Abstract: Systems and methods in accordance with the present invention provide for the efficient distillation of ethanol in an ethanol plant including a beer column. Heat is captured in the distillation process and utilized to drive operations in the ethanol plant.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems and methods that utilize integrated mechanical vapor or thermal vapor compression to upgrade process vapors and condense them to recover the heat of condensation across multiple processes, wherein the total process energy is reduced. Existing processes that are unable to recover the heat of condensation in vapors are integrated with mechanical or thermal compressors that raise vapor pressures and temperatures sufficient to permit reuse. Integrating multiple processes permits vapor upgrading that can selectively optimize energy efficiency, environmental sustainability, process economics, or a prioritized blend of such goals. Mechanical or thermal vapor compression also alters the type of energy required in industrial processes, favoring electro-mechanical energy which can be supplied from low-carbon, renewable sources rather than combustion of carbonaceous fuels.

Abstract: The system and methods described are directed to a distillation system and method having an evaporator tank with a wall surrounding an interior evaporator tank area. A non-oxidizing gas line is disposed at least partially outside the evaporator tank in communication with the interior evaporator tank area, wherein the non-oxidizing gas line introduces a non-oxidizing gas into the interior evaporator tank; the interior evaporator tank area is generally at or above an ambient atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A method of preparing an aromatic vinyl compound-vinyl cyanide compound polymer includes polymerizing a reaction mixture containing an aromatic vinyl compound, a vinyl cyanide compound, and an organic solvent in a reactor and transferring the vaporized reaction mixture present in the upper space of the reactor to a heat exchanger via a pipe and condensing the vaporized reaction mixture. The condensed reaction mixture is transferred to one side of the pipe and sprayed into the pipe, the flow velocity of the reaction mixture vaporized in the reactor is reduced, and temperature is lowered. Accordingly, a phenomenon wherein polymer particles in a reactor are sucked into a heat exchanger is prevented, and occurrence of polymerization in the heat exchanger is suppressed. Therefore, productivity and quality may be improved.

Abstract: Providing new distilling and/or de-scaling methods and systems herein is a matter of allowing for thermal balance without the need to fill a hot wet emulsion separation system with more steam and heat rejection devices to waste steam. One embodiment begins with efficiently utilizing three types of waste: (1) hot produced water along with its inherited thermal energy; (2) blowdown steam from drum-type boilers (DBs); and (3) return condensate of dry steam from the DBs. It ends with: (1) removing calcium hardness, magnesium hardness and silica, thereby recovering them as useful minerals; and (2) producing distillate for viscous oil recovery by steam injection and de-scaled hot brine for improved oil recovery by hot water flooding and/or other related methods. The vehicle to attain this set of solutions is a recycle brine multi-effect distillation (RB-ME) train comprises a forward feed section and a backward feed section along with two flashing stages.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of polymer-grade (meth)acrylic acid, in the absence of organic solvent, from a gaseous reaction mixture comprising (meth)acrylic acid obtained by gas-phase oxidation of a precursor of the (meth)acrylic acid, the process carried out in a plant comprising at least one dehydration column and one finishing column, being characterized by the presence of at least one chemical treatment agent targeted at reducing the content of residual aldehydes. (Meth)acrylic acid obtained according to the invention meets criteria of high quality allowing it to be used in the manufacture of acrylic polymers, in particular for superabsorbents. This grade is also known as glacial acrylic acid GAA.

Abstract: A method and system for cleaning a multistage evaporator, the evaporator having a normal operational mode and a cleaning mode and having at least two groups of effects (2, 4), each group having one or more effects. In a normal operational mode, input vapor is introduced to a first group of effects (2), the first group comprising the hottest effects, and then vapor is delivered from the first group to a second group of effects (4), and optionally, from the second group of effects to a third group of effects (6) and so on depending on the total number of effects. Upon detection of a predetermined level of scale formation in the first group of effects, the evaporator is switched to a cleaning mode wherein the first group of effects (2) is physically separated from the other groups of effects and the input vapor is re-directed into the second group of effects (4). A cleaning agent is introduced into the physically separated first group of effects (2) until a predetermined level of cleanliness is achieved.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for drying salts with a water of crystallisation content in convective apparatuses that can additionally be indirectly heated. The invention is primarily characterised in that the drying process takes place with a moisture content of the drying gas above a determined level. The gas surrounding the salt particles during the drying process therefore has a specific humidity. In this way, the rate of drying is positively influenced.

Abstract: A sea water harvesting process includes the steps of collecting sea water, filtering the sea water, passing the filtered sea water through a high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane to separate the sea water into de-salinated water and concentrated sea water, delivering the concentrated sea water to an evaporator, heating the concentrated sea water in the evaporator under vacuum to produce calcium sulphate, sea salt and a super-concentrated sea water. Downstream of the evaporator the super-concentrated sea water is heated to produce a concentrated mineral liquor containing sea minerals in a concentration of about 42%.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a drain pump for a laundry treating apparatus, including a housing configured to accommodate water; a water flow portion provided with an impeller forming a flow of water or wash water, and formed on an inner circumferential surface of the housing to circulate the accommodated water or wash water to a tub or drain the accommodated water or wash water out of a washing machine; a drain pump chamber formed on an inner circumferential surface of the housing to receive or store the water or wash water before the water or wash water flows into the water flow portion; and an inlet port formed to protrude toward the water flow portion between the water flow portion and the drain pump chamber.

Abstract: A unique adaptive method of Mechanical Vapor Re-compression (MVR) to dehydrate abrasive sludge to a dry, sterile state that is nearly moisture free while maintaining extremely high process efficiencies by adaptively tuning the system parameters related to the varying specific plus latent heats of the input feedstream. This Adaptive MVR (AMVR) process is supported by the effective use of a unique method and apparatus for the optimization of the conductive heating process as applied to a range of sludge consistencies.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of preparing liposomes using a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and n-hexane for dissolving phospholipids, and a method of preparing a liposome frozen powder by putting a container including liposomes in a container filled with isopropyl alcohol, ethanol and/or methanol, followed by lyophilization, which methods are useful in food industry for no use of toxic chloroform. Disclosed also is adding the produced container including liposomes to a container filled with isopropyl alcohol, ethanol and/or methanol, followed by lyophilization, thus advantageously preventing deterioration in stability of liposome particles, as well as being almost completely returned to the original state.

Abstract: Systems and methods for automatic sampling of a sample for the determination of chemical element concentrations and control of semiconductor processes are described. A system embodiment includes a remote sampling system configured to collect a sample of phosphoric acid at a first location, the remote sampling system including a remote valve having a holding loop coupled thereto; and an analysis system configured for positioning at a second location remote from the first location, the analysis system coupled to the remote valve via a transfer line, the analysis system including an analysis device configured to determine a concentration of one or more components of the sample of phosphoric acid and including a sample pump at the second location configured to introduce the sample from the holding loop into the transfer line for analysis by the analysis device.

Abstract: A heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system includes a compressor, a condenser operably connected to the compressor, and an evaporator operably connected to the compressor and to the condenser. A relocatable interface panel is in operable communication with one or more components of the HVAC system to issue commands to the HVAC system via operator inputs at the interface panel. An electrical lead connects the interface panel to the one or more components. A plurality of installation points are located at the HVAC system for installation of the interface panel thereto. The interface panel is selectably installed to an installation point of the plurality of installation points at an installation site of the HVAC system.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for the preparation of lithium carbonate from lithium chloride containing brines. The method can include a silica removal step, capturing lithium chloride, recovering lithium chloride, supplying lithium chloride to an electrochemical cell and producing lithium hydroxide, contacting the lithium hydroxide with carbon dioxide to produce lithium carbonate.

Abstract: The invention provides for a process for removing thiocarbonylthio groups from polymer prepared by RAFT polymerization, the process comprising: introducing into a flow reactor a solution comprising the RAFT polymer in solvent; and promoting a reaction within the flow reactor that removes the thiocarbonylthio groups so as to form a solution that flows out of the reactor comprising the RAFT polymer absent the thiocarbonylthio groups.

Abstract: A system for reclaiming contaminated water from a cooling tower in a power generation system includes a contaminant collection heat exchanger that receives a supply of extraction steam from the power generation system, and to receive and concentrate contaminants in the contaminated water by boiling the contaminated water and producing process steam using thermal energy from the extraction steam. A concentrate condensation device receives and further concentrates the contaminants collected in the contaminant collection heat exchanger. A process, heating, condensing and/or electrical generation subsystem receives the process steam from the contaminant collection heat exchanger.

Abstract: A system, method and configuration for recovering turpentine during the manufacturing of wood chips, wood pellets or other substances that may include turpentine. In general, a turpentine recovery system is used to capture turpentine from exhaust of a dryer as wood chips are being dried. Advantageously, application of the various techniques disclosed herein can result in the recovery of turpentine that can then be sold to generate revenue and, may contribute to a reduction in the capital and operation costs for emission controls for the dryer exhaust.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing tomato pastes that have increased dietary value, e.g. resulting from the presence of a significant amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid. More in particular, the present method concerns producing tomato pastes from dehydrated processing tomatoes, said dehydrated tomatoes being obtained either by harvesting post-ripened tomatoes that have dehydrated while still on the vine or by harvesting tomatoes that are subsequently dehydrated by drying the intact tomatoes said tomatoes having a cuticle that is permeable to water. The inventors have observed that in order to produce a tomato paste with the desired high GABA content and optimum taste, the processing tomatoes should be dehydrated to a Brix value within the range of 5-10.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide an apparatus or process for devolatilization of flowable materials (such as molten polymers with entrained or dissolved solvent or unreacted monomers or comonomers) using a plate heater having heating channels, the design or operation of which heating channels maintains the flowable material above its bubble point pressure during passage through a larger first zone and then induces flashing in, or downstream of, a smaller second zone of the heating channel. The apparatus enables a higher throughput per heating channel while achieving equivalent or better devolatilization, as compared to current devolatilization apparatus.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for reducing alcohol in a fermented beverage without heat damage and without degrading the original flavor profile of the fermented beverage. The process generally includes the steps of: (i) removing aromatics from the wine; (ii) removing alcohol from the wine; (iii) refluxing a portion of the alcohol removed from the wine to increase the alcohol concentration of the alcohol vapor and return at least a portion of the condensed/recovered water to the wine; and (iv) condensing the aromatics removed from the wine and returning at least a portion thereof to the wine.

Abstract: Bi-modal water continuous emulsions are disclosed comprising at least 70 weight percent of: a first dispersed phase containing a hydrophobic oil, wherein the hydrophobic oil is provided as a non-emulsified hydrophobic oil, a second dispersed phase containing a silicone, wherein the silicone is provided from a water continuous silicone emulsion containing at least one surfactant.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a tube-side sequentially pulsable-flow, shell-and-tube heat exchanger apparatus and a chemical processing system comprising and methods of heat exchange employing the same.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a process for producing a solid product and a liquid product, comprising the steps of a. heating by direct steam injection a finely divided starting material, b. separating the heated starting material in the solid product and an aqueous liquid, c. heating and pressurizing the aqueous liquid, and d. reducing the pressure of the aqueous liquid thereby generating steam and the liquid product, wherein the steam generated in step d is returned to step a for injection into the finely divided starting material. The process suggests a solution for extracting the additional water appearing in the aqueous liquid due to condensed steam.

Abstract: An objective of the present invention is, in refining a metal or a semiconductor melt, without impairing refining efficiency, to alleviate wear and tear commensurate with unevenness in a crucible caused by instability in melt flow, and to allow safe operation over long periods of time such that leakages from the crucible do not occur. Provided is a metal or semiconductor melt refining method, in which, by using an AC resistance heating heater as a crucible heating method, the melt is heat retained and mixed by a rotating magnetic field which is generated by the resistance heating heater.

Abstract: A water recovery process for a steam assisted gravity drainage system for a heavy oil recovery facility, the process comprising a flash drum and a flash drum heat exchanger/condenser, wherein the water recovery process receives hot water produced by a facility at a temperature above the water atmospheric boiling point and cools it to a temperature below the water atmospheric boiling point before transferring it to the remaining section of the water recovery process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to natural crude salt formulations arid their cost-effective preparation. In particular, the invention discloses the fractionation of seawater into three fractions which can thereafter be suitably combined to reconstitute seawater in its pristine form for its various applications such as growth of marine microbes, flora and fauna in a marine environment, especially where such environments have to be created in locations far removed from the sea and/or where there is a requirement to modify the composition of seawater to better its performance. The fractions can also be blended appropriately to exclude the major constituent, namely sodium chloride, and thereby be useful for mineralization/re-mineralization of waters which are deficient in mineral nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulphate and bicarbonate including rain water and desalinated waters obtained through thermal/RO desalination.

Abstract: A method of treating sludge using solar energy is provided. The present invention utilizes a Fresnel panel frame that includes at least one Fresnel panel. The Fresnel panel may cover at least a portion of a bed cavity. An amount of waste may be placed within the bed cavity. When placed in sunlight, the heat enhanced by the Fresnel panels may heat the waste sufficiently for safe easy disposal, recycling, or for the creation of fertilizer.

Abstract: A rotary evaporator (1) having a cooler (6), wherein temperature sensors (15, 17) are disposed in the inlet (14) and outlet (16) of the coolant into or out of the cooler (6), and a volume flow rate of the coolant through the cooler (6) is determined. The initiation or termination of condensation in the cooler (6) is derived from an increase or decrease in the difference of the temperatures (X) at the temperature sensors (15, 17). The volume of the condensed distillate (10) is determined from the difference in temperatures (X), and a distillation volume control is performed. By regulating the heating power of the heater (11) and/or the pressure in the system, the loading of the cooler (6) is controlled as a function of the difference in temperatures (X).

Abstract: Disclosed are processes and apparatuses for producing a crystalline product. The processes and apparatuses may extend the operational time of an evaporative crystallizer by providing an internal volume or large deposit inventory for fouling deposits to reside without impacting the unit operation.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for purifying a process water, which can comprise providing a process water comprising a first concentration of a first dissolved gas and a first concentration of a first dissolved ion, filtering the process water to create a filtered process water comprising a second concentration of the first dissolved gas, and evaporating the filtered process water to create a water vapor comprising a second concentration of the first dissolved ion that is less than the first concentration of the first dissolved ion.

Abstract: The vaporizer assembly includes a nail sub-assembly formed of a high rate of heat transfer material and an adapter assembly formed of a lower rate of heat transfer material. The nail sub-assembly includes a bowl at an upper end and a shaft extending down from the bowl. The shaft has a hollow bore passing therethrough. The nail sub-assembly is preferably formed of a titanium alloy which can be heated to high temperatures without damage thereto. The adapter has a hollow core sized to receive the shaft of the nail therein. The nail is preferably threaded along with portions of the adapter to facilitate height adjustability of the nail relative to the adapter. Lower portions of the adapter are configured to mate with a water pipe inlet tube or other downstream vapor handling device.

Abstract: A reservoir evaporation system for evaporating fluid from an open reservoir of effluent containing a contaminant includes a fluid evaporator, an air pump, and an air supply conduit functionally connecting the fluid evaporator with the air pump. The fluid evaporator includes a vessel adapted to be positioned in an operative position partially submerged on the top surface of the effluent in the reservoir with a lower chamber submerged in the effluent and an upper chamber extending above the top surface of the effluent. In operation, air from the air pump mixes with the effluent inside the fluid evaporator and subsequently is discharged through exhaust openings. A fluid discharge pipe can also simultaneously discharge aerated effluent back down into the reservoir. Fluid is thereby separated from the effluent in the lower chamber by evaporation in a controlled manner that minimizes spread of contaminants to surrounding environments by wind.

Abstract: A system, apparatus and method for concentrating a solution. The system includes a humidification device and a solution flow path for flow of a solution to be concentrated to the humidification device. The humidification device includes humidification media to facilitate evaporation of liquid from the solution to be concentrated to gas as the solution to be concentrated passes through the humidification media thereby concentrating the solution. The method includes flowing a solution to be concentrated along a flow path to a humidification device including humidification media, flowing a gas through the humidification media, and flowing the solution to be concentrated through the humidification media. There is evaporation of liquid from the solution to the gas as the solution passes through the humidification media thereby concentrating the solution and producing a humidified gas. The solution to be concentrated may be salt water and the gas may be air.

Abstract: A system, apparatus and method for concentrating a solution. The system includes a humidification device and a solution flow path for flow of a solution to be concentrated to the humidification device. The humidification device includes humidification media to facilitate evaporation of liquid from the solution to be concentrated to gas as the solution to be concentrated passes through the humidification media thereby concentrating the solution. The method includes flowing a solution to be concentrated along a flow path to a humidification device including humidification media, flowing a gas through the humidification media, and flowing the solution to be concentrated through the humidification media. There is evaporation of liquid from the solution to the gas as the solution passes through the humidification media thereby concentrating the solution and producing a humidified gas. The solution to be concentrated may be salt water and the gas may be air.

Abstract: An accelerated vapor recompression apparatus 10 converts incoming flow 35a to a concentrate 35c by developing a concentration profile 146 within a tank 30 holding a liquid 23 containing dissolved solids. The resulting curve 160 of saturation temperature of the stratified liquid 23 (such as a brine 23 or other material 23) moves away from the curve 162 corresponding to fully mixed conditions. The shift 174, 180 in saturation temperature results in increased boiling without increased energy from a heater 70 or compressor 50. A method 90, 200 of control of the system provides interventions 203, 204, 205, 206 at different levels 92, 94, 96, 98 of control, ranging from mass flows 35 to work of a compressor 50, heat from a heater 70, and a predictive processing 215 of feedback 217 for controlling commands 216 algorithmically.

Abstract: Processes and systems for drying liquid bromine utilizing two fractionators to produce a substantially dry liquid bromine stream and a substantially bromine-free water stream. Wet bromine liquid may be conveyed to a first fractionator wherein a substantially dry bromine liquid is produced, while a vapor stream from the first fractionator may be condensed into a first liquid phase comprising bromine saturated with water and a second liquid phase comprising water saturated with bromine. The water saturated with bromine may be conveyed to a second fractionator to produce at least substantially bromine-free water.

Abstract: A compact and portable liquid concentrator and contaminant scrubber includes a gas inlet, a gas exit and a flow corridor connecting the gas inlet and the gas exit, wherein the flow corridor includes a narrowed portion that accelerates the gas through the flow corridor. A liquid inlet injects liquid into the gas stream at a point prior to the narrowed portion so that the gas-liquid mixture is thoroughly mixed within the flow corridor, causing a portion of the liquid to be evaporated. A demister or fluid scrubber downstream of the narrowed portion removes entrained liquid droplets from the gas stream and re-circulates the removed liquid to the liquid inlet through a re-circulating circuit. A reagent may be mixed with the liquid to react with contaminants in the liquid.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and/or apparatuses for treating wastewater produced at a thermoelectric power plant, other industrial plants, and/or other industrial sources are disclosed. The wastewater is directed through a wastewater concentrator including a direct contact adiabatic concentration system. A stream of hot feed gases is directed through the wastewater concentrator. The wastewater concentrator mixes the hot feed gases directly with the wastewater and evaporates water vapor from the wastewater. The wastewater concentrator separates the water vapor from remaining concentrated wastewater. A contained air-water interface liquid evaporator may be arranged to pre-process the wastewater before being treated by the wastewater concentrator.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention includes: a recycle line that brings a part of salt-enriched membrane separation concentrated water 26 back to the rear flow side of a pretreatment apparatus 12; a water discharge line that discharges the remained concentrated water into a sea area; and a control apparatus 31 that controls to adjust the ratio between the discharging amount of the discharging membrane separation concentrated water to be discharged into a sea area and the supplying amount of supplying seawater. A pH is set to be equal to or less than 7.3 by adding acid 21. The salt 18 is obtained from the dryer 19, and produced water (fresh water) 29 is obtained by combining evaporated water 28 supplied from the evaporator 16 with the permeated water 24 supplied from the reverse osmosis membrane apparatus 25.

Abstract: A wood pulping process includes producing weak black liquor and cooling the liquor as well as recovering heat therefrom by directing the weak black liquor through a spray film evaporator. A feed or condensate is directed into the spray film evaporator and the feed or condensate is sprayed onto the outer surfaces of a bundle of tubes. This results in the feed or the condensate being vaporized and producing a vapor that can be utilized as a heat source for other processes in a pulp mill.

Abstract: A fresh water recovery system includes a solar heated evaporator and a heat exchanger operating in a waste heat recovery mode for recovering fresh water from a salt water supply.

Abstract: Evaporator system of the mechanical vapor recompression type, which has a housing (1) and evaporator tubes (2) positioned parallel to each other. A product inlet (3) in fluid communication with a distribution element (4) is connected to the evaporator tubes (2), and a secondary channel (5) is formed between the inside surface of the housing (1) and the external surfaces of the evaporator tubes (2). A vapor liquid separator (6) is positioned at a bottom side of the evaporator tubes (2) and the secondary channel (5). A compressor (7) is in fluid communication with a vapor outlet of the vapor liquid separator (6), and a second transport tube (8) is connected to an inlet (9) of the secondary channel (5). Each evaporator tube (2) of the plurality of evaporator tubes has an inner diameter (de) of at least 50 mm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the phosgenation of amines in the gas phase, in which a specific type of heat exchanger is used for vaporizing the amines.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing gaseous sample ions/molecules from liquid droplets containing sample ions/molecules. The apparatus has a chamber having one or more walls which define an interior of the chamber, the chamber being configured to receive liquid droplets containing sample ions/molecules. The apparatus also has a gas flow producing means configured to produce a flow of gas within the chamber for promoting evaporation of liquid droplets in the chamber to provide gaseous sample ions/molecules. The apparatus is configured such that the flow of gas produced within the chamber inhibits liquid droplets in the chamber from coming into contact with the one or more walls of the chamber.

Abstract: Aspects for utilizing a seawater fluid to optimize egg-production characteristics are disclosed. In one aspect, a method is provided, which includes identifying a desired optimization, determining a corresponding seawater to non-seawater ratio, and generating a seawater fluid according to the ratio. An egg-cultivation method is also provided, which includes ascertaining a desired optimization, selecting a corresponding seawater to non-seawater ratio, and providing a seawater fluid comprising the ratio to a hen. In another egg-cultivation method, hens are provided with a mixed feed comprising a feed to seawater-mineralized produce ratio selected according to a desired optimization. A method to grow produce is also provided, which includes mineralizing soil with a seawater fluid comprising a seawater to non-seawater ratio corresponding to a preferred optimization.

Abstract: A method and system for dewatering tailings from oilsands or other mining operations using vacuum evaporation. The method comprises i) providing one or more vacuum chambers and means for delivering the tailings to the one or more vacuum chambers; ii) delivering the tailings to one or more vacuum chambers in sufficient volume to partially fill the one or more vacuum chambers; iii) reducing the pressure in each of the one or more vacuum chambers; iii) applying heat to the tailings before, and/or after and/or during such pressure reduction to thereby dewater the tailings; iv) measuring the density or moisture content of the dewatered tailings and withdrawing the tailings from the one or more vacuum chambers when a predetermined density or moisture content of the tailings in that vacuum chamber has been reached. A number of vacuum chambers in series can be used.

Abstract: In one aspect of the invention, a method recovers oil from a concentrated byproduct, such as evaporated thin stillage formed during a dry milling process used for producing ethanol. The method includes forming a concentrate from the byproduct and recovering oil from the concentrate. The step of forming the concentrate may comprise evaporating the byproduct. Further, the step of separating the oil from the concentrate may comprise using a centrifuge and, in particular, a disk stack centrifuge. Other aspects of the invention include related methods and subsystems for recovering oil from thin stillage.

Abstract: A Floating Salt Farm is a system which uses extracted seawater to reliably and regularly produce substantial amounts of crystallized salt and bittern through the evaporation process. The seawater used for the evaporation process of the Floating Salt Farm can be 1) seawater affected by volcanic activities, 2) seawater affected by spring water from thermal springs, and 3) seawater extracted from specific water depths and from specific offshore locations. The crystallized salt and bittern to be produced are affected by placing contents, such as volcanic rocks, inside the evaporator tank with the seawater during the evaporation process.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process and an apparatus for transferring a solute from a first fluid to a second fluid immiscible in each other.