Abstract: A support structure for an oscillating continuous casting mold has fixed vertical support beams and oscillating frames attached to the fixed support beams by links with rigid intermediate portions connected by leaf spring hinges to the beams and the support frames.

Abstract: The patent describes an oscillating device for a continuous casting mould with a supporting structure (10), an oscillating lever (12), which has a forked first lever arm (30) and a second opposing lever arm (32), this oscillating lever (12) being mounted in the supporting structure by means of first swivel joints (26′, 26″) so as to be vibratable about an axis (28), and a stroke generator (14), which is connected to the second lever arm (32) of the oscillating lever (12). The oscillating device according to the invention comprises a supporting cage (18) for suspension of a continuous casting mould (20), this supporting cage (18) being connected via second swivel joints (40′, 40″) to the forked first lever arm (30) of the oscillating lever (12).

Abstract: A continuous casting die has a casting channel (10) formed by molding plates (12) and a self-carrying frame construction with lateral openings into which the molding plates (12) can be slidingly inserted perpendicularly to the casting channel. The frame construction preferably has a top frame (14) with a passage (16) which is slightly larger than the cross-section of the casting channel (10) at the entrance of the casting die, a bottom frame (18) with a passage (20) which is slightly larger than the cross-section of the casting channel (10) at the exit of the casting die, and corner sections (22) which link the top frame (14) to the bottom frame (18). The lateral passages are delimited at their sides by the two corner sections, above by the top frame (14) and below by the bottom frame (18).

Abstract: The machine includes a mold to be inserted in a frame-type mold table, a strand guide connected downstream of the mold and a mold oscillator supporting and moving the mold table. In order to minimize restranding times during section change through the formation of a section-related machine head, a first strand guide segment is detachably integrated in a strand guide segment connected downstream and a mold stirrer is supported on the second strand guide segment.

Abstract: A device for continuously casting steel includes a continuous casting mold supported in a lifting table and oscillating in the casting direction and at least one oscillation drive acting on the lifting table. The lifting table is constructed with guide blocks extending underneath the plane of the table and a stationary clamping block is arranged between the guide blocks. At least two individual resiliently soft plate springs are mounted along the short sides of the mold underneath the table plane in both sides of the clamping block and extending between the clamping block and the adjacent guide block, wherein the plate springs are arranged at a distance one above the other and so as to extend parallel relative to the corresponding plate springs arranged at the opposite short side of the mold.

Abstract: Apparatus for the continuous casting of steel slabs, especially low thickness slabs at high speed, comprising a mold (1) fed by the submerged nozzle (2) and connected to an oscillator (3) driven by a hydraulic servocontrol, wherein the following geometrical relation is valid concerning both the mold and the submerged nozzle shapes and their mutual arrangement:0.9.ltoreq.(A1/S1)/(A2/S2).ltoreq.1.1and preferably A1/S1=A2/S2, wherein, on the mold horizontal section at the meniscus level, A1 is the area enclosed between the submerged nozzle and larger sides of the mold, and A2 is the residual area less the nozzle area, between submerged nozzle and smaller sides, S1 and S2 being the total sums of the mold peripheral lengths corresponding to each of said areas. Furthermore, at least in the mold horizontal section at the meniscus level, the distance between submerged nozzle and copper plates forming the mold walls is kept constant.

Abstract: Recess portions each comprising one or a plurality of transverse grooves or a large number of dimples are disposed below the lowermost position of a meniscus under a steady operation state within a distance of 200 mm on the inner peripheral surface of the casting mold so that a solidified shell is gradually cooled and the cooling capacity of each inner surface of the casting mold is substantially inform.

Abstract: A device for the continuous casting of steel includes a continuous casting mold which oscillates in the casting direction, wherein the continuous casting mold is arranged in a lifting table of a stationary base frame, wherein the lifting table is connected to an oscillating drive, and wherein guide elements are provided for the lifting table on both sides transversely of the casting direction. The guide elements are constructed as plate-shaped frames with transverse struts and always two plate-shaped frames located opposite each other and at a distance from each other are combined to form a pair of plate-shaped frames, wherein each plate-shaped frame is connected to the base frame, on the one hand, and to the lifting table, on the other hand.

Abstract: The continuous casting plant includes a continuous casting mold having a round mold shape or also an oval mold shape in the upper mold half and a shaping portion starting at the latest in the middle of the mold, wherein the shaping portion has over the lower mold half up to at the latest the mold exit a polygonal shape or sectional shape with approximately the same circumference as the initial round mold shape.

Abstract: A mold table for the continuous casting of large strands has two separate parts. The mold table parts are coupled to opposite ends of an elongated rigid rotatable member by respective linkages. A drive oscillates the rotatable member which, in turn, constrains the mold table parts to oscillate synchronously.

Abstract: The mold comprises a tubular metal component (4), made of copper or a copper alloy, cooled by water circulation against its external wall and intended to ensure that the cast metal undergoes peripheral solidification on contact with its internal wall, and an uncooled feed head (9) made of a thermally insulating refractory, intended to contain cast metal in the liquid state and sitting on top of the cooled metal component (4) and defining with it a continuous sizing passage for the cast metal. A horizontal metal annulus (16) cooled by internal circulation is added between the feed head (9) and the tubular component (4) and aligned with the internal wall of the latter.

Abstract: A continuous casting mould comprises a fixed part (2) and a moveable part (1) and the latter includes means defining the mould passage. The moveable part is displaced relative to the fixed part generally in the direction of casting. The moveable part (1) is guided relative to the fixed part (2) by a plurality of guidance elements (4) each of which has a pair of opposit faces (6) which are arcuate convex form. The faces of each element are urged into abutting relation with cooperating surfaces on the fixed and moveable parts to allow rocking of the element relative to the surface.

Abstract: Method and device to obtain vibrations in the walls of the crystalliser (11) in an ingot mould (10) by use of actuators, the ingot mould (10) including a channel use (13) for the circulation of cooling liquid, the ingot mould (10) being associated with a conventional system of oscillation, there being induced on the crystalliser (11) vibrations of small amplitude and high frequency and acceleration obtained by exciting an actuator (16) comprising an element in magnetostrictive alloy (18) arranged in cooperation with at least one face of the crystalliser (11) itself, the element in magnetostrictive alloy (18) being excited by an electromagnetic field.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for operating a guided vertical mold, especially for the continuous casting of a steel billet, which is oscillated by a lifting device. According to the invention, the driving force (F), the lift position (x) and/or the lifting speed (v) of the mold are detected by measurement technology, and a mold lifting movement is preset in a computer model as a target variable. Finally, a difference of the mold lifting movement, representing the measure of frictional force between the billet and the mold, is fed as a control variable to actuators by means of a circuit arrangement.

Abstract: Method to obtain transverse vibrations of the walls (111) of the crystalliser (11) in an ingot mould (10), by a pulsation in the cooling liquid, the ingot mould (10) possibly having one or more peripheral areas (13a, 13b), disposed lengthwise, wherein the cooling liquid circulates around the sidewalls (111) of the crystalliser (11), the cooling circuit comprising a transit channel (16) directly in contact with one or more sidewalls (111) and at least a pump, a delivery pipe and a discharge pipe connected with a discharge side (21), the cooling fluid being made to circulate the pump around the sidewalls (111) of the crystalliser (11), in cooperation with at least one portion of the sidewall (111), the pressure of the cooling liquid in transit being of the pulsation type, the pulsation in the pressure being functional to the desired elastic transverse vibration induced on the portion of the sidewall (111).

Abstract: A batch-casting mold table assembly for casting slabs. The assembly includes a frame positionable over a pit sized for holding cast slabs. The frame is moveable between a slab-casting position in which the frame is positioned directly over the pit for casting slabs and a slab-removal position in which the frame is positioned beside the pit so the pit is accessible for removing slabs. The assembly also includes at least one hydraulic cylinder mounted on the frame. The cylinder has a piston reciprocally moveable in response to hydraulic fluid entering and leaving the cylinder. In addition, the assembly includes a control system operatively connected to the hydraulic cylinder for controlling movement of the piston and a table for holding a batch-casting mold. The table is moveable up and down in response to the piston movement for oscillating the mold up and down over the cooling pit as molten metal is poured through the mold to produce slabs having a smooth surface finish.

Abstract: Material is fed in a feed direction along an assembly vibrations are simultaneously applied to the assembly in both a direction at an acute angle to the feed direction and in a direction along the feed direction. The vibration is preferably applied in both directions using two vibrators with the same working phase. The productivity of the apparatus is increased, the quality of the continuous cast considerably improved and the continuity of the process is insured as compared with known methods and apparatus.

Abstract: A device for the continuous casting of steel, consisting of a continuous casting mold which oscillates in the casting direction, is mounted on springs clamped at both ends which extend transverse to the direction of casting, and is connected with a hydraulic oscillation drive. The the hydraulic oscillation drives are servo-hydraulic cylinders, arranged in a longitudinal sectional plane placed through the continuous casting mold laterally alongside the continuous casting mold, the servo-hydraulic cylinders are firmly connected, free of play, to a support frame and with the continuous casting mold.

Abstract: An oscillating device for a continuous casting mold, wherein the continuous casting mold is guided on a support frame and is moved in an oscillating manner by servo hydraulic cylinders arranged on the support frame. Each servo hydraulic cylinder is fastened at the bottom thereof through an elastic fastening element on the support frame and the piston rods of the servo hydraulic cylinders are connected with the mold. The fastening element is composed of an elastic bending web which on both sides thereof is provided with fastening flanges.

Abstract: An ingot mould for a continuous casting plant is described, comprising an ingot mould body (22), which defines an axial flow channel (18) for molten metal and which contains a circuit for cooling this axial flow channel (18). The ingot mould body (22) is surrounded, at least partially, by an outer casing (44) in which it is supported axially using a hydraulic/pneumatic suspension device, for example a cylinder with rotational symmetry whose axis of symmetry is coaxial with the casting axis. This hydraulic/pneumatic suspension device is preferably controlled by a hydraulic/pneumatic control system (72) designed to make the ingot mould body (22) oscillate about a reference position.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is a method of lubricating a mold (1) for the continuous casting of a metal product (16), of the type including a vigorously-cooled vertically-oscillating metal tubular element (2) defining a passage (4) for the cast metal and intended to cause, in contact with its wall (3) in said passage, the solidification of said metal product, in which a lubricant in the liquid state is injected through said metal tubular element toward said metal product being solidified, wherein said injection is carried out at points distributed annularly at a single level of said tubular element, said level lying at a distance greater than 20 cm from the lowest level at which solidification of said product is able to be initiated, and in that the flow rate of said lubricant is sufficient to cause a fraction of said lubricant to rise up along said wall to the level at which solidification of said product is effectively initiated.

Abstract: A description is given of an ingot mould for a continuous casting plant comprising an ingot mould tube (12) and an ingot mould body (22). The ingot mould tube (12) is movable axially with respect to the ingot mould body (22). Sealing elements, preferably metal diaphragms (88, 90) allow an axial displacement of the ingot mould tube (12) with respect to the ingot mould body (22), while ensuring the sealing of a sealed chamber (23) containing the circuit for cooling the ingot mould tube (12). A device for generating mechanical oscillations, preferably a hydraulic cylinder (46), is connected to the ingot mould tube (12) through the intermediary of a lever (54) supported by the ingot mould body (22).

Abstract: The apparatus is formed by confronting wide side mold walls and confronting narrow side mold walls, The narrow side mold walls are composed of an electrically conductive refractory material and are directly heated. Each of the narrow side mold walls include an upper squeezed portion and a lower parallel portion, The upper squeezed portion has a surface in contact with the molten metal which converges in width along a casting direction. The lower parallel portion has surface in contact with the molten metal which is substantially uniform in width.

Abstract: A continuous casting mold includes an oscillation mechanism and a guiding mechanism supporting the continuous casting mold relative to a stationary supporting structure, the guiding mechanism being formed as a disc-shaped spring. In order to ensure perfect guidance by employing a simply structured oscillation mechanism and to markedly reduce the masses to be moved, at least one disc-shaped spring formed as an annular disc peripherally surrounds the continuous casting mold, which annular disc by the inner edge region is connected with the continuous casting mold and by the outer edge region is connected with the stationary supporting structure.

Abstract: The integrated manufacturing system is formed by the combination of a continuous casting apparatus and hot rolling mills. The continuous casting apparatus is formed by confronting wide side mold walls and confronting narrow side mold walls. The narrow side mold walls are composed of an electrically conductive refractory material and are directly heated. Each of the narrow side mold walls include an upper squeezed portion and a lower parallel portion. The upper squeezed portion has a surface in contact with the molten metal which converges in width along a casting direction. The lower parallel portion has a surface in contact with the molten metal which is substantially uniform in width.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus for strand-casting near to final size cast formats from non-ferrous metals for the purpose of further cold working, especially strips, bars or tubes of copper or copper alloys. The process includes continuously casting the melt in a vertical mold to form a vertical strand, withdrawing the solidified strand from the mold in a centrally guided manner and directly threading into a surface treatment machine, removing the surface of the strand, laterally cutting the surface-finished strand in a predetermined manner, and removing the cut strand pieces from the machine. The machine for carrying out the process has a base frame which is connected to a foundation and on which a withdrawal device, a surface treatment unit, a cross-cutting device, and a conveying device are provided in line.

Abstract: A continuous casting mold having side walls through which a coolant flows includes a hydraulically operated oscillation device and a guiding device supporting the continuous casting mold relative to a stationary supporting structure. In order to do with a structurally very simple oscillation device having slight masses to be moved and to markedly reduce the space required by the oscillation device in the vicinity of the continuous casting mold, the oscillation device includes a pulsator setting the coolant into a pulsating pressure course and a supporting device is provided between the continuous casting mold and the stationary supporting structure, resiliently acting in accordance with the pulsating pressure course of the coolant and absorbing oscillation forces.

Abstract: Method of continuously casting steel slabs and the like wherein a layer of melting powder is maintained at the top portion of the casting mold with sufficient thickness so as to provide an increased thermal insulation to the liquid layers of steel and slag, whereby the formation of a solidified slag rim in the mold is eliminated and the surface quality of the steel products is considerably improved. The melting powder addition according to the invention also reduces the number of break-outs and consequently considerably increases the availability and productivity of the caster.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus of continuously casting metal strip (20) is disclosed. A casting pool (30) of molten metal is formed in contact with a moving casting surface such that metal solidifies from the pool (30) onto the moving casting surface. In addition, sound waves are applied to the casting pool of molten metal to induce relative vibratory movement between the molten metal of the casting pool (30) and the casting surface.

Abstract: In a process of withdrawing castings while vertically oscillating a mold formed with long side walls and short side walls, the long side walls are moved apart from the castings by operating a hydraulic cylinder in the time zones for which the castings are applied with a large frictional force. On the contrary, the separated long side walls are made to move together to the casting in the other time zones for which the casting is not applied with the large frictional force. By repeating the separation and approaching of the long side walls, it is possible to obtain castings which are reduced in the depths of oscillation marks and suppressed in segregations at oscillation mark trough portions.

Abstract: A casting wheel carries a rotating inner-radius mold wall along its rim and features a non-rotating mold segment incorporating the outer-radius mold wall, circumferentially oscillated about an external stationary support. The casting wheel includes circumferential guide tracks around the wheel periphery, along which cam guide rollers carrying the non-rotating segment act to maintain a closely controlled interface clearance between the inner and outer-radius mold wall edges throughout the rotation. The non-rotating mold segment may be constructed as a single box or multiple box segments hinged together for oscillation by a single oscillator, each segment incorporating its own guide roller system. Each box inside wall doubles as the mold envelope outside wall, against which water sprays may be directed from nozzles within the box enclosure, which is drained by gravity from an outlet proximate the lower end.

Abstract: In a mold oscillation device for making oscillation of a mold used in a continuous casting machine, an acceleration sensor (22) detects the oscillation to produce an oscillation detection signal representative of said oscillation. The oscillation detection signal has a particular waveform. Responsive to the oscillation detection signal, a signal producing circuit (30) produces an adjusting signal with reference to the particular waveform. With reference to the adjusting signal, a control unit (16) controls the oscillation. In order to produce the adjusting signal, it is preferable that the signal producing circuit carries out a frequency analysis as regards the particular waveform.

Abstract: A continuous casting plate mold includes an oscillating lifting table and parallel first side walls and second side walls capable of being clamped between the first side walls by a clamping device. The side walls are supported directly on the lifting table on both sides, i.e., without interposition of a water box. In order to be able to remove all of said side walls from the lifting table in a single operation and within a very short span of time as well as to enable a particularly light-weight construction of the lifting table, both of the second side walls are supported on at least one of the first side walls and on the lifting table via the same.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for continuously casting metal strip (20) of the kind in which a casting pool of molten metal (30) is formed in contact with a moving casting surface. By making the casting surface (16A) very smooth and inducing relative vibratory movement between the molten metal and the casting surface at selected frequency and amplitude, the heat transfer from the solidifying metal is dramatically improved. The casting surface has an Arithmetical Mean Roughness Value (Ra) of less than 5 microus and the induced vibratory movement preferably has a frequency of no more than 20 kHz. This enables improved casting productivity and also produced a marked refinement of the surface structure of the cast metal.

Abstract: A continuous casting mold comprising an oscillating supporting structure including side walls defining a mold cavity, together with the supporting structure, is supported on a lifting table oscillated by an oscillation drive and guided in the oscillation direction by a guiding device. In order to keep the oscillating masses as small as possible and to improve the space conditions below the mold as well as to ensure easy repair, the lifting table is formed by at least two oscillating beams arranged at a distance leaving free the horizontal dimensions of the mold cavity and bridged by the supporting structure including the side walls.

Abstract: An oscillator for oscillating a mold in a continuous casting apparatus has a motor, and a linkage connecting the motor to the mold. The linkage includes a pair of noncircular gears which are in mesh with one another. The noncircular gears are arranged and designed such that, during the major part of the displacement of the mold concurrently with a strand being cast in the mold, the speed of the mold exceeds the casting speed.

Abstract: A vibrating apparatus for vibrating a mold 1 by an electrohydraulic stepping cylinder 5 through a link mechanism 3 is characterized in that when a driving signal delivered into a drive unit 26 for the stepping cylinder 5, the actual acceleration of the mold 1 is fed back to a target waveform signal for the mold 1 and compensating signals for cancelling the operation delay of the stepping cylinder 5 and the signal transfer lag due to elastic deformation of the link mechanism and the like are added thereto to make feed-forward compensation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a twin-drum type continuous casting apparatus in which, when a side weir is vibrated at a high speed, vibrations of the side weir in the axial direction of the cooling drums is suppressed. The generation of run-out from a cast piece is prevented, and the elongation of the lives of the side weirs and the refractory materials is made possible. A pair of side weirs vibrating along end surfaces of cooling drums are characterized in that a support shaft serving as a center of rotation of the vibrations of the side weirs is disposed lower than the molten metal surface and higher than a minimum gap position of the cooling drums. A vibration exciting shaft for applying vibration to the side weir is disposed lower than the above-mentioned minimum gap position.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the continuous casting of metals of the type according to which ultrasonic vibrations are applied to the wall of the ingot mould, characterized in that the vibrations comprise both a component which is oriented parallel to and a component which is oriented perpendicular to the axis of the ingot mould. This method is preferably implemented by applying at least one ultrasound emitter against a surface integral with one of the ends of the ingot mould and with an angle of inclination relative to the axis of the latter. The invention is principally applicable to the continuous casting of steel products of all sizes.

Abstract: A control device for controlling mold oscillation in a continuous casting machine comprises a horizontal position detector, an open-close control device and hydraulic cylinders. The horizontal position detector is attached to a piston rod of the hydraulic cylinder for detecting an actual position of long-side copper plates of a mold. The open-close control device further comprises a reference position compensation circuit where a predetermined offset value is received. The reference position compensation circuit produces a compensation signal with which a target position of the long-side copper plates is modified. The open-close control device controls the hydraulic cylinders according to the compensation signal such that a deviation between the actual horizontal position and the target horizontal position of the long-side copper plates becomes equal to the offset value.

Abstract: A mold oscillator for a continuous casting machine comprises at least two tensile elements disposed so as to always remain in tension. The tensile elements lie on respective radii extending from the radius of curvature of the casting radius and are anchored to a fixed external frame. The oscillating drive is in the form of a cam which moves the follower pivoted at one end. A transfer element between the follower and the mold transmits the oscillation to the mold and the oscillation stroke is varied by means changing the distance of the cam from the pivoted end of the follower.

Abstract: An oscillating device for a continuous-casting mold is disclosed. The device includes a generally retangular base frame, two eccentric shafts arranged in parallel on the base frame and arranged to be driven in rotation. Each of the two eccentric shafts is connected to a respective pair of eccentrics that are arranged on corners of the base frame and by which oscillation can be imparted to the mold. The device includes a support plate having a centrally arranged opening in which the mold is fastened. A respective wear plate is positioned at each corner of the support plate, below the support plate. The wear plate rests on a respective eccentric outer ring that, in turn, is mounted for rotation on one of the pair of eccentrics that is driven in rotation. The device further includes spring bars arranged parallel to edges of the support plate and having connections at corner points to the base frame and, between the corner points, to the support plate.

Abstract: The mold continuous casting of metals includes a stationary base frame; a support plate within the base frame, the support plate including first and second opposed sides; a metallic shaping wall mounted on the support plate and having a longitudinal axis in the direction of casting; a carrier plate attached to the base frame; a plurality of spring elements each having two ends and being uniformly distributed over and fastened at one end thereof to the first side of the support plate, the other ends of the spring elements being fastened to the carrier plate, the first side of the support plate facing away from the shaping wall, the spring elements extending in a direction transverse to the direction of casting and having a stiffness which is substantially less in the direction of casting than in the two directions transverse thereto.

Abstract: A twin roll strip casting machine has an edge containment assembly abutting against opposite ends of the rolls. Each assembly has a face portion of refractory material supported by a backing plate. The assemblies are oscillated at up to ultrasonic frequencies in directions parallel to the direction of casting with the face portions urged into contact with the ends of the roll barrels.

Abstract: A continuous-casting plant having a mold-oscillating device is disclosed. In such plant one of a mold and a frame-like mold lift table bearing a mold is connected via connecting rods to eccentrics arranged on a shaft that is driven in rotation, with the stroke of the oscillation of said eccentrics being adjustable, the eccentrics being different eccentricities, and the connecting rods acting on defined points of attack of the mentioned one of the mold and lift table. At least two connecting rods are provided for each point of attack, with each connecting rod being connected to one eccentric. Each connecting rod of a point of attack is provided with a respective piston. The corresponding eccentrics of each point of attack which determine the stroke are connected in force-locked manner to the mentioned one of the mold and lift table via coupling means.

Abstract: The continuous casting installation includes:a) a funnel-shaped oscillating mold having cooled walls to produce a steel strip having a thickness of 40 to 50 mm; andb) a deforming device disposed at a distance of at most 0.5 m from the mold outlet to squeeze the steel strip to a thickness of not more than 25 mm.

Abstract: An oscillation gear for a mold of a continuous casting plant includes an eccentric shaft and an eccentric sleeve surrounding the eccentric shaft and rotatable and fixable relative to the same. in order to provide for a space-saving structure requiring only few mechanically moving parts, both the eccentric shaft and the eccentric sleeve are each provided with at least one groove. The longitudinal axis of at least one of the grooves is oriented at an angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the eccentric shaft or eccentric sleeve, respectively. The longitudinal axes of the two grooves enclose an angle with each other. A force transmission element rotating commonly with the eccentric shaft or with the eccentric sleeve projects into each groove, the force transmission elements being mutually coupled.

Abstract: A apparatus for the production of a vertical lift movement of a continuous casting ingot mold for metal, especially steel, consisting of at least one mechanical drive element which can be adjusted in its lifting height and which produces an adjustable oscillation. The drive element is supported by a foundation and makes contact with an continuous casting ingot mold. The drive element, at least one of which is provided, has a rotary plate inclined to the longitudinal axis at an adjustable angle about a swivel axis. On the side facing the direction of lift and outside the axis of rotation of the plate 20, one end of a rod is situated, the other end of the rod being situated in an element which supports the mold.

Abstract: A continuous caster vibrating mold assembly having lever arms each with a pivot pin including a hollow tubular sleeve having open ends for encircling a removable load cell having strain gauges attached thereto for measuring loads on a pivot joint. When loads are placed on a pivot joint the load cell will deflect and its deflections are detected by a strain gauge which measures the axial deflection of the load cell.

Abstract: On spray-forming metals onto a substrate from which the sprayed coating is to be detached, unwanted adhesion may occur, even to a smooth substrate. Conversely, if the coating is meant to adhere, it may accidentially delaminate, even from a roughened substrate.By vibrating the substrate, marginally adherent splats will be encouraged to detach themselves while, on the other hand, well adherent splats will not be affected.