Abstract: An apparatus and method for separating a multi-strand elastic feed (1) comprising: an apparatus for separating a multi-strand elastic feed (1) comprising: a feed roll (2); a series of pins (3) for separating the feed located downstream from the feed roll said series extending laterally to the machine direction (9), the series comprising a first feed pin (4) and a subsequent set of separator pins (5); and wherein the spacing of the pins in the series is such that the separation of adjacent pins in the cross direction is less than the diameter of a separator pin, wherein in use, the multi-strand elastic feed is threaded manually around the feed pin and is then separated such that the strands pass around the separator pins in a direction opposite to that traveled round the feed pin with the result that the multi-strand elastic feed is separated into strands separated in the cross direction and a tensioning means to facilitate the initial threading of the feed around the pins; and a means for passing the separate

Abstract: The current invention relates to a multifunctional and multipurpose laminated stretch fabric suitable for home textiles, upholstery and apparels and other personal and industrial applications comprising at least one non-stretchable or easily deformable fabric element (10) adhesively bound to a stretchable membrane element (20) on at least one side. The invention also relates to the assembly for manufacturing the said laminate and the process for production thereof.

Abstract: An adhesive sheet (S) is expanded by an expanding mechanism (20) with a plate-like article (W) being mounted to a frame (F) after dicing of the plate-like article (W) to increase spacings between individual chips (T), an expanded state of the adhesive sheet (S) is maintained by an expansion maintaining device (10), so that the plate-like article (W) is able to be conveyed together with the frame (F) with the spacings between the chips (T) being maintained, thereby preventing adjacent chips (T) from interfering with each other during the conveyance. This allows the plate-like article (W), after the dicing, to be conveyed together with the frame (F) without edges of the adjacent chips (T) coming into contact with each other by vibration during the conveyance, thereby avoiding the causing of chipping or microcracks in the edges.

Abstract: A method is described for providing a substrate foil (L0) with at least a laminating foil (L1) of material. The method comprises the steps of providing the substrate foil (L0) and the laminating foil (L1). And subsequently applying weakend portions (100) in the laminating foil (L1). The weakened portions extend in a direction transverse (Dtr) to a longitudinal direction of the laminating foil, and are spaced at intervals along the longitudinal direction. The weakened portions have a width (w) substantially smaller than the length (A) of said intervals, providing a tension to the laminating foil (L1) in the longitudinal direction (Dlong). Thereby the laminating foil (L1) is stretched in the weakened portions, attaching the stretched laminating foil (L1) to the substrate foil (L0).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing disposable undergarments having areas of defined elastic material is disclosed. The method provides for staggered cutting knives for severing the elastic material, which results in less necessary material used in the construction of the undergarments.

Abstract: Film lamination vehicles and methods that can be used to laminate films to surfaces are disclosed. The vehicles and methods use a moving lamination device that forms a lamination front over which the film is applied to the surface. The lamination front complies to irregularities in the surface such as dips, bumps, etc. while providing substantially uniform pressure such that the film conforms to the surface.

Abstract: A film material formed of thermoplastic polymer material is processed so as to have linearly extending regions (A) linked together by linearly extending webs (B), regions (A) and webs (B) each being oriented, the dominant direction of orientation in regions (A) forming an angle (V) to the direction on which (A) extends and webs (B) comprising arrays of linear furrows of thinner material or splits forming angles (U) higher than (V) to the direction in which (A) extends. The method of producing the new film involves passing an orientated film through a pair of intermeshing grooved rollers to cold-stretch the film in a direction at an angle to the predominant original orientation, at least one of the grooved rollers having crests with sharp edges to form the division between regions A and webs B and to stretch the material to form webs B while stretching the material less or not at all to form regions A. Preferably at least one of the grooved rollers has crests with a waved surface shape.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the production of a tubular structural component. A tubular moulding tool having an inner mould surface which is shaped corresponding to an outer surface of the structural component is provided. A support surface of an expandable support which is formed such that in an unexpanded state, it fills the moulding tool, leaving an expansion spacing of the support surface to the mould surface, is covered with a tubular fibre-woven fabric. After the support has been arranged in the moulding tool, the fibre-woven fabric is pressed against the mould surface by expanding the support and is infiltrated by a curable matrix. From another point of view, a device is provided for the production of a tubular structural component.

Abstract: An ultrasonic bonding apparatus includes a head that includes a tool surface configured to mount an electronic component, an ultrasonic bonding unit configured to ultrasonically bond the electronic component with a substrate, and a wiping unit configured to wipe out pre-cured underfill that has adhered to the tool surface of the head, by using a wiping member on a wiping table. The wiping unit includes a solvent supply unit configured to supply a solvent configured to powder the underfill, to the wiping member on the wiping table, a sealed cartridge configured to house the wiping table and a feed mechanism configured to supply the wiping member to the wiping table and to roll up the wiping member from the wiping table, and a cartridge support member that includes a motor configured to drive the feed mechanism, and is detachably attached to the cartridge.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for raising the surface tension of biaxially-stretched films made of thermoplastic polymers. According to the method, a film is first treated on a surface by means of an atmospheric pressure plasma before being stretched transversally or simultaneously across the width thereof, and the film is additional a subjected to a second treatment by means of a corona or flame after being stretched transversally or simultaneously, the second treatment being done on the same surface which has already been plasma-treated.

Abstract: A flexible duct including: a first, inner layer that includes multiple helical windings of a strip of thin flexible material; a second layer overlying and adhered to the first, inner layer and including multiple helical windings of a tube containing insulating material; and a helically wound reinforcing element.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a roll holder for tape dispenser and a tape dispenser assembly therewith. The roll holder comprises a cylindrical body and an annular portion made from a material having a high friction coefficient, the annular portion being fixed inside the cylindrical body. The roll holder tape dispenser is supported by a shaft. Two cylindrical bodies are connected to a roll of tape, one at each extremity of the tape spool by press-fitting. The shaft passes through the annular portion and the friction occurring between the shaft and annular portion induce a tension in the tape when the tape is unwound from the roll.

Abstract: A lateral pipe that intersects a main pipe is lined using a lateral pipe-lining material having a tubular resin-absorbing material impregnated with a curable resin and having a flange formed at one end thereof. The flange of the lateral pipe-lining material is disposed on an expandable flange-pressing implement, and an adhesive is applied onto the flange. Hot water is fed to the flange-pressing implement to expand and press the flange against the periphery of the lateral pipe opening of the main pipe. The hot water thus fed also heats and cures the adhesive on the flange to secure it to the periphery of the lateral pipe opening of the main pipe. The drainage performance of the main pipe can be improved because a gap does not form between the flange of the lateral pipe-lining material and the periphery of the lateral pipe opening of the main pipe, and neither underground water nor earth or sand flows into the main pipe.

Abstract: A machine for making two-color expandable salts includes a feeding unit to feed two strips of different colors to a combining unit which includes a cutting blade and a ultra-wave generator, the cutting blade cuts surplus from two sides of each of the two strips and the two strips are securely connected to each other along two respective sides thereof so as to form the expandable slat. A scrolling unit includes a scrolling wheel which to scroll the expandable slat from the combining unit. A control unit includes a programmable controller and multiple tension detection members which detect tension of the strips and the expandable slat, the tension is sent to the programmable controller which adjusts speed of the feeding wheels and scrolling wheel.

Abstract: A double-sided tape dispenser is provided, in which a rolling tape mechanism is axially formed at the inner wall of body. The rolling tape mechanism comprises a driving gear and a drawback gear joggling with the driving gear. A drawback roll wheel pivots onto the drawback gear. A double-sided tape pivots onto the driving gear to wind the tail of tape onto the roll wheel. Double-sided adhesive is formed over the outer circumference of double-sided tape. An adjustment part pivots onto the drawback roll wheel, so when the gear is driven to joggle with the drawback gear to run, a frictional resistance is caused between the drawback roll wheel and the drawback gear to keep the tightness of drawback of the drawback release paper, preventing the release paper from being blocked on the drawback roll wheel and then the double-sided tape from not drawing back completely.

Abstract: A method and a system for applying a seal to the closure of an opening, in particular to a door of a motor vehicle, is provided. The application takes place in two stages. In a first stage, a seal, which is cut off from a continuous seal strip is placed with a stationary roll-on head on placing and pressing elements of a tensioning plate, which are moved past the roll-on head. In a second stage, the tensioning plate with the seal placed on the placing and pressing elements is guided to the closure of the opening and pressed here by means of the pressing elements on the bonding face of the closure of the opening. In general, this type of application takes place exclusively by mechanical means.

Abstract: The invention discloses a widening device and a method for applying label sleeves on objects. The inner diameter of the label sleeve is smaller than a diameter of a perimeter of the objects on which the label sleeve is to be applied. The widening device had four articulated widening jaws which engage an inner surface of the label sleeve. The third widening jaw and the fourth widening jaw are movably arranged between the first widening jaw and the second widening jaw. An articulated support carries the third widening jaw and the fourth widening jaw, wherein the articulated support is made up of a first and a second movable lever.

Abstract: A porous multilayered hollow fiber for outer side pressed filtration is made of a multilayer comprising a supporting layer constituted of the thickness of an expanded porous polytetrafluoroethylene tube, and a filtration layer provided on the outer surface of the supporting layer, wherein pores surrounded by fibrous frameworks in the filtration layer are smaller than those of the supporting layer, and the mean of the maximum fibril length (L) of the fibrous frameworks surrounding each pore in the outer surface of the filtration layer is designed to be small such that (X) and (Y) fall within the range on the XY plane, where (X) is a particle diameter of particles captured when the particle trapping ratio is equal to or more than 90% in the case where the filtration is done under an elevated pressure of 0.1 MPa, and (Y) is a value designated as RFL obtained by dividing (L) by (X).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for nonlinear laying of components such as elastics on a continuous web is provided. In an apparatus embodiment, the apparatus comprises a diverter and a combining roll. The apparatus can be configured to vary an elastic profile of the elastic member on a continuous web by oscillating a rotation of the diverter. The method and apparatus can be used for making absorbent articles such as diapers and training pants.

Abstract: A method of making an elastic composite is provided. The method entails conveying a first web of material along a web plane path. The method also entails applying a first section of a first elastic strand onto the first web and generally transversely to the web plane path and applying a second section of a second elastic strand onto the first web and generally transversely to the web plane path. These applying steps are repeated while performing the conveying step, thereby arranging a plurality of first and second elastic elements on the first web, in generally parallel relation to one another. The resultant composite is suitable for incorporation into a disposable absorbent garment, textile or fabric structure, and the like.

Abstract: A machine is provided having a web tension nulling mechanism that is effective to cancel out web tension-effect forces exerted on machine members, such as rollers, so these forces to not substantially interfere with the position of the machine members during operation of the machine.

Abstract: A system and method for forming a looped suture having a tapered cut is provided. The system includes a base for selectively retaining a portion of thread, a clamping device for receiving a first end of the thread, a tensioning device for receiving a second end of the thread, and a welding/cutting assembly configured to join a first section and second section of the thread to form a loop and to form a tapered end on the first section of the thread. A die for forming a looped suture having a tapered cut is also provided.

Abstract: A cord tensioning mechanism for a tire cord applicator head includes a closed loop timing belt extending between spaced apart pulleys and a tension adjustment pulley pressuring the cord laterally against the timing belt sufficiently to place the cord into a desired tension.

Abstract: An apparatus of this invention includes: a workpiece holding mechanism that holds a ring frame and a wafer; a tape supplying device that supplies a continuous dicing tape or a continuous carrier tape to which a precut dicing tape is joined, to a joining position; a joining unit that joins the continuous dicing tape or the precut dicing tape separated from the carrier tape, to the ring frame and the semiconductor wafer; a tape cutting mechanism that cuts the dicing tape joined to the ring frame along a contour of the ring frame; and a residual tape collecting section that takes up and collects a residual tape after the cutting.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure involve methods for manufacturing absorbent articles, and more particularly, methods and apparatuses for applying elastic components to a moving substrate or web of material during the manufacture of disposable absorbent articles. Particular embodiments of methods of manufacture disclosed herein provide for the addition of elastic waistbands to various types of diaper configurations.

Abstract: In a die bonding method, a bonding film is stuck to a rear surface of a wafer and to a dicing tape stuck to a dicing frame. The wafer is thus supported by the dicing frame. Predetermined dividing lines are completely cut and the bonding film is incompletely cut to leave a cut-residual portion. The dicing tape is stretched to break the cut-remaining portion. The die to which the bonding film is stuck is picked up from the dicing tape and bonded to a mount-targeted substrate.

Abstract: A method for forming bonded substrates includes providing a plurality of substrates, each of which having a top surface. A characteristic length for each of the plurality of substrates is determined by: determining a topographical profile of the top surface of the substrate from an interior portion to an edge portion along a radial direction, determining a highest point of the profile, and defining the characteristic length as a distance from the highest point to the edge portion. A first substrate and a second substrate are selected where at least one of the first or the second substrates has a characteristic length shorter than a predetermined length. The first substrate and the second substrate are brought into contact and form bonded substrates, with the top surface of the first substrate facing the top surface of the second substrate.

Abstract: A strapping tool for tensioning a strap around a load, adhering the strap onto itself, and cutting a feed end of the strap, includes a body having a foot on which the strap is disposed during a strapping cycle. The body housing and/or forming a part of a tensioning element and including a welding element. One or more pneumatic motors tension the strap and drive the welding element. A pneumatic module is mounted to the body. The module has a compressed gas inlet to the module and is configured for controlling the flow of compressed gas to the one or more motors. A handle is mounted to the body and operably connected to the pneumatic module. The handle is configured for manipulating the tool and includes an actuator for permitting and isolating the flow of compressed gas to the pneumatic module. The handle is orientable so as to allow a user to select a desired handle orientation for operation of the strapping tool.

Abstract: A manufacturing apparatus has a reel-out mechanism, a processing mechanism, a label bonding mechanism, a reservoir mechanism, a peeling mechanism, a substrate feed mechanism, an attachment mechanism, and a base peeling mechanism. A cooling mechanism is disposed between the attachment mechanism and the base peeling mechanism, for cooling an attached substrate, the attached substrate being made up of a glass substrate and a photosensitive web attached thereto, from which a protective film has been peeled off, together with a heating mechanism for heating a resin layer, for example a cushion layer, inside the cooled attached substrate to within a predetermined temperature range, which is at or below the glass transition temperature.

Abstract: A manufacturing apparatus (20) has first and second reel-out mechanisms (32a, 32b), first and second processing mechanisms (36a, 36b), first and second label bonding mechanisms (40a, 40b), first and second reservoir mechanisms (42a, 42b), first and second peeling mechanisms (44a, 44b), a substrate feed mechanism (45), an attachment mechanism (46), and a base peeling mechanism (186). A cooling mechanism (122) is disposed between the attachment mechanism (46) and the base peeling mechanism (186), for cooling an attached substrate (24a), the attached substrate (24a) being made up of a glass substrate (24) and a photosensitive web (22) attached thereto, from which a protective film (30) has been peeled off, together with a heating mechanism (182) for heating a resin layer, for example a cushion layer (27), inside the cooled attached substrate (24a) to within a predetermined temperature range, which is at or below the glass transition temperature.

Abstract: A sheet bonding machine bonds together a first sheet and a second sheet including an adhesion layer formed on one side thereof, covered with a release paper, includes a transport unit to transport the first sheet unidirectionally, a feeder to feed the second sheet obliquely toward the first sheet, a separation unit, a reel, an adhesion point, and a tensioner. The release paper is removed from the second sheet by the separation unit located upstream from the contact portion, and reeled by the reel. The second sheet adheres to the first sheet via the adhesion layer 91b at the adhesion point located downstream from the separation unit. The tensioner is located upstream from the separation unit and keeps the second sheet taut.

Abstract: An apparatus to prepare a preform for fabrication includes a mandrel, anchoring groove, anchoring device, tensioning groove, and tensioning device. The mandrel receives the preform. The mandrel has a first mandrel end and a second mandrel end. The preform has a first preform end and a second preform end. The anchoring groove is disposed at the first mandrel end. The anchoring device is configured and located to urge the first preform end towards the anchoring groove to secure the first preform end therebetween. The tensioning groove is disposed between the first mandrel end and the second mandrel end. The tensioning device is configured and located to urge a portion of the preform into the tensioning groove.

Abstract: A process for laminating a substrate, where the process may include: disposing at least one a thermoplastic film on a porous substrate; heat softening the at least one thermoplastic film; conjoining the at least one thermoplastic film and the porous substrate to form a laminated substrate; and cooling the laminated substrate; wherein the conjoining comprises suctioning the thermoplastic film into the porous substrate. An apparatus for laminating a substrate, where the apparatus may include: a system for disposing a thermoplastic film on a tufted substrate; a heater for heat softening the thermoplastic film; and a vacuum for suctioning the thermoplastic film into the tufted substrate.

Abstract: Apparatus for the continuous fabrication of wide polymer sheet from a plurality of polymer strips of indeterminate length abutting or partially overlapped longitudinally to define joints between adjoining strips.

Abstract: A method of making a standing gather-forming member having a basal wall and first and second overhangs on both sides of the basal wall. Elastic members are disposed in their stretched state on the inner surface of a middle portion of a continuously running strip-shaped sheet. One of side portions extending on both longitudinal sides of the middle portion is Z-folded to cover a part of the width of the middle portion thereby to form the first overhang. The other side portion is then folded inward along the longitudinal direction to cover the part of the middle portion that remains uncovered with the first-mentioned side portion and to overlay the Z-folded portion of the first-mentioned side portion thereby to form the second overhang and the basal wall.

Abstract: A rear end portion of a leading TAC film and a front end portion of a following TAC film are connected using a double-sided adhesive tape and a single-sided adhesive tape. A laser welding device emits a welding laser beam along a welding line onto the films. Owing to the welding laser beam, the leading and following TAC films are welded along the welding line. The laser welding device emits a cutout laser beam along a cutout line onto the films. Owing to the cutout laser beam, a part of the leading and following TAC films surrounded by the cutout line is cut out. The cut out part has the single-sided adhesive tape attached. Since the tape cannot be recycled, the cut out part is absorbed by an absorbing device and disposed.

Abstract: The device tensions and closes strapping bands for packaging and suchlike. It has a band channel open longitudinally on one side in the longitudinal direction of the strapping band, a band tensioning device acting in the area of the band channel and a closing device which joins the band ends lying on top of each other in a tensioned state in the band channel. In order to ensure that correct tensioning rate, band tension, welding time, holding time and/or other band closing parameters in each case, the device is provided with a sensor device recording the width of the strapping band and a processing and adjusting unit interacting therewith, with which the band closing parameters are automatically adjusted as a function of the band width.

Abstract: A foil web installation for a flat bed embossing machine with foil webs (6), which are conducted across an embossing table (3) from unwinding rolls (7) comprises a braking—and guiding wall (10) ahead of the embossing table and foil feeding devices (9) for several foil webs after the embossing table. Between the unwinding rolls (7) and the embossing table (3) at least one flat braking—and guiding wall (10) acts as a foil tensioning device. This latter element comprises a fixed supporting layer (11) as supporting surface with suction openings (14), a cloth-like contacting layer permeable to air (12) lying on top of it and a flat vacuum chamber (17) with an adjustable vacuum source (13) assigned to it, wherein foil webs (6) are pressed against the braking—and guiding wall (10) and braked as a result of this. This makes possible a foil web installation simple to adjust, easy on the foil web for achieving high embossing performances with the best quality as well as short retooling times.

Abstract: An apparatus of this invention includes: a workpiece holding mechanism that holds a ring frame and a wafer; a tape supplying device that supplies a continuous dicing tape or a continuous carrier tape to which a precut dicing tape is joined, to a joining position; a joining unit that joins the continuous dicing tape or the precut dicing tape separated from the carrier tape, to the ring frame and the semiconductor wafer; a tape cutting mechanism that cuts the dicing tape joined to the ring frame along a contour of the ring frame; and a residual tape collecting section that takes up and collects a residual tape after the cutting.

Abstract: A method for producing an article of the present invention includes: a supply step of supplying a first web; a first bonding step of bonding the first web and an elastic together; a placement step of placing a second web so as to sandwich the elastic between the first web and the second web; and a second bonding step of bonding the first web, the elastic and the second web together at a plurality of locations.

Abstract: In a method for edge glueing and in an arrangement including a tensioning aggregate with a device for edge glueing, a glue is applied in a spin spraying process, and the application is performed on the product web which is extended at the edges and smoothed.

Abstract: In a method of and apparatus for manufacturing a filtering screen, a frame of plastics coated metal or reinforced plastics material is located in a jig and at least two sheets of wire cloths are placed over the frame and their edges gripped by pneumatically operated clamps carried by the jig. The clamps are pneumatically driven outwardly of the frame to tension each cloth in orthogonal directions. The tensioned cloths are pressed against the frame and heated in order to bond the cloths to the frame. The heated material is allowed to cool, and after completion of the bonding step the clamps are released, allowing the frame to be removed from the jig. Where necessary the cloths are trimmed back to the edges of the frame. A separate set of pneumatically operated clamps may be provided for gripping all four edges of each wire cloth layer to allow each layer to be individually tensioned.

Abstract: A method for mounting a film, used to fabricate a mask for use in screening an electronic device, to a common carrier frame. The common carrier frame has an outer edge along an outer periphery and an opening in a central portion of the frame. The method includes applying external pressure to the frame outer edge to compress the frame inward and reduce the opening, securing a film to the frame, the film covering the frame opening, and releasing the pressure on the frame to expand the opening and place the film in tension.

Abstract: An assembly for use in continuously forming a plurality of lengths of flexible noise attenuating cutting line for use in rotary vegetation trimmers. The assembly includes a breaker plate having a conically shaped inner portion and a planar outer portion. A plurality of extrusion dies are disposed in the outer portion wherein each die defines a die hold configuration at its lower end for the extrusion of one or more monofilament polymer strands therethrough, and a drive assembly is provided for rotating each of the dies at a predetermined speed such that upon directing a flow of molten monofilament polymer material onto the breaker plate, the material is directed from the inclined central portion onto the planar outer portion where it is extruded through the rotating dies to create a plurality of twisted strands of polymer material that upon cooling, stretching and heating, define lengths of flexible noise attenuating cutting line.

Abstract: A corrugator glue machine is provided having a web tension nulling mechanism that is effective to cancel out web tension-effect forces exerted on machine members, such as rollers, so these forces to not substantially interfere with the application of glue to the exposed flute crests of a single-faced corrugated web in the glue machine.

Abstract: Tape heating means is allowed to come close to an adhesive tape for support and, in a heating state, the adhesive tape for support is stretched and tensioned with proper tension in a tape width direction and a transport direction. A heated work is bonded to an adhesive face of the tensioned adhesive tape for support, thereby supporting the work.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing a wearing article of the present invention includes supplying an elastic member; stretching the elastic member; placing the stretched elastic member so that the elastic member spreads across a plurality of first webs divided in a transport direction; making a part of a second web loose in the transport direction while transporting the second web, thereby forming a loose portion; placing the first web, on which the elastic member is disposed, on non-loose portion before and after the loose portion of the second web; and cutting the elastic member between adjacent first webs of the plurality of first webs.

Abstract: Photosensitive material includes a support, and a photosensitive layer overlaid thereon and containing resin. A photosensitive layer laminator transfers the photosensitive layer from the photosensitive material to a glass substrate. In the photosensitive layer laminator, heat/pressure rollers apply the photosensitive layer to a transfer region on the substrate with heat and pressure. A photosensitive material feeder transports first and second photosensitive materials to the substrate set at the heat/pressure rollers. The first and second photosensitive materials have a width smaller than a width of the transfer region, and are disposed to extend along one another. Furthermore, a tension adjuster adjusts tension applied to the first and second photosensitive materials in an upstream direction from the heat/pressure rollers.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing an article having an elastic member, comprises: a stretcher for receiving the elastic member at a low velocity VL and outputting the elastic member at a medium velocity VM; a carrier including a first pad and a second pad for picking up the elastic member from the stretcher, and a cutter for cutting off the elastic member while carrying the elastic member; and a station for carrying a web at a high velocity Vh and disposing the cut-off elastic member from a pad onto the web. When the elastic member striding over the first pad and the second pad is cut off, an interval between the first pad and the second pad is shortened so as to reduce a shrinking force of a portion of the elastic member between the first pad and the second pad.

Abstract: A method for bonding a strip, such as a leg elastic or the like, to an opening on a web of material. The method includes providing a web that includes at least one opening and defines at least a first bonding surface adjacent each opening. For each opening the method includes: deforming the web to modify the shape of the opening, providing a strip defining a second bonding surface, bonding together at least portions of the first and second bonding surfaces of the modified opening and relaxing the web.