relative position of the control elements. According to a further aspect of the invention, a sanitary fitting having at least one cold-water inlet connection and at least one hot-water inlet connection is provided, which fitting includes a valve device according to the invention.

Abstract: A processing apparatus is disclosed which is capable of switching supplies of a raw material gas and a reducing gas alternately, while continuously forming a plasma of the reducing gas. An excitation device (12) excites a reducing gas supplied thereinto, and the excited reducing gas is supplied into a process chamber (2). A switching mechanism (20) is arranged between the excitation device (12) and the process chamber (2), and a bypass line (22) is connected to the switching mechanism (20). The switching mechanism (20) switches the flow of the excited reducing gas from the excitation device (12) between the process chamber (2) and the bypass line (22).

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a smart control valve for compressors that is capable of easily accomplishing compression and communication in a compression chamber of a cylinder, without performing the repetitive on/off operation of the compressor, to change the capacity of the compressor. The smart control valve comprises a valve body mounted on a cylinder including refrigerant inlet and outlet ports, a valve inlet port formed at the valve body and communicating with the refrigerant inlet port of the cylinder, a valve outlet port formed at the valve body and communicating with the refrigerant outlet port of the cylinder, an actuating groove disposed under the valve inlet port and the valve outlet port of the valve body, and an actuator disposed in the actuating groove for performing a linear reciprocating movement in the actuating groove as a solenoid is operated.

Abstract: A valve that includes a housing defining first and second bores having a central axis, and a peripheral valve seat. An actuator is located in the first bore and has a reciprocating seal disposed for movement along the central axis for engaging the valve seat and closing the valve. A coiled return spring is mounted in the housing for urging the reciprocating seal towards the chamber to open the valve, the return spring having a first end connected to the reciprocating seal and a second end engaging a spring support in the housing facing the first bore. The return spring may have a larger diameter at its second end than its first end. The housing may include a third bore in communication with the second bore and having a different cross-sectional area than the second bore. The return spring could be supported by a discrete spring support located in one of the bores.

Abstract: A reverse out valve (100) comprises an outer housing (120) and a mandrel (144) that form a bypass region (130) therebetween. The mandrel (144) includes a central flow path (164) with a valve seat (152) positioned therein and first and second side wall ports (148, 150). A valve element (168) is positioned in the central flow path (164). The valve element (168) and the valve seat (152) having a one way valve configuration that prevents downhole fluid flow and allows uphole fluid flow. The mandrel (144) is axially movable relative to the outer housing (120) between first and second positions. In the first position, a bypass passageway (184) is formed between the first and second side wall ports (148, 150) via the bypass region (130) thereby allowing bypass flow around the valve element (168) and the valve seat (152). In the second position, bypass flow is prevented.

Abstract: A by-pass valve to regulate the passage of a gas towards two areas of a device, comprising a body coupled to said device, with an internal chamber in which the inlet gas is received through an inlet pipe, and two outlet pipes directed towards said areas and having a planar face with an access opening to its internal chamber through which there is inserted a planar plate on which the closing member and its actuation means are assembled, the closing member being duly positioned so as to close the outlet pipes.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine of the present invention features separate compression and expansion cycles. The engine includes a separate compressor device which pressurizes air by a ratio greater than 15 to 1, at least one two stroke combustion cylinder and a compressed air conduit for transferring compressed air from the compressor to the at least one combustion cylinder. An air injection valve injects the compressed air into the combustion cylinder during the second half portion of the return stroke of the combustion cylinder. The compressed air is mixed with fuel and combusted for expansion during a power stroke. In this engine compression occurs only to a minor degree in the combustion cylinder. Accordingly, the compression ratio of the present engine may be significantly higher or lower than the volumetric expansion ratio of the combustion cylinder thus resulting in corresponding increases in either power density or thermodynamic efficiency respectively.

Abstract: A outlet valve structure of a water dispenser includes a body member, a first controller, a second controller and a control switch. The outlet valve has the function of controlling dispense and switch of hot water, cold water and warm water. Therefore, only one of such outlet valve is required for one water dispenser; and consequently, the front panel area of the water dispenser is reduced.

Abstract: Used in the automobile industry, and more specifically in the driver's cab heating system, the valve is installed between the link between the engine and the radiator and the cab's heating system. It consists of a housing unit (1) which has a circular compartment (2) which houses the rotor (25) which has a side wall which protrudes a few millimeters (28) and has attached to it, by means of an “8”-shaped lever (36), a sealing unit, consisting of an O ring (33) and its support (34). This sealing unit and the side wall (28) are responsible for blocking off the flow of liquid to the cab's heating system and the by-pass, respectively. The previously mentioned compartment has a tubular inlet (3) and outlet (5) and is attached by a linking channel (14) to the adjacent cavity (10), to which is attached an outlet tube (11) and a return opening (13) and the rotor (25) is operated manually by means of an external lever (42).

Abstract: A slotted spool valve for a speed control apparatus offering rapid response to prevent speed searching and cogging at low speed settings. Round port spool valve arrangements are replaced with a valve arrangement having rectangular-shaped ports. Response of the rectangular-shaped ports provides for rapid and sufficient fluid flow or bypass with less movement of a control shaft than that required for use with round port spool valve arrangements.

Abstract: A valve (10) has a valve housing (12), at least one inlet conduit (14) and at least one outlet conduit (16), a movable lifting rod (28), one end of which discharges into an actuator (68), and at least one valve member (30), which is secured to the lifting rod (28) and cooperates with at least one valve seat (20). The at least one valve member (30) upon opening of the at least one outlet conduit (16) emerges from the valve housing (12) of the valve (10).

Abstract: Used in the automobile industry, and more specifically in the driver's cab heating system, the valve is installed between the link between the engine and the radiator and the cab's heating system. It consists of a housing unit (1) which has a circular compartment (2) which houses the rotor (25) which has a side wall which protrudes a few millimeters (28) and has attached to it, by means of an “8”-shaped lever (36), a sealing unit, consisting of an O ring (33) and its support (34). This sealing unit and the side wall (28) are responsible for blocking off the flow of liquid to the cab's heating system and the by-pass, respectively. The previously mentioned compartment has a tubular inlet (3) and outlet (5) and is attached by a linking channel (14) to the adjacent cavity (10), to which is attached an outlet tube (11) and a return opening (13) and the rotor (25) is operated manually by means of an external lever (42).