Abstract: A metal implant, in particular a dental implant, with a hydrophilic surface for at least partial insertion into a bone, and a method for the production of said implant are described. A particularly advantageous hydrophilic surface for improved osteointegration properties is made available if it is briefly treated, at least in some areas, in a weakly alkaline solution. These excellent osteointegration properties can be achieved in a method in which, optionally after a preceding mechanical surface modification by material removal and/or chemical surface modification, at least the areas exposed of this surface exposed to bone and/or soft tissue are chemically modified in an alkaline solution.

Abstract: A method for producing an implant, particularly an intraluminal endoprosthesis, having a body, wherein the body comprises magnesium or a magnesium alloy. In order to control the degradation in a desired time window, such as between four weeks and six months, the following production method is carried out: a) preparing the implant body, b) applying a metallic coating onto at least a portion of the body surface, the primary constituent of the coating being at least one element of the group containing titanium and aluminum, c) plasmachemical treatment of the portion of the body surface provided with the coating in an aqueous solution in order to produce a layer created by plasmachemical treatment by applying a mixed voltage generating the plasma to the body of the implant, wherein the mixed voltage has sufficient energy to temporarily ionize both the metallic coating and a subjacent region of the implant body. The invention further relates to an implant that can be obtained by such a method.

Abstract: An article may include a substrate that comprises a nickel alloy. The substrate may include a modified subsurface region and a bulk region. The modified subsurface region may include a first composition and the bulk region may include a second composition different than the first composition. The modified subsurface region may include at least one of a reactive element or a noble metal, and the modified subsurface region comprises a thickness of less than about 0.3 ?m measured in a direction substantially normal to a surface of the substrate. The modified subsurface region may be formed by depositing a layer including at least one of the reactive element or the noble metal in a layer on a surface of the substrate and introducing the at least one of the reactive element or the noble metal into the modified subsurface region using ion bombardment.

Abstract: A method of forming an implant having a porous tissue ingrowth structure and a bearing support structure. The method includes depositing a first layer of a metal powder onto a substrate, scanning a laser beam over the powder so as to sinter the metal powder at predetermined locations, depositing at least one layer of the metal powder onto the first layer and repeating the scanning of the laser beam.

Abstract: A connector terminal, fabricated from a metallic material for connector which material has a tin or tin alloy layer, formed on a copper or copper alloy base material, wherein the thickness of the tin or tin alloy layer at a contact site on the surface of the terminal is smaller than the thickness of the tin or tin alloy layer in the areas other than the contact site, and a copper-tin alloy layer is formed as an under layer of the tin or tin alloy layer at the contact site; and a connector terminal, fabricated from a metallic material for connector which material has a copper or copper alloy base material, wherein a copper-tin alloy layer is formed in a spot shape at a contact site on the surface of the terminal, and a tin or tin alloy layer is formed in the remaining areas on the surface.

Abstract: A process of irradiation Sn containing Pb-free solder to mitigate whisker formation and growth thereon is provided. The use of gamma radiation such as cobalt-60 has been applied to a substrate of Sn on copper has been found to change the morphology of the crystalline whisker growth to a more truncated hillock pattern. The change in morphology greatly reduces the tendency of whiskers to contribute to electrical short-circuits being used as a Pb-free solder system on a copper substrate.

Abstract: A steel base material 11 is subjected to a quenching step, a machining step, a plating step, and a tempering step to form a rod 4. In the quenching step, two axially spaced portions of the steel base material 11 are quenched to form quenched portions 12 and 13. In the machining step, plastic working or cutting is performed on a portion of the steel base material 11 between the two quenched portions 12 and 13 to form a full-circumferential groove 4C1 in a machined portion 4C. In the plating step, the quenched portion 12 is not plated, but a region of the steel base material 11 including the quenched portion 13 is plated to form a coating layer 16. In the tempering step, the quenched portions 12 and 13 are tempered.

Abstract: A graphene-coated steel sheet and a method for manufacturing the same are provided. The graphene-coated steel sheet includes a steel sheet and a graphene layer formed on the steel sheet. Therefore, the graphene-coated steel sheet can be useful in preventing corrosion of iron, such as oxidation of iron, and has remarkably excellent thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, as well as excellent heat resistance resulting from thermal stability of graphene. Also, the method can be useful in manufacturing a high-quality graphene-coated steel sheet having a monocrystalline form and showing substantially no defects or impurities.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for medical equipment involves electron beam irradiating a titanium or titanium alloy substrate surface that has at least been machined, whereby platelet adhesion of the surface to be contacted by blood is reduced. The manufacturing method for medical equipment can also use a specific pre-processing method and an electron beam irradiation method to reduce the platelet adhesion of the surface which is to be contacted with blood, to suppress the formation of minute depressions (craters) in the surface, which can occur due to the irradiation by an electron beam.

Abstract: A method for producing rough surface structures comprising the following step: running a laser beam along filling lines (1) over an area to be processed, wherein the filling line (1) is broken down into particular laser dots (2) with a distance a, and wherein the laser dots (2) are moved in a X direction and in a Y direction in a plane with a random factor b relative to the filling line (1) so that they form a cloud of dots.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a grain oriented electrical steel sheet includes subjecting a steel slab to rolling to obtain a steel sheet, subjecting the steel sheet to decarburizing annealing, coating of an annealing separator mainly composed of MgO onto a surface of the steel sheet, and final annealing to obtain a grain oriented electrical steel sheet having at least 4.0 g/m2 of coating weight of forsterite coating formed on the surface of the steel sheet, 0.9 ?m or less of the average grain size of the forsterite coating, and at least 1.91 T of magnetic flux density B8; and linearly irradiating a surface of the grain oriented electrical steel sheet this obtained with a laser having wavelength of 0.2 ?m to 0.9 ?m in a direction intersecting the rolling direction of the steel sheet.

Abstract: A method for bonding a first surface provided with at least one copper area surrounded by a silicon oxide area to a second surface includes an operation of treatment of the first surface by a plasma, before placing the first surface in contact with the second surface. The plasma is formed from a gas source containing a silicon oxide nitriding agent and a copper oxide reducing agent containing hydrogen. The gas source may include an N2 and NH3 and/or H2 gas mixture or a N2O and H2 gas mixture, or ammonia, which is then used both as a nitriding agent and as a reducing agent. The plasma obtained from this gas source then necessarily contains nitrogen and hydrogen, which enables, in a single operation, to provide a high-performance bonding between the first and second surfaces.

Abstract: A method of forming a composite sheet includes disposing an untextured metal or alloy first sheet in contact with a second sheet in an aligned opposing position; bonding the first sheet to the second sheet by applying an oscillating ultrasonic force to at least one of the first sheet and the second sheet to form an untextured intermediate composite sheet; and annealing the untextured intermediate composite sheet at a temperature lower than a primary re-crystallization temperature of the second sheet and higher than a primary re-crystallization temperature of the first sheet to convert the untextured first sheet into a cube textured sheet, wherein the cube texture is characterized by a ?-scan having a FWHM of no more than 15° in all directions, the second sheet remaining untextured, to form a composite sheet.

Abstract: A welding apparatus for welding workpieces of high-temperature superalloys is provided. The welding apparatus includes a heat source for producing a heat input zone on the workpiece surface, a supplying device for supplying welding filler into the heat input zone and a transporting device for producing a relative movement between the heat source and the supplying device on the one hand and the workpiece surface on the other hand. The welding apparatus further includes a control unit with a control program, which carries out the relative movement in such a way that the welding power and the diameter of the heat input zone are set such that the cooling rate during the solidifying of the material is at least 8000 Kelvins per second.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a swash plate type piston pump motor in which: a plurality of pistons are arranged in a circumferential direction on a cylinder block configured to rotate with a rotating shaft; the pistons are guided along a swash plate to reciprocate by rotation of the rotating shaft; a convex portion of the swash plate is slidably supported by a recess of a swash plate support; and a wall formed integrally with the swash plate support is arranged on a normal to at least a part of a supporting surface of the recess, wherein: the supporting surface of the recess is quenched by irradiating the supporting surface with laser light while causing the laser light to scan the supporting surface; and outputs of the laser light are changed in accordance with incidence angles of the laser light with respect to the supporting surface.

Abstract: A method for forming a metal film with twins is disclosed. The method includes: (a) forming a metal film over a substrate, the metal film being made of a material having one of a face-centered cubic crystal structure and a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure; and (b) ion bombarding the metal film at a film temperature lower than ?20° C. in a vacuum chamber and with an ion-bombarding energy sufficient to cause plastic deformation of the metal film to generate deformation twins in the metal film.

Abstract: A process for repairing cracks in a workpiece, such as a turbine engine component, comprises the steps of: providing a workpiece having a crack to be repaired; applying a nickel or cobalt base alloy material to a root of the crack in an amount sufficient to fill a portion of the crack; subjecting the workpiece with the nickel or cobalt base alloy material to a first heat treatment at a temperature in the range of from about 1950 to 2300° F. for a time period in the range of from about 5.0 to 30 minutes; applying a weld material to the crack; and subjecting the workpiece with the weld material to a second heat treatment.

Abstract: A structural component suitable for use as refinery and/or petrochemical process equipment and piping is provided. The structural component has improved corrosion, abrasion, environmental degradation resistance, and fire resistant properties with a substrate coated with a surface-treated amorphous metal layer. The surface of the structural component is surface treated with an energy source to cause a diffusion of at least a portion of the amorphous metal layer and at least a portion of the substrate, forming a diffusion layer disposed on a substrate. The diffusion layer has a negative hardness profile with the hardness increasing from the diffusion surface in contact with the substrate to the surface away from the substrate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for fixturing an airfoil stub during linear friction welding are described. Critical clamping support structures are manufactured by a direct digital manufacturing process such as direct metal laser sintering to minimize time and expense of the process.

Abstract: A press-hardened steel component and a method of producing the same. In one form, a workpiece that will be formed into the component includes a coating that is pre-diffused with metal from the workpiece substrate. Examples of such protective coatings may include aluminum-based coatings, as well as from aluminum and silicon combinations. The pre-diffusion of the workpiece permits it to be subjected to the high heating rate of a subsequent press hardening operation without causing localized melting or vaporization of the protective coating.

Abstract: An object is to provide a method and an apparatus for improving a residual stress in a tubular body, which are enabled to improve the residual stress reliably by clearly defining controlling rage for treatment conditions without depending on an installation state and configuration of the tubular body. When an outer-circumferential surface of a welded portion of a cylindrical tubular body (2) is irradiated with a laser beam that circles around an outer circumference of the tubular body (2), a heating width W in a circumferential direction heated by the laser-beam irradiation and a laser-beam moving speed V in the circumferential direction are set so that a stress in the circumferential direction in an inner surface of the tubular body (2) produced by the heating with the laser beam is at least larger than a yielding stress of a material that the tubular body (2) is made of.

Abstract: There is provided an improved laser shock hardening method and apparatus which can eliminate spattering of a liquid and waving of the liquid surface upon laser irradiation, and can stably irradiate a workpiece with a laser beam. Thus, the present invention provides in a laser shock hardening method for carrying out surface processing of a workpiece in contact with a liquid by irradiating through the liquid the surface of the workpiece with a pulsed laser beam intermittently emitted from a laser irradiation device, the improvement comprising: providing a solid transparent to the wavelength of the laser, serving as an entrance window to the surface of the liquid; allowing the liquid to be present in the light path of the laser beam between the solid and the surface of the workpiece; and allowing the laser beam to enter through the solid and irradiating through the liquid the surface of the workpiece with the laser beam, thereby shock-hardening the surface of the workpiece.

Abstract: A composition of matter includes a substrate material (M) having a bulk portion and an outer surface integrated to the bulk portion. The outer surface includes a modified surface layer. The modified surface layer extends to a depth from the outer surface of at least 1 nm. The modified surface layer includes M and at least one other material (X) which is a metal or metal alloy. The modified surface layer has a 25° C. electrical conductivity which is at least 2.5% above or below a 25° C. electrical conductivity in the bulk portion of M. The composition of matter can be an article that includes a frequency selective surface-based metamaterial, and the plurality of modified surface portions can be a plurality of periodic surface elements that provide a resonant frequency.

Abstract: A system and method for direct manufacturing and stress relieving a metal part without removing the metal part from a vacuumed chamber. The system may comprise the chamber, a wire feeder for depositing a metal wire onto a metal plate, an electron beam (EB) source for providing an electron beam to melt the metal wire during deposition, and a current-providing apparatus for joule heating the metal plate to provide heat treatment to the metal part. The method may comprise depositing the metal wire onto the metal plate within the vacuumed chamber, then providing intermediate stress relief after a portion of the metal wire is deposited onto the metal plate by applying an electrical current to the metal part. The electron beam may also be set at a temperature below a melting point of a particular metal of the metal part for relieving stress in the metal part.

Abstract: There is provided an improved laser shock hardening method and apparatus which can eliminate spattering of a liquid and waving of the liquid surface upon laser irradiation, and can stably irradiate a workpiece with a laser beam. Thus, the present invention provides in a laser shock hardening method for carrying out surface processing of a workpiece in contact with a liquid by irradiating through the liquid the surface of the workpiece with a pulsed laser beam intermittently emitted from a laser irradiation device, the improvement comprising: providing a solid transparent to the wavelength of the laser, serving as an entrance window to the surface of the liquid; allowing the liquid to be present in the light path of the laser beam between the solid and the surface of the workpiece; and allowing the laser beam to enter through the solid and irradiating through the liquid the surface of the workpiece with the laser beam, thereby shock-hardening the surface of the workpiece.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a porous or partially porous three-dimensional metal article for use as a tissue ingrowth surface on a prosthesis. The porous article is formed using direct laser remelting in a cross section of a layer of metallic powder on a build platform without fusing thereto. The power, speed, spot size and beam overlap of the scanning laser is coordinated so that a predetermined porosity of the metallic powder can be achieved. Laser factors also vary depending from the thickness of the powder layer, type of metallic powder and size and size distribution of the powder particles. Successive depositing and remelting of individual layers are repeated until the article is fully formed by a layer-by-layer fashion. In an additional embodiment, a first layer of metallic powder may be deposited on a solid base or core and fused thereto.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a porous or partially porous three-dimensional metal article for use as a tissue ingrowth surface on a prosthesis. The porous article is formed using direct laser remelting in a cross section of a layer of metallic powder on a build platform without fusing thereto. The power, speed, spot size and beam overlap of the scanning laser is coordinated so that a predetermined porosity of the metallic powder can be achieved. Laser factors also vary depending from the thickness of the powder layer, type of metallic powder and size and size distribution of the powder particles. Successive depositing and remelting of individual layers are repeated until the article is fully formed by a layer-by-layer fashion. In an additional embodiment, a first layer of metallic powder may be deposited on a solid base or core and fused thereto.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is method of manufacturing an automobile part having different local strengths, more particularly, a method of manufacturing an automobile part using a steel sheet subjected to heat-treatment hardening and having different local thicknesses. The method includes preparing blank sheets using steel sheets subjected to heat-treatment hardening and having different thicknesses or different material properties according to desired strength; forming a blank assembly by joining the blank sheets to each other via laser welding; cold-pressing the blank assembly; and heating the cold-pressed part to a temperature of AC3 or more, followed by quenching the cold-formed part received within dies to remove residual stress while increasing strength of the automobile part.

Abstract: A manufacturing process of a hot stamped coated part comprising the following successive steps, in this order: providing a hot rolled or cold rolled steel sheet comprising a steel substrate and an aluminium-silicon alloy precoating, the precoating containing more than 50% of free aluminium and having a thickness comprised between 15 and 50 micrometers, then cutting the steel sheet to obtain a precoated steel blank, then heating the blank under non protective atmosphere up to a temperature Ti comprised between Te?10° C. and Te, Te being the eutectic or solidus temperature of the precoating, then heating the blank from the temperature Ti up to a temperature Tm comprised between 840 and 950° C. under non protective atmosphere with a heating rate V comprised between 30° C./s and 90° C.

Abstract: With regard to a surface hardening method wherein a surface of an engine member is coated with an alloy layer having high abrasive resistance so as to improve the life of the member and a production method of a piston or the like wherein abrasive resistance of the member is improved by the hardening method, a surface of a metal base material is coated uniformly with a mixture including metal powder, a binder and a solvent so as to form a coat, and the coat is dried and applied thereon with a laser or electron beam so as to be sintered and dispersed for forming an alloy layer on a surface of the metal base material and for bonding the alloy layer to the metal base material.

Abstract: Methods for repairing a gas turbine engine knife edge seals are provided. A representative method includes: providing a knife edge of a gas turbine component, the component comprising IN-100, the knife edge being degraded; directing a laser beam toward the knife edge; and dispensing IN-100 powder such that the IN-100 powder is melted by the laser beam and is deposited on the knife edge.

Abstract: The present disclosure is generally related to providing thin hydrogen separation membranes coated on porous substrates that are useful in membrane steam reformers and methods for making same. These reformers can be integrated with protein exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells to form power systems.

Abstract: A metal implant, in particular a dental implant, with a hydrophilic surface for at least partial insertion into a bone, and a method for the production of said implant are described. A particularly advantageous hydrophilic surface for improved osteointegration properties is made available if it is briefly treated, at least in some areas, in a weakly alkaline solution. These excellent osteointegration properties can be achieved in a method in which, optionally after a preceding mechanical surface modification by material removal and/or chemical surface modification, at least the areas exposed of this surface exposed to bone and/or soft tissue are chemically modified in an alkaline solution.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for repairing gas-turbine blisks uses an endoscope 15 provided with processing optics featuring a flexible light guide arrangement 16. A laser source 9 is connected to a flexible optical fiber arrangement 10, with a filler material feeder 7 for supplying welding flux via a flexible line 8, with a water supply 11 connected to a flexible line 12, and with an inert gas supply 13 connected to a flexible line 16 for supplying inert gas, with the flexible lines 8, 12, 14, the flexible light guide arrangement 16 and the flexible optical fiber arrangement 10 being combined to form a flexible long repair implement 17 at least at its distal end areas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to wear-resistant mechanical parts.

Abstract: Providing an iron and steel material having quenched surface part, avoiding oxidation of a compound layer formed on the surface of the iron and steel material due to quenching, its production method, and an induction-quenched component. A quenched iron and steel material 10 comprises an iron and steel material 11, a compound layer 12 formed on the iron and steel material 11, and an antioxidant cover layer 13 formed on the compound layer 12. The iron and steel material 11 has a hardened layer having a given depth, and the surface of the iron and steel material 11 has enhanced hardness.

Abstract: Article (e.g., turbine engine fan or compressor blade) comprising a titanium alloy has a first portion with alpha+beta microstructure and a second portion with martensitic or a bimodal microstructure. The modified microstructure of the second portion is provided by selectively heating, and immediately quenching, the second portion without substantially heating the first portion. An exemplary method includes providing a near net-shaped article having a first portion (e.g., an airfoil region) and a second portion (e.g., an unfinished dovetail region). Initially, the article comprises an alpha+beta microstructure throughout. Thereafter, the second portion is selectively heated, followed by immediate quenching, without substantially heating the first portion, to modify the microstructure of the second portion to a martensitic or bimodal microstructure without substantially modifying the microstructure of the first portion. Thereafter, the second portion may be processed to a final body dimension.

Abstract: A method is provided for depositing a hard wear resistant surface onto a porous or non-porous base material of a medical implant. The wear resistant surface of the medical implant device may be formed by a Laser Based Metal Deposition (LBMD) method such as Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS). The wear resistant surface may include a blend of multiple different biocompatible materials. Further, functionally graded layers of biocompatible materials may be used to form the wear resistant surface. Usage of a porous material for the base may promote bone ingrowth to allow the implant to fuse strongly with the bone of a host patient. The hard wear resistant surface provides device longevity, particularly when applied to bearing surfaces such as artificial joint bearing surfaces or a dental implant bearing surfaces. An antimicrobial material such as silver may be deposited in combination with a metal to form an antimicrobial surface deposit.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a sealed electronic component, which can seal a housing in a high-vacuum state while preventing enclosure of a gas within the housing, as well as achieving the improvement in manufacturing efficiency. According to the method, after forming an unwelded section by a primary welding process step, including a first beam irradiation process step and a second beam irradiation process step, annealing treatment is performed in an annealing process step by irradiating an electron beam to a predetermined portion on a locus of the electron beam formed in the first beam irradiation process step. The locus may be on a housing or a lid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for improving properties of a solid material by providing shockwaves there through. Laser shock processing is used to provide the shockwaves. The method includes applying a liquid energy-absorbing overlay, which is resistant to erosion and dissolution by the transparent water overlay and which is resistant to drying to a portion of the surface of the solid material and then applying a transparent overlay to the coated portion of the solid material. A pulse of coherent laser energy is directed to the coated portion of the solid material to create a shockwave. Advantageously, at least a portion of the unspent energy-absorbing overlay can be reused in situ at a further laser treatment location and/or recovered for later use.

Abstract: Layered metal structures are patterned to form a surface with some locations having an alloy along the top surface at some locations and the original top metal layer at other locations along the surface. The alloy and original top metal layer can be selected to have differential etching properties such that the pattern of the alloy or original metal can be selectively etched to form a patterned metal interconnect. In general, the patterning is performed by localized heating that drives formation of the alloy at the heated locations. The metal patterning can be useful for solar cell applications as well as for electronics applications, such as display applications.

Abstract: A large-heat-input butt-welded joint of welded structures prepared by butt-welding high-strength steel plates over 50 mm in thickness, having excellent brittle fracture resistance, is characterized by: (a1) the hardness of the weld metal is not more than 110% of the hardness of the base metal or (a2) the hardness of the weld metal is not less than 70% and not more than 110% of the hardness of the base metal, and, as required, (b) the width of the weld metal is not more than 70% of the plate thickness of the base metal, (c) the width of the region affected by welding whose hardness is softened to not more than 95% of the hardness of the non-heat-affected base metal has a width not less than 5 mm, and/or (d) the prior austenite grain size in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) contacting the welding fusion line is not more than 200 ?m.

Abstract: A method for laser welding a pair of overlapping metal members together and a weld joint produced by the method. At least one of the metal members has a protective metal coating. The method includes applying a thin layer of an alloying agent on at least one of the metal members between the metal members, melting the protective metal coating and the alloying agent to form an alloy that is disposed between the overlapping members with zero gap, welding the overlapping metal members together to form a weld, and controlling the amount of the alloying agent such that the extended solid solubility of the alloying agent in the weld is not exceeded.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a workpiece involves performing any one of various post-processing part modification steps on a workpiece that has been previously subjected to laser shock processing. In one step, material is removed from the compressive residual stress region of the processed workpiece. Alternately, the workpiece may be provided with oversized dimensions such that the removal process removes an amount of material sufficient to generate a processed workpiece having dimensions substantially conforming to design specifications. Alternately, the material removal process is adapted to establish a penetration depth for material removal that coincides with the depth at which the workpiece exhibits maximum compressive residual stress. Alternately, a first high-intensity laser shock processing treatment is performed on the workpiece, followed by the removal of material from the compressive residual stress region, and then a second low-intensity laser shock processing treatment is performed on the workpiece.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are present for manufacturing a part. The part is comprised of a metal alloy and is positioned to form a positioned part. An electromagnetic field is generated that heats the positioned part. A surface of the positioned part is exposed to an inert gas, while the electromagnetic field is generated to create an inverse thermal gradient between an exterior of the positioned part and an interior section of the positioned part to form a heat treated part.

Abstract: A method for preparing a protective layer (38) on a surface of the substrate (36) that requires a bonding temperature (BT) above a detrimental phase transformation temperature range (28) of the substrate, and then cooling the layer and substrate without cracking the layer or detrimentally transforming the substrate. The protective layer (38) and the substrate (36) are cooled from the bonding temperature (BT) to a temperature (46) above the detrimental phase transformation range (28) at a first cooling rate (30) slow enough to avoid cracking the protective layer. Next, the protective layer and the substrate are cooled to a temperature below the detrimental phase transformation range of the substrate at a second cooling rate (27) fast enough to pass the detrimental phase transformation range before a substantial transformation of the substrate into the detrimental phase can occur.

Abstract: A deposition is gradually formed by molding a product main body, removing a defect periphery including a defect generated on a surface to be treated of the product main body by molding so that a recess portion is formed on the surface to be treated of the product main body, employing a molded electrode composed of a molded body molded from a powder of a metal or the molded body processed with a heat treatment, and generating a pulsing electric discharge between the recess portion periphery including the recess portion and the molded electrode in an electrically insulating liquid or gas so that a material of the molded electrode or a reaction substance of the material carries out deposition and such at the recess portion periphery by energy of the electric discharge.

Abstract: There is provided a substrate treatment method performed on a substrate before forming a Cu film on a surface of a base material of the substrate. In the substrate treatment method, a substrate on which a Cu film is to be formed is prepared; and a specific treatment is performed on the substrate so that a crystalline orientation of the surface of the base material of the substrate has a small lattice mismatch with the Cu film.

Abstract: A method of shot peening in which with respect to a carburized and quenched metal part, only its surface abnormal layer detrimental to the fatigue strength thereof is scraped without scraping of the martensitic structure underlying the surface abnormal layer, namely, in which the fatigue strength can be rendered stable and enhanced without surface cracking. As bombardment shot, use is made of a shot with hardness higher than that (first hardness) of the surface abnormal layer occurring at a surface layer portion of metal part prior to shot peening but lower than that (second hardness) of the martensitic structure.

Abstract: A blade for rotating equipment. The blade includes a root and an airfoil with a leading edge attached to the root. The blade may include a laser shot peened root patch extending along the leading edge and the root.