Abstract: A thermomagnetic sensor includes a thermomagnetic probe that includes a ferromagnetic material having a temperature-dependent magnetic permeability characterized by a maximum magnetic permeability value at a temperature below a Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic material. The thermomagnetic sensor further includes an alternating magnetic field source to produce an alternating magnetic field in a vicinity of the thermomagnetic probe to facilitate a measurement of the temperature-dependent magnetic permeability as function of temperature remotely using a thermomagnetic effect. A predetermined relationship between the temperature-dependent magnetic permeability and temperature in a range between the maximum magnetic permeability value and the Curie temperature provides a measurement of a temperature local to the thermomagnetic probe.

Abstract: To provide a heat treatment providing a product with quality as desired, high frequency induction heating treatment equipment capable of temperature control to provide such heat treatment includes temperature controlling means for adjusting in temperature an object to be treated, and quenching means for determining when the object heated should be cooled. The temperature controlling means includes heating means, temperature measuring means involved in temperature control, and temperature adjusting means. The quenching means includes temperature measuring means involved in quenching, and heat treatment adjusting means.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the continuous heat treatment of steel strip material whose thickness d1, d2 periodically varies along its length, more particularly of strip flexibly rolled with a roll gap varying as a function of time, wherein the continuous heat treatment of the strip material takes place while the strip material passes through an induction furnace in which the strip material is induction heated at a constant frequency which can be selected to be such that the mathematical induction depth ? of the induced current up to which the magnetic field has been reduced to 63% of the field strength of the outer field is greater than half the thickness of the strip portions with the smallest thickness d2.

Abstract: A method for reducing a temperature rise of a magnetic material is provided. The method includes applying force to the magnetic material to reduce a dimensional change of the magnetic material during a first part of an operation cycle, such as due to magnetostriction. The force is removed from the magnetic material during a second part of an operation cycle, allowing magnetostrictive dimensional changes to occur.

Abstract: The invention relates to a copper alloy which is used for mechanically stressed components which, during operation, are subjected to vibrations and/or impacts to produce the same, and have particularly good mechanical damping properties. The composition of said copper alloy depends upon the utilisation temperature or working temperature of the component. Said copper alloy consists of 2-12 wt.-% manganese, 5-14 wt.-% aluminum and individually or in total 0-18 wt.-% of one or several elements, nickel, iron, cobalt, zinc, silicon, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, chromium, tungsten, beryllium, lithium, yttrium, cerium, scandium, calcium, titanium, phosphorous, zirconium, boron, nitrogen, carbon, whereby each element does not contain more that 6% and 100 wt.-% copper.

Abstract: The inventive method is used for optimising a hot and/or cold strip mill process.

Abstract: A nondestructive evaluating method for aged deterioration in austenitic stainless steel comprises an information obtaining step for previously obtaining a relationship between an applied stress ? and the first ratio Ms/?H* between a saturation magnetization Ms and a pseudo susceptibility ?H* based on reference minor hysteresis loops obtained by applying stresses ?, respectively, correspondingly to a result of a tensile test for the same kind of material as an evaluation target. In a measuring step, values of the first ratio Ms/?H* are obtained as measured values from measured minor hysteresis loops obtained by measuring the evaluation target. In an evaluating step, the relationship between the applied stress ? and the first ratio Ms/?H* is compared with the measured values, thereby evaluating aged deterioration of the evaluation target. The minor loops are obtained by stepwise changing a magnetic field amplitude Ha within a range of a magnetic field intensity lower than a saturation magnetization.

Abstract: It is disclosed a method of measuring the thickness and/or the depletion of Al and Cr of a ?/?? MCrAlY-coating after the use in a high temperature environment, the ?/? MCrAlY-coating exhibiting a non-equilibrium ?/??-microstructure at a temperature lower than the temperature during operation. Before the coating conductivity by means of a multifrequency eddy current system is measured a heat treatment is applied to transform the non-equilibrium ?/??-microstructure to a equilibrium microstructure having a ?-Cr phase. Subsequently the Al and/or Cr depletion of the coating from the coating conductivity and permeability is determined.

Abstract: It is disclosed a method of determining the exposure temperature of Al and Cr of a ?/?? MCrAlY-coating after the use in a high temperature environment, the ?/?? MCrAlY-coating exhibiting a non-equilibrium ?/??-microstructure at a temperature lower than the temperature during operation and the depletion of chromium from the ?/??-MCrAlY-coating still allows the ?-Cr phase to form. The coating conductivity and permeability by means of a multifrequency eddy current system is measured at different locations of the component and from the measured conductivity and permeability the exposure temperature of said different locations of the components is determined.

Abstract: It is disclosed a method of determining the exposure temperature of Al and Cr of a &ggr;/&ggr;′ MCrAlY-coating after the use in a high temperature environment, the &ggr;/&ggr;′ MCrAlY-coating (6) exhibiting a non-equilibrium &ggr;/&ggr;′-microstructure at a temperature lower than the temperature during operation and the depletion of chromium from the &ggr;/&ggr;′-MCrAlY-coating (6) still allows the &agr;-Cr phase to form. The coating conductivity and permeability by means of a multifrequency eddy current system is measured at different locations of the component and from the measured conductivity and permeability the exposure temperature of said different locations of the components is determined.

Abstract: A nondestructive evaluating method for aged deterioration in austenitic stainless steel comprises an information obtaining step for previously obtaining a relationship between an applied stress &sgr; and the first ratio Ms/&khgr;H* between a saturation magnetization Ms and a pseudo susceptibility &khgr;H* based on reference minor hysteresis loops obtained by applying stresses &sgr;, respectively, correspondingly to a result of a tensile test for the same kind of material as an evaluation target. In a measuring step, values of the first ratio Ms/&khgr;H* are obtained as measured values from measured minor hysteresis loops obtained by measuring the evaluation target. In an evaluating step, the relationship between the applied stress &sgr; and the first ratio Ms/&khgr;H* is compared with the measured values, thereby evaluating aged deterioration of the evaluation target.

Abstract: It is disclosed a method of measuring the thickness and/or the depletion of Al and Cr of a &ggr;/&ggr;′ MCrAlY-coating after the use in a high temperature environment, the &ggr;/&ggr;′ MCrAlY-coating (6) exhibiting a non-equilibrium &ggr;/&ggr;′-microstructure at a temperature lower than the temperature during operation. Before the coating (6) conductivity by means of a multifrequency eddy current system is measured a heat treatment is applied to transform the non-equilibrium &ggr;/&ggr;′-microstructure to a equilibrium microstructure having a &agr;-Cr phase. Subsequently the Al and/or Cr depletion of the coating (6) from the coating conductivity and permeability is determined.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating metal which is capable of selectively monitoring and controlling various aspects of a multi-staged metal treatment process to more accurately and reliably administer treatment.

Abstract: In a method and device for pickling a rolled metal, in particular, steel strip, the metal strip (1) is fed to a regulated pickling process. In order to carry out the pickling process not only on the basis of conventional pickling parameters but rather taking into consideration additional parameters from outside of the pickling vat, it is proposed to regulate the pickling process, in addition to the pickling medium parameters, by parameters of the coil (2) and/or metal strip determined and/or measured before the metal strip (1) enters the pickling section (3).

Abstract: This invention provides methods of treatment for work products of materials such as steel, bronze, plastic, etc. and particularly welded steel bodies by pulse impact energy, preferably ultrasonic, to relax fatigue and aging and extend expectant life. The treatment may occur (a) at original production, (b) during the active life period for maintenance or (c) after failure in a repair stage. The ultrasonic treatment improves the work product strength. In welded products residual stress patterns near the weld sites are relaxed and micro-stress defects such as voids and unusual grain boundaries are reduced. The basic method steps are non-destructive in nature, inducing interior pulse compression waves with ultrasonic transducers and accessory tools impacting an external product surface with enough impulse energy to heat and temporarily plasticize the metal interior and relax stresses.

Abstract: The present invention provides a high purity cobalt sputter target having a single phase h.c.p. structure and a magnetic permeability less than the intrinsic magnetic permeability of the material. Substantially pure cobalt is cast and slowly cooled, such as at a rate of 15° C./min. Or less, to form a cast target of single phase h.c.p. crystallographic structure. This cast target is hot worked at a temperature of at least about 1000° C. to impart a strain of about 65% or greater into the cobalt material, followed by a slow, controlled cooling to room temperature, such as at a rate of 15° C./min. or less, to maintain the single phase h.c.p. crystallographic structure. The cooled target is then cold worked at substantially room temperature to impart a strain of about 5-20%. The sputter target of the present invention processed by this method has a magnetic permeability of less than about 9, grain sizes in the size range of about 70-160 &mgr;m, and average grain size of about 130 &mgr;m.

Abstract: Conductivity distribution on the cross section of metal or alloy is measured by an eddy current type conductivity meter and conductivity distribution contour map is prepared. Based on the pattern of this conductivity distribution contour map, heat history of an ingot and segregation of added element are analyzed and melting and/or casting conditions of metal or alloy are re-established. This method allows to carry out the testing and analysis within short time and quickly provides assessment results for re-establishment of melting and/or casting conditions. Thereby, metal or alloy ingots which may create poor quality products during the following steps can be eliminated; in particular, applying this method to a manufacturing of copper precipitation hardening alloy and the like, more sound ingots can be obtained and suitability of ingots for the material which should be worked in the following step can be assessed.

Abstract: A tool steel production method and a tool steel are disclosed in this invention. The method consists of following two steps:1. Toughness (Ch) of the tool steel is evaluated from a formula:Ch=f(Vp, H, T)after estimating Vp, a square sum of output voltage of total Barkhausen noise signals which are produced in the process of magnetization of the tool steel sample, and measuring temperring hardness (H) and hardening temperature (T) of the tool steel sample.2. A tool steel having a required toughness is produced by adjusting temperring hardness (H) and/or hardening temperature (T) based on the toughness evaluation of the tool steel sample mentioned above.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an improved conductor wire, especially for use as wiring in audio/video devices is disclosed. The conductor consists of copper having a high purity of at least 99.9 wt. %. High purity copper starting material is formed as a rod which is then heat treated at a temperature in the range of 400.degree. C. to 700.degree. C. for 1 minute to 24 hours. The heat treated rod is then cold worked with a reduction in area of at least 65%. This method provides an electrical conductor wire which avoids irregularities of electron density and thereby eliminates phase differences in a high frequency signal, such as an audio or video signal, passing through the wire to obtain clear transmission and reproduction of an audio sound or video image. The method of the invention increases the residual resistance ratio of the conductor wire to at least 179 or by at least 20% as compared to a conventional conductor which is not heat treated according to the invention.

Abstract: A production process for producing a hollow steel tube of a high strength includes the steps of a tube preparation step of producing a seamless steel tube of a heavy thickness containing flaws of less than 0.25 mm in depth in an inner periphery thereof, a tube inner periphery correction step of correcting at least the flaws having a width of 0.001 mm or less so as to have a depth of 0.15 mm or less, and a hardening step of hardening the seamless steel tube across a whole thickness thereof to a hardness of from 450 to 670 in Vickers hardness (Hv). The production process enables not only to produce a hollow steel tube of a high strength at a less production cost but also to adapt it to exhibit such a high torsional fatigue fracture resistance and a high impact strength that it is applicable to axles for large size automobiles producing high outputs.

Abstract: A non-magnetic alloy of a volume Vcu of copper and a volume Vmn of manganese. Vmn/Vcu is made equal to -Xcu/Xmn where Xcu is the susceptibility of the copper and Xmn is the susceptibility of the manganese. Vmn/Vcu is experimentally predicted to be 1.04 percent by volume.

Abstract: A probe (14) comprises a tubular electrical conductor (15) supported by a sleeve of insulating material (16). The two ends of the conductor are connected to couplings (23, 24) for the circulation of a reducing gas through the entire length of the conductor, as well as to an electric circuit (20) kept at a constant voltage and hence permitting measurement of the resistance in a segment (15c) of the conductor which is exposed to the atmosphere of a furnace, the resistivity of the segment varying as a function of the carbon content of the wall of the conductor.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a device for contactless and digital measurement of a linear or angular condition of a first piece with respect to a second piece. A series of ferromagnetic encoding marks are provided onto a non-magnetic substrate of one of the pieces. The encoding marks are produced by a strongly local heating of the surface of a non-magnetic substrate of an austenitic steel stabilized by a metalloid in interstitial solution. Displacement, speed and acceleration of a linear or angular kind of one piece with respect to a second piece can thereby be measured with great accuracy.