Abstract: A crystalline pigment or colorant composition having high color intensity and/or low sugar content, and methods and processes of preparation. The composition may comprise purified fruit and/or vegetable color juices.

Abstract: A geoexchange system is provided which includes a ground source heat exchanger positioned in the ground and a distribution system coupled to the ground source heat exchanger to circulate water through the ground source heat exchanger during operation. The distribution system may include a supply line, a return line and a circulation pump to circulate water through the internal fluid cavity of the ground source heat exchanger via the supply and return lines. The distribution system may further include a purge valve to release gas from the distribution system and a fill circuit that is configured to automatically replenish the internal fluid cavity of the ground source heat exchanger with water upon leakage of water from the ground source heat exchanger or conversion of water from the ground source heat exchanger to gas. Other geoexchange systems and related methods are also provided.

Abstract: A crystalline pigment or colorant composition having high color intensity and/or low sugar content, and methods and processes of preparation. The composition may comprise purified fruit and/or vegetable color juices.

Abstract: A geothermal heat delivery system supplies geothermal heat for various residential, surface heating applications, including heating driveways, paths, sidewalks, homes, roofs, swimming pools, and commercial applications, including heating roadways, parkways, highways, airport runways, parking lots and sidewalks. The geothermal heat delivery system includes a series of heat pipes that are used to provide geothermal heat from a borehole to a structure or a surface, which can for example, melt precipitation on a road, driveway or roof, without the use of a ground source heat pump.

Abstract: A crystalline pigment or colorant composition having high color intensity and/or low sugar content, and methods and processes of preparation. The composition may comprise purified fruit and/or vegetable color juices.

Abstract: Disclosed is a heat pump heating/cooling system that uses a hybrid heat source that may include air heat, groundwater heat, brine and in-line heaters. The heat pump includes 1) a device for compressing, condensing, gasifying, and circulating cooling/heating media and exchanging heat with water refrigerant; 2) a device for storing heat energy in a storage tank; 3) a device for loading a load through a four-way fan coil unit; and 4) a control panel. To remove frost on the exterior of an evaporator, the evaporator is temporarily stopped, and brine at a temperature of 15° C. to 20° C., which receives groundwater heat from a brine heat exchanger and receives heat from an in-line heater, is supplied to a brine supply pipe installed around the evaporator to melt and remove the frost on the exterior of the evaporator and then is discharged at a temperature of ?3° C. to 5° C.

Abstract: To provide a geothermal heat exchanger with high thermal efficiency, which can reduce heat loss to a non-geothermal zone when high-temperature liquid heated in the deep underground is transported to the ground. The geothermal heat exchanger of the present invention includes a liquid transport pipe provided with a liquid lowering pipe to which a heat exchange liquid which is pressurized and supplied, a liquid raising pipe which is disposed on the inside or outside side of the liquid lowering pipe and raises the heat exchange liquid which is descended to the geothermal zone, moved from the lower part and composed of the high-temperature liquid generated by which heat from the geothermal zone is supplied, and an outer thermal insulation layer which is provided on a part or the whole of the outside of the liquid transport pipe at least from the ground surface to the geothermal zone.

Abstract: A method for desalinating and recycling the brine exiting a salt cavern. This method reduces the overall make-up water demand to wash a salt cavern, eliminates the brine disposal well and controls the cavern growth rate during disposal operations. The method includes the steps of: a) desalinating brine emerging from the salt cavern, and creating a stream of saline water, a stream of non-saline water and a stream of salt; b) recycling the stream volumes and combining the stream of non-saline and saline water with make-up water, thereby reducing demand for make-up water, c) pumping the salinated water into the salt cavern, and controlling the rate of growth of the salt cavern while disposing of wastes in the cavern, and repeating steps a) and b) substituting the make-up water with a waste mixture.

Abstract: A system and method of maximizing heat transfer at the bottom of a well using heat conductive components and a predictive model are used to design and implement a closed-loop solid state heat extraction system to conduct geothermal heat from rock within the well. A heat conductive material inserted into the well conducts heat to the fluid heat exchanging element. The closed-loop solid state heat extraction system extracts geothermal heat from the well without exposing the rock surrounding the heat nest to a liquid flow.

Abstract: The scarcity of fresh water for human consumption and agricultural irrigation is an ongoing problem affecting billions of people. This problem is only getting worse with growing human populations, pollution and global warming. Relying on underground sources of fresh water is not a viable long-term solution. I propose to solve the problem of fresh water scarcity with a new kind of desalination method. This desalination method is comprised of recycled materials thereby reducing the amount of pollution in the world. This desalination method uses no other power sources other than solar energy. The usage of recycled materials and renewable energy sources thereby ensures that this desalination method is a low cost way of transporting seawater and converting it into fresh water.

Abstract: A wave powered evaporation desalination system for removing fresh water from salt water by extraction of water vapor from a negative pressure container using wave motion for power. The wave powered evaporation desalination system includes a first vessel that accepts salt water. The salt water is forced from the first vessel through a atomizing spray nozzle into the top of a negative pressure second vessel. The negative pressure second vessel includes a number of trays that fill up with salt water films. Two pumps are attached to the top of the second vessel. One pump draws brine from the bottom of the second vessel for dispersion outside the system. The other pump draws off the water vapor from the second vessel into a hose and back to normal atmospheric pressure. The two pumps are powered by a float hinged to the second vessel.

Abstract: A starting solution is concentrated to a desired end solution by contacting the starting solution with a gaseous medium under the conditions that the heat content of the starting solution in contact with the gaseous medium is smaller than the heat content of the medium, and the duration of contacting is such that most of the solution that evaporates does so under conditions of constant enthalpy. When the starting solution is a brine, and the gaseous medium is air whose relative humidity is less than the relative humidity at the air/brine interface, the brine can be sprayed into the air to form a shower of droplets within which heat and vapor transfer take place during the transit time of the droplets in the air. When the ratio of droplets to air is sufficiently small, the heat content of the droplets is much smaller than the heat content of the air.