Abstract: A method for forming and bonding a corrosion resistant perovskite layer on a surface of a steel component, for example, a stainless steel crucible is disclosed. The method comprises preparing an inhibitor mixture comprising about 0.5% to about 5% by weight of a rare-earth oxide and about 0.1% to about 1% by weight of an oxidizer; preparing a molten chloride salt mixture comprising a predetermined concentration of one of a binary eutectic mixture and a ternary eutectic mixture, mixing the inhibitor mixture to the molten chloride salt mixture to produce an inhibitor salt mixture; applying the inhibitor salt mixture to the surface of the steel component to be bonded with the perovskite layer; and heat treating the steel component with said applied inhibitor salt mixture to a predetermined temperature to form and bond the perovskite layer on said surface of said steel component.

Abstract: A method for heat treating a superalloy component includes heating a superalloy component to a first temperature, cooling the superalloy from the first temperature to a second temperature at a first cooling rate in a furnace, and cooling the superalloy component from the second temperature to a final temperature at a second cooling rate. The second cooling rate is higher than the first cooling rate.

Abstract: A base material of a ferrous material is heated to an AC1 point, which is a temperature to cause austenite appearance, or higher, and austenite appears in the base material 1a and 1b (S101). An amount of a strain assuming that an Mf point, which is a temperature where the base material becomes martensite completely, is decreased to be less than room temperature is introduced into the base material (S102). The all ferrous material becoming martensite on the occasion of cooling the ferrous material to room temperature is prevented. The base material is cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate where a line extrapolated a cooling curve of the base material intersects with a region where martensite is produced on the CCT diagram (S103). Austenite remains in the manufactured ferrous material at room temperature.

Abstract: A portion of a work-hardened essentially tubular work piece such as a metallic firearm cartridge case is annealed by contact with solid or granular tooling material which has been heated to a temperature approximately that of the appropriate annealing temperature, thereby reducing the possibility of overheating the work piece, and also thereby permitting the annealing of only that portion of the work piece contacted or in close proximity to the point(s) of contact.

Abstract: A composition for nitrocarburizing stainless steel parts and a method for producing a nitride or hard case on such parts using the composition, are provided. The composition includes alkali metal cyanate and alkali metal carbonate, wherein the cyanate ion is present in a weight percentage of greater than 45% and less than 55.2%. The composition is fused and maintained between about 750° F. and about 950° F. depending upon the type of stainless steel to be treated. The workpiece is immersed in the fused bath and left in until a satisfactory compound layer or case is formed. With austenitic stainless steel, the piece is immersed from about four hours to about six hours at temperatures between about 750° F. and about 950° F., preferably between 750° F. and 850° F. to maintain corrosion resistance.

Abstract: Fe--Ni alloy with improved etch factors for electronic parts are provided which are characterized by the composition consisting of, all by weight, 30-55% Ni, 0.8% or less Mn, 0.0030-0.0100% N, or 0.02% less Al, and the balance Fe and unavoidable impurities, preferably with 0.01% or less C, 0.003% or less Si, 0.005%, or less S, 0.005% or less P, and 0.0100% or less O. There is provided Fe--Ni alloy materials for electronic parts which have high etch factors and produce favorably etched surfaces without blister generation, by restricting the N and Al contents within specified ranges and preferably limiting C, Si, P, S, and O contents below specified levels.

Abstract: A system for descaling a strip of metal includes a nozzle assembly mounted within a spray box for spraying descaling product on the strip. The nozzle assembly includes a spray chamber; nozzles mounted directly to the spray chamber; and a heater for heating the chamber, the descaling product in the chamber, and the nozzles by conduction through the chamber. The nozzles are oriented to direct the descaling product in a spray against the upper and lower surfaces of the metal strip for an amount and a time sufficient to descale the metal strip. The nozzle assembly is attached to the spray box and can be easily removed therefrom for inspection.

Abstract: An improved salt and method of using such salt for conditioning scale on strip or sheet metal surfaces is provided. In more particular aspects, the invention provides an improved salt of alkali metal hydroxides and alkali metal nitrates which are used in their fused anhydrous form to condition scale on metal strip or sheet. The salt preferably contains from about 40% to about 70% potassium hydroxide, from about 20% to about 55% sodium hydroxide, and from about 2% to about 30% of an alkali metal nitrate. The salt is especially adapted to be sprayed onto a moving strip or sheet of metal as it passes a spray station, although it can also be used in conventional salt bath applications in which the salt is maintained in a fused condition in a tank, and the sheet, strip, bar, tubing or other form to be treated is immersed in the fused salt bath.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for densifying an article wherein the article is disposed in a first molten salt pressure transmission medium in a container. The first medium is heated to a first elevated densifying temperature. The container is disposed in a second molten salt pressure transmission medium at a second temperature lower than the first temperature. The first medium and the second medium are communicated so that pressure applied to the second medium is transmitted to the first medium. Pressure is applied to the lower temperature second medium sufficient to densify the article disposed in the first higher temperature medium. Following densification of the article, the container is removed from the second medium. The method and apparatus are especially useful for closing internal porosity of metallic and intermetallic castings.

Abstract: A system for developing a metal workpiece in which the center and the periphery have different properties. The workpiece is processed to put it into a first metallurgical condition. Then, a portion of the periphery is dipped into a molten salt bath and the workpiece is rotated so that the periphery is converted to a second metallurgical condition by the heat of the salt bath.

Abstract: A unique method is proposed for the preparation of a body of an austempered ductile cast iron having a gradient of the mechanical property within the body by subjecting a body of a nodular graphite cast iron to an isothermal transformation treatment for austempering at a temperature in the range from 250.degree. to 450.degree. C. while the body has a temperature difference between two points or between two surfaces. The temperature difference can be produced by bringing the two points or two surfaces into contact with melts of a salt kept at different temperatures. A two-compartment salt-bath apparatus therefore is disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of floatingly supporting a metallic strip in a direct firing type continuous heat treating furnace accommodating a plurality of floater nozzles. In this method, furnace gas is initially supplied to and pressurized by a plurality of multistage booster fans. The temperature of the furnace gas to be supplied to the booster fans is less than a critical temperature of the fans. When the temperature of the furnace gas is less than the temperature of the material of the strip, the temperature of the furnace gas is raised to a temperature near the material temperature in combustion chambers provided with respective direct firing type burners. The furnace gas is then supplied to the floater nozzles, the internal pressure of which is controlled prior to being jetted.

Abstract: An improved oxygen sensor is provided which gives oxygen concentration readings immediately and without the uncertain delays of a break-in period. The break-in period is decreased substantially by imparting to a copper counter electrode a uniform distribution of cuprous oxide throughout its structure. More reliable performance of the sensor is achieved.

Abstract: A method of producing a multilayer system comprises depositing a seed layer (4) of copper on an electrically insulating substrate (2). A resist is formed on the copper seed layer (4), and the seed layer is electroplated with copper to produce a desired conductor pattern (8). An air firing dielectric (10) is screen printed over the pattern (8) and the exposed parts of the seed layer (4) are fired in air. The outer skin of the pattern is oxidized as is also the whole of the seed layer other than where it underlies the copper pattern. The ozidized regions of the copper both form a firm bond with the dielectric and inhibit the migration of oxygen into the inner regions of the conductor pattern (8). Also the oxidation of the seed layer renders it non-conductive and therefore obviates the need for its removal. Through holes (12) produced in the dielectric enable electrical connection to the pattern (8).

Abstract: A copper-tin alloy having improved wear performance and a process for forming the alloy is described herein. The alloy consists essentially of about 2% to about 11%, preferably about 3.5% to about 9% tin, about 0.03% to about 0.75%, preferably about 0.08% to about 0.5% phosphorous and the balance essentially copper. The processing for improving the wear performance includes a final heat treatment at a temperature in the range of about 400.degree. C. to about 650.degree. C., preferably about 500.degree. C. to about 600.degree. C. in an atmosphere having a dew point in the range of about -75.degree. C. to about +95.degree. C., preferably -57.degree. C. to +21.degree. C. and an oxygen level in the range of about 0.001 ppm to about 225 ppm.

Abstract: Thin films of cuprous oxide on thin copper foil, when heat treated in an inert atmosphere and quenched, not only exhibit a 10- to 100-fold increase in photovoltaic effects, but also provide ohmic copper-cuprous oxide contacts when selected portions of the oxide film are first subjected to reducing conditions.

Abstract: Metal surfaces are protected from corrosion by reaction with a silane. In the case of a clean metal surface, reaction with the silane produces an intermetallic compound that is subsequently oxidized to yield a surface layer of, for example, silicon oxide. In the situation where the metal has an oxide coating, the silane reacts directly with this coating to produce the protective surface.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a multilayer circuit substrate includes the step of providing an insulating substrate formed of an inorganic oxide and supporting a laminate formed by alternately laminating wiring layers of copper and insulating layers of an inorganic oxide. The uppermost layer of the laminate is constituted by a copper wiring layer. A layer of electrically conductive material capable of being subjected to wire bonding is formed by a low temperature deposition on the surface of the laminate. Subsequently, the conductive material layer is selectively removed by photoetching to allow the portion connected to part of the uppermost copper wiring layer to remain. In this manner, the pattern layer capable of wire bonding can be formed.

Abstract: Thin films of cuprous oxide on thin copper foil, when heat treated in an inert atmosphere and quenched, exhibit a 10- to 100-fold increase in photovoltaic effect.

Abstract: A method is taught for repairing pinholes in dielectric layers and thereby avoiding metal shorts. The method is applied after the dielectric has been deposited on a base of conductive metallurgy and involves heating the metal-dielectric layers in an oxygen ambient and thereby oxidizing any exposed metal. The metal-oxide formed in the pinhole effectively insulates the underlying metal from a subsequently deposited metal; and, hence acts to prevent metal-to-metal shorts.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a metallic carrier having a catalytically active metal-containing surface layer, the catalytic metal being other than a noble metal, whereby the catalytically active surface layer is formed out of a homogeneous metallic carrier by oxidizing in an oxidizing gas such as air and subsequently reducing with hydrogen the surface of the metallic carrier at a temperature at which the active metal is substantially not sintered, characterized in that the carrier is a web or felt of fibers with a diameter between 4 and 100 microns.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting oxidation of copper electrodes of a ceramic capacitor, comprising the step of subjecting copper films formed by an electroless plating process or the like and serving as opposed electrodes of a ceramic capacitor to a hydrocarbon halide compound including trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, freon, chlorobenzene, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or the like.

Abstract: The process of forming a composite with an alloy having an alloy component of about 0.5 to 12% aluminum and a matrix selected from a material of the group consisting of copper, iron or nickel. The alloy is heated in an oxygen-rich atmosphere to form a material oxide-rich layer on a surface of the alloy. The alloy is then heated in a reducing atmosphere to reduce the material oxide-rich layer to form an aluminum oxide on the surface of the alloy and a material-rich layer on the aluminum oxide layer.

Abstract: A batch process for the halogenation of solid polymeric or metallic material comprising the following steps:(a) providing a closed system comprising a chamber containing air at about atmospheric pressure and having inlet and outlet means, a heat exchanger, and a circulation pump, all connected in series;(b) introducing the material into the chamber;(c) heating the chamber and the material to a selected temperature in the range of about 100.degree. F. to about 200.degree. F. by recirculating the air through the heat exchanger;(d) evacuating the system;(e) introducing a halogen into the system in an amount (i) of up to about 10 percent in excess of the theoretical amount of halogen required to halogenate the polymeric material to a desired depth and (ii) sufficient to provide a partial pressure in the system in the range of about 0.

Abstract: A semi-conducting, stable polychelate coating is manufactured in situ on a conducting substrate providing metal coordination centers, by carrying out a controlled chelating reaction and thermal treatment on the substrate surface with a predetermined specific amount (X.sub.o) of tetranitrile compound per unit substrate area. The temperature and duration as well as this specific amount (X.sub.o) are selected from given ranges to form a uniform polychelate coatingbonded to the substrate surface.Titanium electrodes are provided with such polychelate coatings for different purposes. Electrodes with other metal substrates are further provided with such polychelate coatings.

Abstract: A heat treatment for providing copper-tin alloys with a substantially continuous tin-phosphorous-oxide protective layer that improves the appearance and the tarnish resistance of the alloys is disclosed. The heat treatment comprises heating the alloys in a reducing atmosphere having a dew point of at least about 65.degree. F. and a temperature in the range of about 700.degree. C. to about 900.degree. C. for a time in the range of about 2 hours to about 24 hours.

Abstract: A composite conductive structure which includes an insulating substrate on which is provided a conductor of molybdenum covered by a layer of molybdenum nitride and a method of making the structure are described. The method includes heating the conductor of molybdenum in an atmosphere of ammonia in the range from about 400.degree. C. to 850.degree. C. for a time to cause the atmosphere to react with the conductor to convert a portion of the conductor into molybdenum nitride.

Abstract: The adhesion of brass plated steel cord to rubber is improved by treating the cord in a dilute acidic alcohol dip followed by treatment with H.sub.2 S gas or by treating the cord in a dilute aqueous ammonia dip, preferably followed by treatment with H.sub.2 S gas, before combining the cord with a vulcanizable rubber compound and vulcanizing the same.

Abstract: A thin corrosion protective film of an iron oxide can be formed on the inner surface of a condenser tube made of a copper alloy by first applying on the inner surface a thin layer of an acidic suspension containing iron powder and then exposing the thus-coated inner surface to an atmosphere of an oxidizing gas. The above method can be carried out in a relatively short period of time and also in a relatively simple fashion. The resultant protective film is uniform and hardly reduces the thermal conductivity of the condenser tube, thus ideal as a protective film for condenser tubes of a heat exchanger.

Abstract: The surface of a metal from the group of molybdenum, nickel, iron, tungsten and copper, or an alloy comprising at least one metal from this group, is made thermally black (black for thermal radiation) and very resistant to high temperatures. This is achieved by coating the metal or alloy with a layer of aluminum which is from one to a few .mu.m thick. The metal or the alloy thus coated is then heated in a nonreactive atmosphere until the aluminum has reacted with the metal or a metal from the alloy. Finally, the coated metal or alloy is fired in wet hydrogen so that the aluminum is partially oxidized from the compound of the aluminum with the metal or the alloy. In this manner a thermally black surface which can withstand very high temperatures is obtained.

Abstract: In a spinning or twisting machine, a anti-balloon ring stationarily fixed around the bobbin spindle is first sand-blasted so as to produce a predetermined degree of surface roughness, then provided with a nickel coating in order to reduce undesirable excrescences followed by a copper coating in order to reduce friction and loss of yarn resistance while permitting much higher spindle speeds in respect of an acceptable rate of wear.

Abstract: An improved corrosion resistant pipe and method of manufacture is presented wherein a phosphorus copper or phosphorus copper alloy pipe is subjected to a special heat treatment step which forms an internal oxide coating. A pipe produced in accordance with the invention is characterized as having a carbon content on the inside wall of 0.05 mg/dm.sup.2 or less and an internal oxide coating having a thickness ranging from 0.1 to 5 microns. Notably this improved pipe has a good resistance to corrosion, even when exposed to chemically agressive liquids.

Abstract: This invention relates to a resistive or semiconducting coating for use on current conductors in cryogenic applications. This includes copper-clad superconductor wire, copper wire used for stabilizing superconductor magnets, and for hyperconductors. The coating is a film of cuprous sulfide (Cu.sub.2 S) that has been found not to degrade the properties of the conductors. It is very adherent to the respective conductors and satisfies the mechanical, thermal and electrical requirements of coatings for the conductors.

Abstract: A structure of a copper conductor is obtained by oxidizing copper film formed on the surface of a substrate, and by heat treating the same in a reducing atmosphere, whereby only the surface layer portion of the oxidized copper film is reduced to become copper. The copper film of a conductor is formed on the surface of the substrate with the oxidized copper film interposed therebetween. As a result, an adhesion of the copper film to the surface of the substrate is enhanced.

Abstract: Brass coated steel tire cord is treated with vaporized benzotriazole and/or other treatment agents to promote corrosion resistance and cord to rubber adhesion retention.

Abstract: This case relates to a process for forming protective metal oxide films on metal or alloy substrate surfaces susceptible to coking, corrosion or catalytic activity. The process comprises first preoxidizing the substrate surface and then depositing on the pre-oxidized surface a metal oxide of Ca, Mg, Al, Ga, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb or Cr by vapor phase decomposition of a volatile compound of the metal which has at least one metal-oxygen bond. Nitrogen, helium, argon, carbon dioxide, air or steam may be used as carrier gases for the metal compound.

Abstract: Copper based substrates for use at high temperatures in oxidizing atmospheres are made up of a copper core overlaid with a protective nickel oxide barrier layer formed in situ and an external protective layer of nickel. The process for forming the protective nickel oxide barrier layer comprises the steps of subjecting the copper core to oxidation to form a cuprous oxide surface layer over the copper core, reducing the surface of the cuprous oxide layer to regenerate copper to regain conductivity, plating a surface layer of nickel over the copper layer, and annealing the coated copper core to scavenge at least some of the oxygen from the cuprous oxide layer and react it at the interface with the plated nickel layer to form the protective nickel oxide barrier layer.

Abstract: Brass coated steel tire cord is treated with vaporized benzotriazole and/or other treatment agents to promote corrosion resistance and cord to rubber adhesion retention.

Abstract: A method for improving the selectivity of a black copper oxide absorber surface which comprises treating the surface with a solution containing chromate ions and ammonium ions. Copper black surfaces when so treated and solar absorbers with such surfaces are included.

Abstract: Using a plasma arc coating process or a thermospraying process or a detonation process an electrode of a rotor of a distributor for the ignition system of an internal combustion engine was surface treated to provide the electrode with a surface layer of an electrically high resistive material, e.g. CuO. A distributor having the treated rotor included therein exhibited significantly suppressed noise. Instead of or in addition to the rotor, each of the stationary terminals of the distributor may be so treated.

Abstract: A method of producing a laminate having high bond strength and excellent resistance to acid undercutting comprising oxidizing copper or its alloys to form an oxide film, applying a phosphoric acid solution to the oxide film, rinsing, drying, and adhesively laminating to a plastic film. The instant case also teaches a method of producing high tarnish resistance on copper and its alloys by so oxidizing and phosphating and further teaches a flexible printed circuit wherein the unwanted copper portion of the formed laminate is etched away, characterized by high peel strength and substantially no acid undercutting of the formed circuitry.

Abstract: Metal/metal oxide coated articles having selective reflectance and transmittance of radiation over an extended spectral range are provided by a combination of alternately disposed coating layers of metal and metal oxide, the metals of the metal layer being silver, chromium, iron, cobalt or nickel and the metal oxide being copper oxide. Chemical or electroless plating techniques are disclosed for the production of such articles. Uniform oxide coatings are formed by first depositing metal films, then treating them with surfactants to promote uniform oxidation and then exposing them to an oxidizing environment.

Abstract: Chromium is passivated by forming a chromium oxide layer thereon by heating at temperatures of about 450.degree.C in an atmosphere containing oxygen. While useful, per se, the process finds particular application as an integral part of overall processing schemes where thermal cycles are used.