Abstract: A process and apparatus of producing a product having a wrought structure. The process comprises the step of: applying heat and a compressive load simultaneously to an application area of a cold spray deposition preform to transform the comprising consolidated particle structure into a wrought structure, the compressive load being applied laterally to the application area. The application of compressive load and heat to the application area raises the temperature of the material of the preform in the application area to between the recrystallisation temperature and the melting point of the material.

Abstract: A 3D printer includes an ejector device for mixing and ejecting print material. The ejector device includes a substrate and a plurality of ejector conduits on the substrate. The ejector conduits are arranged in an array. Each ejector conduit includes a first passageway fluidly connecting a first end of the ejector conduit to a conduit junction. The first end is configured to accept a first print material. Each ejector conduit also includes a second passageway fluidly connecting a second end of the ejector conduit to the conduit junction. The second end is configured to accept a second print material. Each ejector conduit also includes a third passageway fluidly connecting a third end of the ejector conduit to the conduit junction. The third end includes an ejector nozzle. The ejector nozzle includes a first electrode and a second electrode.

Abstract: An apparatus for efficiently preparing spherical metal powder for 3D printing includes a housing, a crucible and a powder collection area arranged in the housing, wherein a turnplate arranged in the collection area is an inlaid structure. A material having a poor thermal conductivity is selected as the base of the turnplate, and a metal material having a wetting angle less than 90° with respect to droplets is selected and embedded into the base to serve as an atomization plane of the turnplate. An air hole is disposed in the turnplate. The spherical metal powder for 3D printing combines electromagnetic force breaking capillary jet flow and centrifugal atomization, which breaks through the traditional metal split mode, and makes the molten metal in a fibrous splitting.

Abstract: A three-dimensional printing system, the system comprising a build platform and a printhead for depositing a conductive print material at deposition contact points of a build surface on the build platform. A heating system comprises at least one induction coil for preheating the deposition contact points of the build surface.

Abstract: A device and method for manipulating particles is provided. The device generally includes a screen acting as a support for a structure formed by particles, which can be selectively deposited on a first substrate. The device can be included in a 3D printing system.

Abstract: A casting device includes a mold having a cavity, a supply path that is connected to a gate of the cavity and configured to supply a molten metal to the supply path, and a gas flow path that is connected to the supply path and configured to supply a gas to the supply path. In the casting device, a molten metal is atomized by causing the gas supplied from the gas flow path to collide with the molten metal passing through the supply path, and the atomized molten metal is supplied to the cavity.

Abstract: A process for producing a preform by cold spray deposition, the process comprising: providing a starter substrate about a preform axis of rotation, the starter substrate having at least one axial end having a substantially flat deposition surface; rotating the starter substrate about the preform axis of rotation; depositing material onto the deposition surface of the starter substrate using cold spray deposition to form a product deposition surface, the cold spray deposition process including a cold spray applicator through which the material is sprayed onto the deposition surface; successively depositing material onto a respective top product deposition surface using cold spray deposition to form successive deposition layers of the material; and moving at least one of: the cold spray applicator; or the starter substrate and preform product, relative to the other in an axial direction along the preform axis of rotation to maintain a constant distance between the cold spray applicator and the top product depos

Abstract: In a first aspect of a present inventive subject matter, a method of forming a film includes turning a raw material containing at least a first chemical element and a second chemical element into atomized droplets; carrying the atomized droplets containing at least the first chemical element and the second chemical element by use of a carrier gas onto an object; and causing a reaction of the atomized droplets to form a film containing at least the first chemical element and the second chemical element on the object. The first chemical element is selected from among elements of Group 14 and elements of Group 15 of the periodic table. The second chemical element is selected from among d-block elements, elements of Group 13 and elements of Group 14 of the periodic table and different from the first chemical element.

Abstract: A method for controlled unfolding of an intraocular lens (IOL) includes inserting a folded IOL into an eye and heating a shape memory alloy (SMA) ring included with the IOL to a temperature that is at least a transition temperature of the SMA ring. The transition temperature is above a body temperature. Heating the SMA ring causes the SMA ring to unfold the IOL.

Abstract: Provided is a method for filling a stem-side hollow area of an engine valve with metallic sodium. The method includes injecting melted metallic sodium into a cylinder having a larger diameter than an inner diameter of the hollow area of the engine valve, forming a solidified metallic sodium rod having a substantially uniform structure in the cylinder, inserting the metallic sodium into the hollow area of the engine valve through a nozzle having a small diameter, and sealing the engine valve.

Abstract: A maintenance station for casting molds is provided with a handling device on which a spraying device is disposed. The spraying device sprays a cleaning medium onto a surface of at least one casting mold. The cleaning medium is a mixture of compressed air and abrasive particles. A maintenance method for the casting mold in the maintenance station is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device as well as a method for the additive manufacture of components by deposition of material layers by layer-by-layer joining of powder particles to one another and/or to an already produced pre-product or substrate, via selective interaction of the powder particles with a high-energy beam, wherein, for smoothing a surface of the component being produced running crosswise to the deposited material layers in between the deposition of two layers of the component, the complete edge region of the last layer that is applied and that runs along a surface of the component being produced is compacted in a direction of action that has a directional component parallel to the build-up direction of the layers, and/or at least one edge region of a surface of the component is also compacted.

Abstract: A method for forming a miniature skimmer cone for a free jet expansion vacuum interface is disclosed. The skimmer cone is formed from electroplated metal, deposited inside a blind hole formed on a silicon substrate. The substrate is partially removed to expose the skimmer cone, together with other features formed by etching, and an outlet orifice is formed. A complete miniature vacuum interface is formed from the stacked assembly of a part containing an inlet orifice, a spacer, and the part containing a skimmer cone described above, mounted in an intermediate pressure chamber at the inlet to a mass spectrometer.

Abstract: A system and method for forming 3D printed structures on a base component includes extruding material through a nozzle while moving the nozzle vertically. Extruded material flows from the nozzle and spreads outwardly upon contact with an underlying portion of material. The outward spread of material is controlled to form a desired geometry for the 3D printed structure. An optical sensing device may provide feedback for controlling the outward spread of material. Using a molding component, structures with anchored portions extending through openings in the base component can be formed.

Abstract: A process for repairing a damaged annular region of an anode configured to emit x-rays includes the step of machining the damaged annular region made of an initial target coating to a depth smaller than a thickness of the coating so as to leave behind a residual annular layer. An intermediate layer is then deposited on the residual annular layer. A repairing layer is then deposited on the intermediate layer. A heat treatment is then performed using an anneal which causes, by interdiffusion and formation of a solid solution, the material of the intermediate layer and the material of the residual annular layer to diffuse into each other and further cause the material of the intermediate layer and the material of the repairing layer diffuse into each other. As a result of this anneal the intermediate layer disappears.

Abstract: A method for depositing an aluminizing coating onto a substrate. The method includes: (a) depositing a layer, containing platinum and at least 35% of nickel, onto a surface of the substrate; and (b) depositing an aluminum coating onto the layer.

Abstract: A method of forming a pair of opposed side walls and a pair of opposed end walls of a sheet metal casket shell from a single piece of sheet metal. The piece of sheet metal has opposite ends and a length equal to the combined length of the pair of side walls and the pair of end walls of the casket shell to be formed. The opposite ends of the piece of sheet metal are secured together to form a tube. A roll forming roller is positioned in an interior of the tube. A female die configured to produce a desired profile for the side walls and the end walls of the casket shell is positioned around an exterior of the tube. The roller is moved outwardly so as to contact an interior surface of the tube and deform the tube toward a die cavity of the female die. The roller is rolled around a perimeter of the interior of the tube so as to deform the perimeter of the tube toward the die cavity of the female die. The desired profile for the side walls and the end walls of the casket shell is thereby produced.

Abstract: An apparatus 20 and a method 100 for generating and dispensing a powdered 60 release agent during an additive manufacturing build is disclosed. A solid body 28 of release agent material is ground insitu by a grinder 50 and dispensed on a surface of the part 72 to prevent adhesion of an adjacent layer of a base material 70. With the addition of the powdered 60 release agent, a support structure 76 is easily separated from the base material 70 when the part 72 is complete, saving time and preventing the part 72 from sustaining unintentional damage. Since no powdered 60 release agent is actually loaded or stored in the apparatus 20, the potential for spillage, waste, inconsistent dispensing, inadvertent dispensing, and clumping due to humidity is eliminated.

Abstract: In a method for producing a hot strip of steel with material properties that are adjustable over the strip cross-section, a steel melt is fed onto a revolving casting belt of a horizontal strip casting facility and solidifies to form a pre-strip having a thickness between 6 and 20 mm, and the pre-strip is subjected to a hot rolling process after complete solidification. A gas jet or plasma jet composed of metallic and/or non-metallic elements that affect the material properties of the hot strip influences the steel melt that is still liquid and/or just about to start to solidify. The concentration of the elements introduced into the melt by the gas jet or plasma jet and diffusing into the melt is adjusted across the strip thickness and strip width by changing the influencing kinetic energy of the gas jet or plasma jet, the partial gas pressure and/or the applied temperature.

Abstract: A metallic ink composition for inkjet printing for a polyvinyl chloride substrate, can form printed matter having superior mirror gloss and favorable scratch resistance, and is able to prevent nozzle clogging during inkjet printing, and more specifically pertains to a metallic ink composition that is for inkjet printing for a polyvinyl chloride substrate and that is characterized by containing at least a polyester resin (a) having a weight average molecular weight of no greater than 12,000, a metallic pigment dispersion (b) resulting from dispersing a evaporated aluminum pigment only in an organic solvent, and an organic solvent (c) that has solubility with respect to the polyvinyl chloride substrate.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of forming sections of seamless titanium or titanium alloy pipe. The method involves providing a substrate for forming pipe and a sleeve of a section of pipe on the substrate. The pipe section has an end from which the substrate projects. The pipe is formed by spraying particles of titanium or titanium alloy generally parallel to a longitudinal axis of the substrate to impact a face of the end and to cause particles to bond to and to accumulate on the pipe end to form pipe. The method further involves moving formed pipe longitudinally relative to the substrate to remove formed pipe from the pipe-forming substrate and continuing to spray titanium or titanium alloy particles onto the end face to cause further pipe to form continuously and integrally with the formed pipe. This enables a seamless titanium or titanium alloy pipe to be formed of any desired length.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of making a mask for patterning a three-dimensional substrate. A mandrel includes a form machined in a surface corresponding to a shape of the substrate. A layer of material is deposited in a first region of the form and a metal layer is deposited in a second region of the form. A portion of the mandrel is subsequently removed. The present invention also provides a method of patterning a three-dimensional substrate with a mask.

Abstract: A radiation source for generating EUV radiation includes a laser configured to fire laser pulses at a target area to which is supplied a stream of fuel droplets, which may be tin droplets that emit EUV radiation when excited by the laser beam. The EUV radiation is collected by a collector. The tin droplets may be pre-conditioned by a laser pre-pulse before the main laser pulse to change the shape of the droplets so that the droplets are in an optimum condition for receiving the main laser pulse. Embodiments of the invention take into account the effect of the vaporization of one fuel droplet on succeeding droplets and allow the timing of the main and/or pre-pulse to be adjusted to take into account any delay in arrival of the subsequent droplet or oscillations in the shape of the subsequent droplet which may be caused by vaporization of the preceding droplet.

Abstract: A semiconductor device has a plurality of semiconductor die disposed over a carrier. An electrical interconnect, such as a stud bump, is formed over the semiconductor die. The stud bumps are trimmed to a uniform height. A substrate includes a bump over the substrate. The electrical interconnect of the semiconductor die is bonded to the bumps of the substrate while the semiconductor die is disposed over the carrier. An underfill material is deposited between the semiconductor die and substrate. Alternatively, an encapsulant is deposited over the semiconductor die and substrate using a chase mold. The bonding of stud bumps of the semiconductor die to bumps of the substrate is performed using gang reflow or thermocompression while the semiconductor die are in reconstituted wafer form and attached to the carrier to provide a high throughput of the flipchip type interconnect to the substrate.

Abstract: A scanning 3-D printing system comprises a printing platform movable in a printing direction and in an indexing direction, the printing platform comprising a printing head configured for dispensing building material while the printing platform is moving in a printing direction one pass at a time, and layer by layer, a roller configured for leveling the dispensed building material one pass at a time, wherein the roller is rotatably mounted on a roller axle, and wherein the roller axle extends over all passes of the printing system and is stationary in the indexing direction, a scraper configured for scraping excess building material off the roller, and a trough configured for collecting the building material scraped off the roller.

Abstract: A visible-light-responsive photocatalyst powder includes a tungsten oxide powder. When the tungsten oxide powder is measured by X-ray diffractometry, (1) among intensity ratios of a peak A (2?=22.8 to 23.4°), a peak B (2?=23.4 to 23.8°), a peak C (2?=24.0 to 24.25°), and a peak D (2?=24.25 to 24.5°), an A/D ratio and a B/D ratio each fall within a range of 0.5 to 2.0, and a C/D ratio falls within a range of 0.04 to 2.5, (2) an intensity ratio (E/F) of a peak E (2?=33.85 to 34.05°) to a peak F (2?=34.05 to 34.25°) falls within a range of 0.1 to 2.0, and (3) an intensity ratio (G/H) of a peak G (2?=49.1 to 49.7°) to a peak H (2?=49.7 to 50.3°) falls within a range of 0.04 to 2.0, and the tungsten oxide powder has a BET specific surface area in a range of 1.5 to 820 m2/g.

Abstract: A method for compacting anodic paints by sandblasting, the method including directing at least two jets of an abrasive material toward a part covered with the paint, the jets being directed in a convergent manner and meeting at a focal point, and the focal point is located upstream from the part.

Abstract: A method and reactor of manufacturing an object by solid freeform fabrication, especially an object made of titanium or titanium alloys. An objective is to provide a method for rapid layered manufacture of objects in titanium or titanium alloys. A further objective is to provide a deposition chamber which allows prosecution of the method according to the invention.

Abstract: The present invention provides a replication device for delivering a replicating material to a surface. The device includes an extrusion piston slidably received therein and movable to a dispensing position for expelling the replicating material though an outlet. The device further includes an actuator, wherein the actuator produces stress waves so as to temporarily reduce the viscosity of the material during delivery of said material. Also provided is a method and kit for using the device for obtaining a replica of a surface.

Abstract: Additive manufacturing devices operable in various external force environments are disclosed. In an aspect, an additive manufacturing device operable in microgravity is disclosed. In other aspects, devices which are operable in high-vibration environments or varying external force environments are disclosed. Additive manufacturing devices herein may produce parts from metal, polymer, or other feedstocks.

Abstract: An apparatus for casting metals by a nucleated casting technique to create a preform, the apparatus including a mold having a base and a side wall where the base can be moved relative to the side wall to withdraw the preform as it is being created. In various circumstances, portions of a droplet spray created by an atomizing nozzle, i.e., overspray, may accumulate on a top surface of the side wall and prevent or inhibit the preform from being moved relative to the side wall. The atomizing nozzle can be oriented such that the droplet spray passes over the top of the side wall to remelt and remove at least a portion of the overspray that has accumulated thereon. The mold can be rotated such that the overspray formed on a region of or on the entire perimeter of the top surface can pass through the droplet spray and can be removed from the side wall.

Abstract: An electromagnetic energy protection system and method disclosed herein that includes a plurality of conductive sheets ohmically connected by conductive interconnects. The conductive interconnects can be metal formed by a metal deposition process. The metal deposition process can include a plasma deposition process. The conductive interconnects can help prevent the formation of surface deformities such as bumps that may be caused when connecting, either physically or electrically, adjacent conductive sheets.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a near-net shape erosion shield, a method of forming a shielded article, and a near-net shape erosion shield are provided. The method of fabricating a near-net shape erosion shield includes providing a base, positioning an energy source relative to the base, and depositing at least one wear resistant material over the base with an energy beam from the energy source. The at least one wear resistant material deposited on the base forms the near-net shape erosion shield configured to be positioned on a turbine component. The method of forming a shielded article includes removing the base from the near-net shape erosion shield, and securing the near-net shape erosion shield to a turbine component. The near-net shape erosion shield includes a near-net shape erosion-resistant portion configured to be positioned on a turbine component.

Abstract: Systems and methods in accordance with embodiments of the invention implement additive manufacturing techniques that employ different sets of deposition characteristics and/or material formation characteristics during the additive manufacture of an object so as to strategically build up the object. In many embodiments, material used to build up an object is deposited at different deposition rates during the additive manufacture of the object, and the object is thereby strategically built up. In one embodiment, a method of additively manufacturing an object includes: depositing material onto a surface at a first deposition rate so as to define a first region of the object to be additively manufactured; and depositing material onto a surface at a second deposition rate so as to define a second region of the object to be additively manufactured; where the second deposition rate is different from the first deposition rate.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a material having a high concentration of a carbide constituent. The method may comprise adding a carbide source to a biocompatible material in which a weight of the carbide source is at least approximately 10% of the total weight, heating the carbide source and the biocompatible material to a predetermined temperature to melt the biocompatible material and allow the carbide source to go into solution to form a molten homogeneous solution, and impinging the molten homogeneous solution with a high pressure fluid to form spray atomized powder having carbide particles. The size of a particle of carbide in the atomized powder may be approximately 900 nanometers or less. The biocompatible material may be cobalt chrome, the carbide source may be graphite, and the fluid may be a gas or a liquid.

Abstract: Processes, systems, and apparatuses are disclosed for forming products from atomized metals and alloys. A stream of molten alloy and/or a series of droplets of molten alloy is atomized to produce particles of the molten alloy. The molten alloy particles are cooled to a temperature that is less than a solidus temperature of the molten alloy particles so that the molten alloy particles solidify. The solid alloy particles impact a collector and produce a solid alloy preform.

Abstract: The present invention consists of an implantable structural element for in vivo delivery of bioactive active agents to a situs in a body. The implantable structural element may be configured as an implantable prosthesis, such as an endoluminal stent, cardiac valve, osteal implant or the like, which serves a dual function of being prosthetic and a carrier for a bioactive agent. Alternatively, the implantable structural element may simply be an implantable article that serves the single function of acting as a time-release carrier for the bioactive agent.

Abstract: A method of producing at least one of microscopic and submicroscopic particles includes providing a template that has a plurality of discrete surface portions, each discrete surface portion having a surface geometry selected to impart a desired geometrical property to a particle while being produced; depositing a constituent material of the at least one of microscopic and submicroscopic particles being produced onto the plurality of discrete surface portions of the template to form at least portions of the particles; separating the at least one of microscopic and submicroscopic particles comprising the constituent material from the template into a fluid material, the particles being separate from each other at respective discrete surface portions of the template; and processing the template for subsequent use in producing additional at least one of microscopic and submicroscopic particles.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a multi-layer tool piece coating. For example, the tool piece may be a mold or die used for forming ultra high strength steel sheet. The multi-layer mold coating may include a CrN or Ti(C)N junction layer, a first TiAlN/CrN nano multilayer, and a second TiAlCN/CrCN nano multilayer. The CrN or Ti(C)N junction layer may be coated on a base material of the tool piece (e.g., a mold) for forming the steel sheet. The first TiAlN/CrN nano multilayer may be coated on the CrN or Ti(C)N junction layer as an intermediate layer. The second TiAlCN/CrCN nano multilayer may be coated on the first TiAlN/CrN nano multilayer as an outermost surface functional layer, and may include carbon (C) of about 1 at. % to about 30 at. % for high temperature and low friction.

Abstract: A method of producing an integral self supporting coating test piece from particulate material including the steps of (i) producing a reusable mould having a depression which conforms to the desired shape and volume of said coating test piece, the reusable mould including silicone rubber, (ii) roughening the surface of the reusable mould, (iii) heat treating the reusable mould, (iv) thermally spraying particulate material into the depression in the reusable, mould, and (v) removing the reusable mould from the solidified coating test piece.

Abstract: A blade type micro probe and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. The method includes forming a plating seed layer on a substrate, a first blade structure on the plating seed layer and a second blade structure on the first blade structure, wherein the first blade structure includes a first second patterned photo resist layer and a metal layer filling up the voids in the first second patterned photo resist layer and the second blade structure includes a second patterned photo resist layer and an another metal layer filling up the voids in the second patterned photo resist layer, then removing the first and second patterned photo resist layers, and finally removing the plating seed layer and the substrate, thereby forming the blade type micro probe. The first patterned photo resist layer is different from the second patterned photo resist layer in shape.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of fabricating a micromechanical part made of a single piece material. According to the invention, the method includes the following steps: a) forming a substrate which includes the negative cavity for said micromechanical part to be fabricated; b) forming a sacrificial layer on one portion of the substrate; c) depositing particles on the substrate intended to form a germ ination layer; d) removing the sacrificial layer so as to selectively leave one portion of the substrate free of any particles; e) depositing a layer of material by chemical vapour phase deposition so that the material is exclusively deposited where the particles remain; f) removing the substrate to release the micromechanical part formed in said negative cavity.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a direct metal deposition (DMD) structure having substantially fully forged structural qualities is provided. In various embodiments, the method includes depositing a layer of metallic material onto an existing metallic structure having a microstructure that provides the existing metallic structure with substantially fully forged structural qualities. The DMD layer has a microstructure that provides the DMD layer with non-forged structural qualities.

Abstract: A method for making parts in conjunction with a mold having a negative shape of the part. The mold is coated with a release agent and thereafter the part material is deposited on the release agent in the mold by gas dynamic cold spray. Thereafter, the release agent is separated from both the mold and the part either thermally, chemically, or mechanically.

Abstract: A system for forming a soft magnetic bulk material of a predetermined shape from a magnetic material and a source of insulating material. The systems has a heating device; a deposition device; a support configured to support the soft magnetic bulk material of the predetermined shape; and a mask configured as a negative of at least a portion of the predetermined shape. The heating device heats the magnetic material to form particles having a softened state and wherein the deposition device deposits successive layers of particles of the magnetic material in the softened state on the support with the mask located between the deposition device and the support. The mask is indexed to a position relative to the support upon deposition of the successive layers. The mask selectively blocks the successive layers of particles of the magnetic material in the softened state from being deposited on the support forming the soft magnetic bulk material of a predetermined shape on the support.

Abstract: To produce at least two bonded-together layers (11, 13; 11?, 13), it is proposed that the material of at least one of the layers (13) is melted and subsequently, by spray compacting with a spray cone (10, 10?), is applied to the other layer, which is moved in relation to the spray cone (10, 10?), in such a way that the material composite is thereby produced.

Abstract: A magnesium alloy that forms a stable protective film on the surface of molten metal, having excellent ignition resistance restricting natural ignition of a chip thereof as well as having excellent strength and ductility, so that the Mg alloy can be melted and cast in the air or a common inert atmosphere. The magnesium alloy includes, by weight, 7.0% or greater but less than 11% of Al, 0.05% to 2.0% of Ca, 0.05% to 2.0% of Y, greater than 0% but not greater than 6.0% of Zn, and the balance of Mg, and the other unavoidable impurities. The total content of the Ca and the Y is equal to or greater than 0.1% but less than 2.5% of the total weight of the magnesium alloy.

Abstract: To provide a method for producing fine particles, including: forming on a surface of a base material a concavo-convex pattern made by arranging a plurality of convex portions on the surface; forming fine particles made of a fine particle material on at least part of the concavo-convex pattern; and releasing the formed fine particles from the concavo-convex pattern.

Abstract: A method for spray forming a metal component (11, 17, 21, 27) having an elongated open channel (10, 20, 22, 28) therein comprises firstly spray forming a layer (8, 19, 24) of the desired metal onto a deposition substrate (2), placing then an elongated spray blocking object (9, 18, 26, 29) on the already sprayed layer for forming the channel, and continuing then the spray forming process until the desired total thickness of the component is achieved. According to the present invention, the spray blocking object is a strip (18, 26, 29), the cross-sectional profile of the strip being fully open in the direction of an axis (a) in a cross-sectional plane of the strip, and the strip is placed on the already deposited layer (8, 19, 24) with said axis directed substantially parallel to the direction of the incident metal spray (6).

Abstract: A magnesium alloy that has excellent ignition resistance and is excellent in both strength and ductility. The magnesium alloy includes, by weight, 1.0% or greater but less than 7.0% of Al, 0.05% to 2.0% of Ca, 0.05% to 2.0% of Y, greater than 0% but not greater than 6.0% of Zn, and the balance of Mg, and the other unavoidable impurities. The total content of the Ca and the Y is equal to or greater than 0.1% but less than 2.5% of the total weight of the magnesium alloy. The Mg alloy forms a dense composite oxide layer that acts as a protective film. Thus the Mg alloy has very excellent oxidation resistance and ignition resistance, can be melted, cast and machined in the air or a common inert atmosphere (Ar or N2), and can reduce the spontaneous ignition of chips that are accumulated during the process of machining.