Abstract: Disclosed is a novel method of controlling the formation of biuret in urea production. This is accomplished by reducing or preventing the formation of biuret in a concentration section, particularly in one or more concentrators or evaporators. The method comprises controlling the residence time of a urea aqueous stream treated in such concentration section in a manner independently of the volume flow per time interval of said stream into said concentration section. The residence time can be controlled, e.g., by providing the concentration section with an adjustable volume or by adding a gas to the urea stream to be treated. A combination of such measures can also be applied.

Abstract: A total evaporator for fluids, including a cold chamber to prevent pre-evaporation, an evaporation region connected thereto having narrow flow cross-section for fast evaporation of the fluid, and a subsequent vapor chamber for pulsation damping and the controlled superheating of the vapor, the evaporation region being formed by a gap between concentrically nested cylindrical and/or conical tube sections and heat required for the evaporation and superheating processes is supplied by electric heating and/or by hot fluid and/or by catalytic or homogeneous combustion via the wall of the concentric tubes.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment apparatus and method with stair-like heat treatment tanks for performing a breakdown process are disclosed, in which the apparatus comprises: a mixing tank, for evenly mixing wastewater with reaction agents and thus forming a mixed solution; a plurality of heat treatment tanks, for enabling the mixed solution to circulate therein while being heating for a period of time so as to perform an organic destruction process upon the mixed solution and thus cause a discharging liquid to be formed; a heat exchanger, for enabling a heat exchanging process between the discharging liquid and the mixed solution to be performed therein; a condensation tank, for receiving and cooling the discharging liquid; a water purifier, for purifying and thus separating the discharging water into a cleaned water and a concentrated liquid for outputting; an agent recycling unit, for electrolyzing the concentrated liquid so as to recycle the reaction agents.

Abstract: The evaporative desalination system removes salt and contaminants from brine or salt water to produce purified potable water. The evaporative desalination system includes an inclined housing having a raised upper end and a lower end. An upper wall of the inclined housing is formed from an optically transparent material, such as glass. A plurality of stepped evaporator trays are mounted within the inclined housing, and a water collection tray is disposed within the inclined housing adjacent the lower end. Ambient light is transmitted through the optically transparent upper wall, causing the salt water contained within the plurality of stepped evaporator trays to evaporate. Evaporated water vapor rises from each evaporator tray to form a layer of condensed pure water on the inner surface of the upper wall. The condensed pure water drips toward the lower end of the inclined housing to collect in the water collection tray.

Abstract: An evaporator and condenser unit for use in distilling a liquid, such as water, includes a rotary heat exchanger plate having a plurality of accordion-style folds, and having its two ends joined together so as to give the folded plate a generally circular form. The adjacent panels of the folded plate define spaces between their oppositely facing surfaces, and these spaces are alternatingly configured as evaporating and condensing chambers. The evaporating chambers have their inner edges sealed by corresponding folds, while the condensing chambers have their outer edges sealed by corresponding folds. The folded plate is disposed between first and second end plates, and is mounted for rotation about its axis in a housing having a sump containing the liquid to be distilled. Liquid is supplied to the evaporating chambers and compressed vapor is supplied to the condensing chambers. Condensate is removed from the condensing chambers.

Abstract: An evaporation apparatus for solvent fuel comprises an evaporation tank containing the solvent fuel. A blower is installed on the top of the tank with its one end connected to an air inlet pipe, which has a blower switch associated with a check valve. The air inlet pipe is deeply extended to the bottom of the tank for introducing the air into the tank so as to evaporate the solvent fuel. The other end of the blower is connected to a pressure switch for controlling operation of the blower by detecting inner pressure of the tank. A constant temperature rod is provided nearby the bottom of the tank with its one end in connection with a temperature control switch to maintain the tank at a constant temperature. Besides, a scale graduation tube is provided for measuring the fuel quantity.

Abstract: An arrangement for a falling film type reactor uses corrugated plates to improve the distribution and dispersion of the gaseous reactant into the liquid. Corrugated plates introduce increased turbulence for promoting better distribution and dispersion of the gas. Corrugation angles can be varied to suit the fluid flow properties of the liquid reactant. The reactor arrangement can also include heat transfer channels defined by the corrugated plates in an alternate arrangement of heat transfer channels and gas liquid contacting channels. The corrugations may also be varied to suit the particular heat transfer requirements of the reactions. The corrugated plates are spaced apart in the contacting channels to prevent localized film contact and placed in contact in the heat exchange portion to stabilize the plate elements defining the corrugations.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an improved solar powered distillation system and method. The solar powered still may have a membrane that is extruded, molded, or sprayed-on. The membrane may be installed in a lightweight basin as a liner resulting in improved ease of still manufacturing and assembly as well as improved sealing. Further, the membrane may have a plurality of fluid reservoirs. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane material may be an opaque water grade non-toxic odorless, tasteless silicon, Uniprene, or Sarlink. In one variation, the solar still basin casing may be molded and made of ABS, polycarbonates, or polybutylene. The solar still may further include legs made of PVC or similar pipe materials and may include a strengthening member formed integrally in the bottom surface of the basin casing. The still may include a metal and rubber seal stripping to couple a sheet of glass to the still basing.

Abstract: There is provided a feed distributor for feeding liquid to a liquid distributor. The feed distributor has an elongated body sized to extend across the liquid distributor and an inlet defined in the one of the ends thereof. One or more passageways are provided within the body extending between the ends of the body. Each passageway has an elongated outlet configured to discharge the liquid across the liquid distributor. Each passageway has a taper configured to promote a constant liquid velocity within the passageway. As a result, a uniform liquid distribution of the liquid out of the elongated outlet and therefore to the liquid distributor are promoted.

Abstract: A process and a device for treating a liquid by separating out constituents contained in the liquid. Pollutants are removed or the liquid is sterilized by partial evaporization. The liquid is introduced into a vacuum tank in which a portion thereof is evaporated. The remaining liquid phase is discharged from the vacuum tank. The liquid in the vacuum tank flows under the effect of gravity on a fixed inclined or horizontal surface on which it forms a liquid film. The vapor phase emerges from the liquid film as a function of the vapor pressure defined relative to the prevailing temperature. The flow surface slopes downwardly away from the inflow of the liquid, it rises slightly or it extends horizontally.

Abstract: A liquid distributor for distributing liquid over the heat transfer surface of an evaporator includes a channel array including one or more supply channels and downwardly deviating distribution channels. Each distribution channel has a step-shaped expansion located downstream with respect to the supply channel and connecting therewith via a sharp point, restricting the liquid suction created in the distribution channel. Sharp points provided in the supply channel or channels further restrict the liquid suction.

Abstract: A liquid distributor in an evaporator, intended in particular for the evaporation treatment of liquid suspensions which contain fibers or other such solid ingredients. The distributor comprises, located at the upper end of the heat exchange surface, a transverse frame, liquid conduits disposed therein distributing the liquid over the entire width of the heat exchange surface. According to the invention the liquid conduits are made up of feed conduits slanted obliquely downwards and of distribution conduits branching out therefrom and leading to the heat exchange surface. At the branching points of the conduits their wall surfaces on the downstream side with respect to the feed flow are rounded into curved dividing surfaces by means of which the dividing of the flow is carried out.

Abstract: A sunbeam concentrating and collecting apparatus characterized in that a honeycomb or regular n-sided polygonal frame is configured with one or a plurality of regular n-sided polygonal holding frames each of which is respectively formed by coupling a plurality of frame pieces each of which is then provided with at least one or a plurality of angled portions. A lens or lenses are disposed along one end plane of the frame, and the lens or lenses are supported by the adjustable supporting means which are held by said frame.

Abstract: An apparatus for concentrating a dilute solution comprising a heat receiving thin plate which has a good thermal conductivity and is provided on its rear surface not facing a heat source with a liquid absorbing layer for absorbing a solution supplied thereto for concentration, and at least one condensation thin plate which has a good thermal conductivity and is provided with a liquid absorbing layer on at least one surface thereof, the heat receiving plate and the condensation plate or plates being arranged in parallel spaced relationship with each other and each of them being partly formed with at least one groove for supplying the solution to be concentrated to the liquid absorbing layers. A dilute solution supplied to and impregnated in the liquid absorbing layers through the grooves is concentrated by the heat supplied to the heat receiving plate or the latent heat of condensation released to the condensation plate.

Abstract: Solar apparatus for producing alcohol including a frame portion, a heating portion, a slurry-forming portion, a fermentation portion, a distillation portion, a condensation portion and a drying portion; the heating portion including a plurality of solar panel members, the slurry-forming portion including a hammer mill and a frustoconical section thereunder, the frustoconical section including a tangential liquid inlet opening and a tangential slurry outlet opening, the fermentation portion including a fermentation chamber, a pump disposed adjacent the chamber, inlet and outlet conduits extending between the pump and the bottom of the chamber, the distillation portion including a base section and a face section, the face section including a conduit having a circuitous path, the condensation portion including a first chamber, a second chamber extending downwardly within the first chamber partway down from the top, a spiral conduit disposed within the first chamber, the drying portion including a solar air heati

Abstract: A device for desalting sea or brackish water by means of solar energy essentially comprises two adjacent canals or equivalent systems fed with seawater or brackish water and a greenhouse-type structure placed over one of the canals for evaporating the water. A fresh-water condensing and collecting structure is adapted to communicate with the greenhouse structure and is largely immersed in the water of the other canal which performs the function of a cold source for the condensing structure.

Abstract: The apparatus for drying organic materials such as for example brown coal has a space (5) maintained under a pressure exceeding atmospheric pressure, the material to be dried being supplied to the upper end (12) of said space and the dried material being discharged from the lower end (20) of said space. Between the supply opening (12) and the discharge opening (20) there are provided obliquely arranged sieves (2, 6) and water-impermeable collecting spaces for the water separated on the sieves. The collecting spaces (3, 7) for the water separated on the sieves are connected with drain channels (9, 10), and several sieves (2, 6) are arranged one above the other in the manner of cascades, the lower edge of one sieve being located above an uppermost area of the following sieve (2, 6) as seen in flow direction (FIG. 1).

Abstract: This invention relates to a distillation column for removing vinyl chloride monomer or other volatile material from an emulsion, suspension or dispersion containing such material. The apparatus comprises a column in which a series of inverted cones are mounted. The dispersion or emulsion is pulled downwardly over the cones and steam is fed into the column through sparges and flows upwardly against the descending stream of material. The low boiling materials are distilled out and recovered for reuse. The strips emulsion or dispersion are collected at the bottom of the column.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing contaminants from water having solid contaminants dissolved therein. Contaminated water flows across a grid and into a storage tank. The grid utilizes solar energy to heat that water to a predetermined temperature. A heat transfer structure which is dome-shaped and receives water from the storage tank and a preheater means utilizing solar energy heats the water to a further predetermined temperature. An evaporator means receives the heated water and exposes it to a vacuum condition so that the temperature of the water is above the saturation temperature. The water is thus vaporized, and solid contaminants dissolved therein are separated therefrom. The solids are deposited on a plurality of moving belts and are then moved into a solids removal system. The solids removal system comprises a plurality of trap door pairs upon which the solids are deposited and which are sequentially opened so that the vacuum conditions existing in the evaporator are not disturbed.

Abstract: A rotary film apparatus comprising a vertical body housed in a jacket and having a heat-exchanging surface formed, according to the invention, by series-connected and oppositely directed conjugated truncated cones, the bases of said cones being made rounded.

Abstract: A method of facilitating the disposal of waste cutting liquid consisting essentially of an emulsion of partly soluble oils and water comprises subjecting a trickling flow of the liquid to the action of a current of hot air at a temperature of from 80.degree. to 250.degree. C. and thus evaporating the water from the liquid. Insoluble oils may be removed from the liquid by decantation before the liquid is subjected to the current of hot air. Preferably the oil which remains after the water has been evaporated from the liquid is used as fuel in the heating of the hot air so that the oil is disposed of. Apparatus for carrying out this method comprises an evaporation tower containing a series of plates alternately inclined in opposite directions to the horizontal and arranged one beneath the other to permit a trickling zig-zag flow of the cutting liquid over the plates from the top plate to the bottom plate in the series.

Abstract: A lagoon containing aqueous waste to be volume reduced is provided with a cover having one or more segments, each of which is mounted upon a frame and is movable from a covering position to a position adjacent the lagoon. During fair weather, the cover is positioned adjacent the lagoon and liquid waste is pumped from the lagoon and dispersed over the surface of the cover. When inclement weather approaches, the pumping of the waste is ceased, the surface of the cover cleaned by flushing with clean water, and the cover moved into position over the lagoon to prevent precipitation from diluting the waste liquid. The invention is particularly useful in areas of low net evaporation rate.

Abstract: A process is provided for the recovery of chemicals, such as chlorides, sulfates, carbonates and borates of such alkali metals as sodium and potassium, among others, from underground brines associated with an ore body containing said chemicals, wherein the underground brine is pumped to the surface and confined over said ore body where it is concentrated by solar evaporation and the concentrated brine returned to an underground basin adjacent said ore body and stored for later removal by pumping for the subsequent recovery of chemicals therefrom. Thus, solar evaporation is used to produce the desired concentration of brine to optimize the subsequent recovery of chemicals therefrom, thereby resulting in substantial savings in overall energy costs.

Abstract: A device for removing water from hydraulic fluid of a machine tool having a coolant system. The hydraulic fluid is passed through a tower to be exposed to a vacuum inside the tower. A first jet ejector is powered by coolant from a coolant circulating pump and draws a vacuum on an upper portion of the tower. A second jet ejector is powered by hydraulic fluid from a hydraulic fluid circulating pump and draws hydraulic fluid from a lower end of the tower. The ejectors impress a vacuum on the interior of the tower to cause vaporization of water carried by the hydraulic fluid and the water is returned to the coolant system through the first ejector.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for the purification of a liquid contaminated with radioactive substances, wherein the liquid is infed to an evaporator in or with which there is connected a column having a multiplicity of superposed plates or floors. The vapor generated in the evaporator is guided through a washing or scrubbing liquid uniformly distributed at the floors and flowing in crosswise counterflow with regard to the vapor. The washing liquid at the floors is deflected a number of times in such a manner that the washing liquid itself and together with the droplets entrained by the vapor is uniformly admixed and the washing liquid subjected to a constant intake of the radioactive substance.

Abstract: In the manufacture of alumina by the Bayer process, a method comprising the steps of bringing the overflow from a multistage red mud thickener into counterflow contact with the steam generated in consequence of the flashing of bauxite-dissolved slurry so as to effect exchange of heat therebetween, separating and removing sand from the slurry by regulating the rate at which the slurry is discharged from the bottom of the column, and circulating the heated overflow and using it as the wash water in the former stage of the said thickener, all the said operations performed in one and the same column; and a device provided with inlet and outlet pipes for the overflow, an overflow type condenser, inlet and outlet pipes for the slurry, and a pipe for the removal of sand so as to effect the operations of the said method wholly in one and the same column.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method of evaporating an aqueous solution containing dissolved solids or mineral salts without adherence of the solids or mineral salts to any surfaces contacting the aqueous solution which comprises the following steps:A. Flowing the aqueous solution as an outside or continuous medium, mixed with sufficient dispersed oil to form a continuous film on all preferentially oil wettable contacting surfaces, upwardly through a confined heating and vaporizing zone having therein contacting heating elements, the surfaces of which are of substantially zero water adsorbent polymeric fluorocarbon material and totally wetted with a film of oil, thereby converting a portion of the aqueous solution to water vapor and precipitated solids, and forming a mixture of oil, misty vapors, solids, and remaining aqueous solution; andB.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for stripping fatty acids and removing objectionable odors or flavors from oils and fats comprising a chamber which encloses a stack of horizontal, parallel disposed plates, each plate having a plurality of apertures defined by chimneys and extending downwardly from the plates. Thin films of heated oil collect on the plates while superheated steam is passed upwardly through said chimneys and over said films to boil out fatty acids and volatile, odor-forming matter. Preferably a separate oil-sealed lower compartment is provided for cooling the oil, stripped and deodorized, which enters through traps into a sealed lower section before the oil is removed from the chamber. It is also preferable to pass heated oil, before introduction into said chamber, through a preliminary flash chamber of similar construction to said chamber. Inert gas, such as nitrogen or steam, is passed upwardly of the chimneys to strip fatty acids from the films of oil.

Abstract: Desalination apparatus with the double feature of condensation and evaporation, comprising plural dish-like condensing elements piled coaxially, wherein a sloped bottom diaphragm is provided in each element, at the lower part of each of which an upwardly diverging duct is provided. A cooling pipe is led through the ducts of the elements. A depending pipe is provided near the outer edge of each element, through which the supplied sea water flows from an upper element to a successive lower element. The lowest condensing element is heated or is filled up with water that is hotter than the supplied sea water. The distilled water obtained on each condensing element is withdrawn from the lower edges of the ducts as a result of evaporation from the elements and subsequent condensation on the undersides of the diaphragms.