Abstract: A method for continuous production of thin plate ingot of phosphor bronze by quenching molten metal of bronze, wherein molten metal of phosphor bronze is quenched at a rate of from 10.sup.2 .degree. C./sec. to 10.sup.5 .degree. C./sec. to thereby solidify the same, and then the solidified metal is continuously cooled to a normal temperature to thereby obtain a microstructure having a crystal grain size of 50 .mu.m or below and in which appearance of the dendritic structure and the segregation layer is suppressed.

Abstract: In the apparatus for continuous casting of a metal by drawing a solidified bar ingot through a tubular casting mold connected to an opening at the bottom of a crucible containing the melt, the tubular casting mold is protruded into the crucible in a substantial length and the cooling efficiency of the tubular casting mold and the drawing velocity of the solidified bar ingot are controlled to balance in such a manner that the temperature of the melt inside the tubular casting mold in the portion protruded into the crucible is substanially lower than the temperature of the bulk of melt to start solidification of the melt within the portion. When a bar ingot is prepared by using the apparatus and according to the method, great improvements can be obtained in the surface smoothness of the bar ingot and the metallographic structure of the same mainly composed of axially running columnar crystals.

Abstract: The device of the invention introduces cooling fluid to a rotary mould (41) surrounded by an annular cooling chamber (42). A non-rotatable annular box surrounds the outer wall of the annular chamber, and two annular nozzles (50, 51) rigid with the box (47) discharge in each case into an annular passage (57, 58) disposed between the outer wall and at least one non-rotatable wall rigid with the box. The fluid from the nozzles, after passing through the annular passage (57, 58), passes through an annular inlet zone (46), and through orifices (44, 45) into the annular cooling chamber (42).

Abstract: In order to securely hold a moving belt of a continuous casting device against selective movable side walls, a first group of rotatable control rods which are disposed in a first supply header and an adjacent exhaust header are arranged to produce narrow high pressure zones in the film defined between the cooling pad in which the header are formed and the moving belt. These zones can be selectively moved to juxtapose the side walls when the gap between the walls is adjusted. A second group of rotatable control rods which are disposed in second and third supply headers selectively heat the side edges of the belt which are relatively cool as compared with the center section which is exposed to molten metal. As the side walls are moved apart the width of the edge sections which are exposed to pre-heated coolant can be reduced and the amount of normal temperature coolant applied thereto also increased.

Abstract: In a method for controlling solidification segregation in casting of carbon steel containing 0.53 wt. % or less of carbon, .alpha.-phase stabilizing elements and .gamma.-phase stabilizing elements of the carbon steel are separated from each other at inter-dendritic portions by adding 2 wt. % or less of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Be, Cr, Nb, Sn, Ti, Mo, and V into the molten steel.

Abstract: A more uniform cooling system for direct strip forming processes on chilled drums wherein the drum 1 is hollow and is partially filled with a coolant pool 6. A central tube 7 provides coolant spray 8 to the portions of the drum interior when not covered with the coolant pool. Patterned cooling for thickness control is practiced by changing the heat conduction through the drum wall at selected locations.

Abstract: Prior to reaching the nozzle's exit, the belt is pressed from outward against the nozzle by means of a rail supported by springs whereby the mould is reliably sealed off under all working conditions. Pressing the belt against the nozzle can also be achieved by means of pistons or the direct hydrostatic and/or hydrodynamic effect of the coolant from the outside or through various combined measures. In order to reduce friction and wear, the nozzle in the area of contact with one belt can be provided with a wear-resistant coating or wear-resistant inserts. This sealing method enables a casting process with high metallostatic pressure, consequently resulting in a high quality product.

Abstract: A belt type cast sheet continuous caster of the type comprises a pair of opposed circulatorily movable belts, a pair of opposed side plates arranged along opposite side edge portions of the movable belts, coolers which each have numerous water feed openings and water discharge openings opened to the movable belt and are arranged behind the respective movable belts, and movable partition plates which are placed in respective cooling headers and each connected to driving means for moving the partition plates in a width direction of a cast sheet. A casting space is defined by the movable belt and the side plates.

Abstract: A continuous metal caster cooling system is provided in which water is supplied in jets from a large number of small nozzles 19 against the inner surface of rim 13 at a temperature and with sufficient pressure that the velocity of the jets is sufficiently high that the mode of heat transfer is substantially by forced convection, the liquid being returned from the cooling chambers 30 through return pipes 25 distributed interstitially among the nozzles.

Abstract: A method and belt composition for improving the performance and flatness of thin revolving flexible casting belts of continuous casting machines wherein at least one wall of the moving mold is provided by a thin flexible endless metallic casting belt having a permanent insulative coating with fluid-accessible porosity in this permanent coating. Contrary to prior methods and apparatus which have sought to protect the wide thin casting belts, the present method for improving belt flatness and performance involves providing a Helium-containing gaseous film between the metal and the front face of the casting belt which is coated with a permanent insulative porous coating.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for continuously casting a high impurity content molten metal in a casting means and the product formed thereby. The method includes the steps of cooling said metal while in said casting means to a temperature resulting in a sound cast bar, extracting the sound cast bar from said casting machine, advancing the sound cast bar to pre-heating means, heating the sound cast bar to a hot-forming temperature, passing the cast bar at a hot-forming temperature from the pre-heating means to a hot-forming means, and hot-forming the cast bar into a wrought product without the cat bar cracking, even when the cast bar has an impurity content of from about 20 to about 200 ppm.

Abstract: Metals are continuously cast in an ingot mould having a feeder head disposed thereabove. An isolating ring disposed around the lower portion of the feeder head forms an annular chamber which is maintained under an inert gas pressure throughout the duration of the casting operation by a conduit which is in communication with a source of inert gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved apparatus and method for continuous casting of metal into an elongated bar. The apparatus includes an elongated vertical corrugated mold sleeve adapted for receiving molten metal. Means are connected to the sleeve for chilling the metal within the sleeve and intermittently compressing the sleeve to place the interior of the sleeve into frictional engagement with the metal within the sleeve. The sleeve is intermittently released and moved in a direction opposite the direction of movement of the solidified metal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus which enables a continuous horizontal casting of thin slabs operates on the principle of cooling the molten steel and the cooling mold from the top and bottom while the sides of the cooling mold are comprised of refractory materials which prevent solidification along the short sides of the mold. Consequently, during the initial phases of the solidification process the steel solidifies from the top and the bottom forming sheets of increasing thickness which squeeze and sandwich the molten liquid center. The process avoids formation of voids or other irregularities in the finished metal slabs and it results in a very low rejection rate of finished product. Particularly for application wherein thin metal slabs measuring less than 4 or 5 inches in thickness are produced, the upper side of the mold curves upwardly toward the inlet opening to prevent freezing of the molten metal at the opening.

Abstract: An annular cooling chamber extends around the periphery of a ladle nozzle over at least some of the nozzle length, a hollow ring being so disposed in the annular chamber as to extend coaxially of the runner (casting channel), the ring wall being pierced with orifices along ring length. The ring interior communicates with a cooling fluid supply line, the wall of the annular chamber being formed with an aperture for removal of the cooling fluid distributed by the distributor ring in the annular chamber.

Abstract: Continuous casting apparatus is provided having a highly conductive, cooled flow-through mold, a feeder for the mold having an upstream and a downstream section with the downstream section in abutment with the mold, a heater associated with the upstream section for maintaining metal in contact therewith above liquidus temperature, the feeder sections being made of refractory material and dimensioned such that the heat from the upstream section is not bled off so rapidly into the cooling elements of the adjacent mold as to start the strand shell development in the upstream section, but sufficiently to let it start in the downstream secton of the feeder.

Abstract: A method is provided for directly casting molten metal from a U-shaped structure of the exit end of a casting vessel onto a moving casting surface to form a continuous strip of crystalline material. The method includes radiantly cooling the molten metal in a zone defined above the molten metal, across the width of the U-shaped structure and adjacent the casting surface. The method also includes providing a non-oxidizing atmosphere in the zone.

Abstract: A varying length vibrating mold assembly for a continuous caster comprises a cooling jacket with an upper stationary portion and a lower removable portion. A tubular mold and an inner wall of the cooling jacket can be made to correspond to the varying length for the cooling jacket.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is described for slurry casting an ingot having a non-dendritic structure across substantially its entire cross section. The casting mold has a first chamber for extracting heat from the molten material. The amount of heat extracted from the molten material and the cooling rate of the molten material is controlled to initiate growth of primary phase particles and to form a semi-solid slurry having a desired fraction solid. The mold also has a second chamber for casting the slurry into an ingot. Adjacent the exit portion of the first chamber and the inlet portion of the second chamber, a transition member is provided for delivering the slurry to the casting chamber and for preventing the ingot shell from extending back into the first chamber.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the continuous casting of thin steel slabs in which a chilled surface submerged below the surface of a pool of molten metal is exposed to molten metal to cause an embryo cast strand to be formed thereon and in which the embryo strand is withdrawn upwardly continuously over a continuation of said chilled surface. The strand may be moved directly from withdrawal rolls to reshaping rollers while still retaining sufficient residual heat to permit reshaping without reheating.

Abstract: A continuous casting apparatus comprising a graphite die having an opening therethrough which has an elongated cross section and a cooler body surrounding and supporting the die. The cooler body or graphite die has a plurality of axially extending coolant passages in transversely spaced relation along each of the long sides of the elongated opening. Each coolant passage has an inlet end and an outlet end and the length of the coolant passages decreases progressively from the passage nearest the center to the end of the elongated openings.

Abstract: In the horizontal continuous casting of metal, an upper contact part and a lower contact part of the metal body are horizontally displaced with the inner wall of the tubular chilled mold relative to one another, so that the lower contact part is positioned downstream relative to the upper contact part. Gas pressure is used to displace the contact point.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of continuously casting metal rods wherein the metal is forced to pass through an elongate tube while in a molten state, a cooling medium is circulated about the tube and the metal as it emerges from the tube in order to form a continuous cast rod, and the rod is passed through a bath of another metal whose temperature is sufficiently lower than the melting point of the rod to cool the rod below its critical temperature.

Abstract: A cooling pad for use in a continuous casting apparatus for the production of cast sheets. The pad is provided with plural water supply and discharge holes satisfying the particular relations on the arrangement thereof. By using such a cooling pad, a filmy cooling water flow is uniformly and stably formed in the casting.

Abstract: Apparatus for continuously forming a continuous strip of aluminum sheet material using a belt caster for forming a continuous strip of aluminum sheet material and a roll caster for immediately reducing the thickness of the continuous strip of aluminum sheet material wherein the continuous loop belt means used in the belt caster are driven by the rolls of said roll caster.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for continuous casting in a twin-belt casting machine in which the moving side dams are guided along opposite sides of the moulding cavity by guide device extending along beside the respective moving side dams, and the moving side dams are cooled by cooling fluid circulated in at least a part of the guide device and applied directly to the moving side dams. The moving side dams are cooled by cooling fluid sprayed through orifices in the guide device directly onto the moving side dams along at least a part of the downstream zone of the moulding cavity. During movement of the side dams along the moulding cavity from its entrance to its exit, they pass successively through a first (or upstream) zone in which they face molten metal and through a second (or downstream) zone in which they face solidified metal. The cooling fluid is sprayed directly onto the moving side dams only in this second zone.

Abstract: A process for casting molten metallic material having a solidification ra of temperatures, especially alloys containing more than 80% aluminium, involves simultaneously stirring and cooling the molten material to a temperature between 0.degree. C. and 75.degree. C. above the liquidus temperature of the metallic material using hollow heat transfer rods (9) extending across a duct (4), down which the material is caused to flow. The material is then caused to solidify with a substantially non-dendritic microstructure by rapidly cooling it in a continuous casting machine. The solidified bar so produced may then be reheated at a steady rate to a point between its liquidus and solidus temperature until it contains between 30% and 70% by volume solids content but can still be maneuvered without losing its shape. It may then, with a minimum of delay, be rapidly formed into a solid article of any desired shape by, for example, casting in a pressure casting machine.

Abstract: A process for treatment of a liquid mass is described, wherein a liquid mass of a material is separated from a gas-permeable wall for shaping, positioning or moulding the same by means of a gaseous film formed by a gas permeating through a wall of the container.

Abstract: Aluminum alloy sheet for use in drawn and ironed can bodies, having a content of 0.45-0.8% Mn, 1.1-2.2% Mg, 0.3-1.2% Fe, and 0.1-0.50% Si, produced by casting a continuous strip ingot of the alloy between chilled moving belts while maintaining a heat flux of at least about 40 cal./cm..sup.2 /sec. through the belts such that the as-cast ingot has a cell size ranging from about 10-15 microns at its surfaces to about 23-30 microns at the center of its thickness, and reducing the ingot by rolling operations including cold rolling to can body stock gauge, the cold-rolled product having a maximum constituent particle size of about 2 microns at the surface and about 3-4 microns at the center.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for continuously casting a castable material to a thickness of 10 to 40 mils. A molten material is first spread onto a spreading roller to a uniform thickness and then transferred to a quenching roller whereon the material is cooled until dimensionally stable. The apparatus may be employed to continuously cast thin sheet, platelets, wire, etc. The materials castable by this process and apparatus include metals, alloys, glasses, thermoplastic materials and metalloids.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus and related method for a continuous casting apparatus includes a series of spray nozzles for spraying a coolant against one surface of a moving chill substrate. The invention apparatus includes an enclosure having vacuum applied thereto for preventing migration of the sprayed coolant from the surface against which it is sprayed to the surface contacting the molten solidifying material. Any coolant having a tendency to escape along sealed edges of the enclosure is forced back into the enclosure by the pressure gradient. The edges are sealed by elongated plastic rods. Additionally, scrapers are provided for removing remanent coolant from the sprayed surface. The coolant is sprayed at a high velocity to increase its heat transferring efficiency.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus for casting a strip with laterally extending lugs by introducing molten metal at the inlet of a molding zone having a bottom and sidewalls, the bottom of the molding zone being formed by the upper surface of a moving endless belt and the sidewalls being formed by a first and second moving endless sidedam. The sidedams move with the belt from the inlet to the outlet of the molding zone and return from the outlet to the inlet. Each sidedam comprises an endless strap and a multiplicity of blocks strung thereon. Some of the blocks form lug molding pockets, the height of each pocket being lower than the height of the molding zone. A cast strip with laterally extending lugs is extracted at the outlet of the molding zone. The passage of lug molding pockets or blocks forming these pockets in each sidedam is detected.

Abstract: A method for continuously casting lithium-containing alloys by a direct chill process includes cooling the alloy to form a continuous ingot having a solid shell, further cooling the ingot by direct chill with an organic coolant, and inhibiting fire by covering the coolant with fire retardant atmosphere.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for casting an ingot with refined grain structure from a metallic melt supplied to a casting mold. The mold is intermittently cooled to form a zone of fine dendrites on the inner peripheral surface of the mold. Then, the fine dendrites are reheated to detach secondary dendritic arms therefrom. Finally, the detached secondary dendrite arms are mixed into the melt to serve as nuclei for grain refinement as the melt solidifies into a cast ingot having a refined grain structure.

Abstract: Continuous casting methods and apparatus are described wherein a defect in the cast surfaces consisting of longitudinal bands of sinkage, sometimes called "sinks", which are spaced relatively far inwardly from the edges of wide, relatively thin slab or strip, usually being spaced inwardly away from the edges by a distance of 3 to 7 times (sometimes up to 9 times) the thickness of the cast slab, is practically eliminated by means of a coating or covering of non-wettable refractory ceramic material of low heat conductivity applied to the inner faces of the edge-dam blocks for reducing heat flow out of the edges of the slab or strip being cast. Numerous such blocks are strung onto a flexible metal band or cable to constitute each of the two edge dams which define the edges of the mold space.

Abstract: There is disclosed a continuous casting machine for selectively casting a strand having slab cross section or at least two strands having smaller cross sections. It includes a plate mold surrounded by a support frame supporting the end walls and side walls, and further intermediate end walls provided between the end walls for casting at least two strands. In order to provide end walls that are insertable into the mold and positively connectable thereto with parts that project into the mold used for slab cross sectional formats being avoided, a hollow body carrying copper plates of the intermediate end walls is inserted between the copper plates of the side walls. A coolant flows through the hollow body, which is supported with its upper end on the side walls by supporting elements overlapping the side walls, and with its lower end is fixed by coolant supply and discharge piping.

Abstract: To produce tubes of reactive metals, a melt (14) is removed from the annu gap (13) of a crucible (10). The temperature of the melt (14) is such as to ensure the formation of the solidus-liquidus zone (33) directly behind the annular gap (13), a planar solidification front (34) being created in a non supported region which is not exposed to the direct influence of a cooling means. In the subsequent region, the oriented solidification of the tube with high temperature gradients is realized, and the tube can be shaped or adjusted free of thermal influences. Only thereafter, the tube (25) is exposed to the action of cooling means (26, 31) to cool it without contact. In such a way, it is possible to produce tubes having a high stability and resistance to temperatures for use in turbines, heat exchangers or the like.

Abstract: The method and apparatus of the invention provide a rotatable casting wheel having an outer peripheral quench surface and an interior, annular coolant chamber. A wheel hub has a concentric axis of rotation, and two spaced-apart, annular, radially extending side members connected thereto and located concentric therewith delimit the side walls of the wheel and the coolant chamber. A cylindrical, axially extending wheel rim member is connected between the peripheral circumferential edges of the side members to provide the wheel quench surface and delimit the peripheral, circumferential wall of the coolant chamber. The rim has a frusta-conical inner surface that is sloped radially outward along the intended direction of coolant flow. A flow director located within the coolant chamber is comprised of at least one annular, radially extending support member and a cylindrical, axially extending flange member connected to the support member.

Abstract: A continuous casting apparatus wherein molten metal flows through a die progressively and is solidified in the die and withdrawn from the die including a die and cooling assembly comprising a tubular die having an external tapered surface which is uniformly tapered radially inwardly in the direction of movement of metal to the die, a cooling sleeve having an internal surface complementary to the external surface on the die and in substantial intimate surface contact with the external surface of the die and an annular cooling shell surrounding the cooling sleeve and having portions thereof spaced from the sleeve to define a cooling chamber. The die and cooling assembly includes at least one inlet to the chamber and at least one outlet from the chamber, the inlet and the outlet being spaced axially with the outlet being nearest the inlet end of the die into which the molten metal flows.

Abstract: A method for casting metal or metal alloy includes applying molten metal to a cool, rapidly moving, thermally conductive substrate so that the molten metal is rapidly cooled, and cooling the substrate by boiling a stagnant, with respect to the substrate, pool of coolant on a non-casting surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A continuous casting machine for battery grids includes a rotary drum on the outer peripheral surface of which the battery grid pattern is formed by a series of grooves. The peripheral surface of the drum mates with a shoe through which molten lead is directed into the grooves as the drum rotates. The outer periphery of the drum is a shell that is connected to rotary side plates by means of roll pins that enable the shell as a whole to expand and contract independently of the side plates. The drum is maintained at a desired temperature to solidify the molten lead directed into the grooves of the battery grid pattern by circulating a heated liquid through the drum.

Abstract: Iron or steel products are produced from oxide ores in a unique process which utilizes air and regular coal as its primary energy source and wherein the ore is melted in a carbon dioxide zone for separation and absorption of the iron oxides into a slag which is transferred to a carbon-monoxide generating zone. In the latter zone the iron oxides are reduced to form the iron or steel product. Carbon monoxide containing flue gas from the latter zone is burned with air and utilized as a heat source in the carbon dioxide zone. Slag from the various unit processes is collected and used to preheat process air by either continuous operation or in a semi-continuous regeneration process. In both modes of slag preheating, flue gas is utilized to maintain the temperature of the slag bath and high temperature air preheating prior to the slag bath.

Abstract: The continuous metal casting method includes continuously forming a portion of an ingot in the open-ended mold of the primary cooling zone under pressure, with a cold junction being formed at the end of the portion. The portion of the ingot is intermittently drawn into the secondary cooling zone, to produce the ingot subdivided by the cold junctions into portions of a required length. In the intervals between the successive drawing cycles, the ingot is treated in the secondary cooling zone to effect constrained shrinkage, while producing in the cold junction areas a bending strain of a value not short of the yield strength of the metal. The plant includes a vessel for the metal to be cast, communicating with the open-ended mold of the primary cooling zone.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the cooling of a continuously cast metal strand, comprising a plurality of support rollers, located in the second zone of cooling. The support rollers are cooled from their interior by the passage therethrough of cooling fluid. The rollers have interior walls which display a wave-like shape to present a great surface area for superior cooling while still supporting the loading stress due to the weight of the metallic strand.

Abstract: A process for casting a material comprising a casting system for said material including a coolant application device. The coolant application device comprises a fluidized bed cooling system. The casting system may be a continuous or semi-continuous one and preferably employs an electromagnetic mold.

Abstract: In a method for forming shaped articles from molten metallic material the melt is caused to flow from a holding vessel therefor through a refractory duct having at least one static thermally-conducting element extending transversely within the duct so dimensioned and located to both cool and stir by shear the melt flowing therethrough. The melt is cooled to a temperature within its freezing range, if it is an alloy, or at its freezing point, if it is a metal, and is stirred to precipitate a solid phase as fragmented dendrites. The cooled and stirred metal outflow from the duct is cast into shaped articles. The invention has one specific application in producing the precipitating solid phase as non-degenerate micro-crystalline particles.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for casting a material comprising a coolant application device comprising a fluidized bed coolant system. The casting is carried out utilizing a casting mold which defines a casting zone. A soundwave generating system is provided for enhancing the flow of the fluidized bed into the vicinity of the casting zone.

Abstract: In the equipment for continuous casting of steel, an improved method for cooling a continuous cast slab or the like by which a hot slab can be transferred directly to a rolling step. In accordance with the improved method, the continuous cast slab is subjected to indirect cooling by means of cooling a series of guide rolls with a gas-liquid mist, or if the equipment length is limited, the slab is subjected to direct cooling by means of a gas-liquid mist cooling step, and then to the indirect cooling step in a subsequent process.

Abstract: Production of boron-containing steel slabs free from surface defects by continuous casting, particularly prevention of the slab surface crackings by cooling the slab with a specific cooling rate through the temperature range from the melting point to 900.degree. C. so as to prevent boron-containing compounds such as BN from precipitating along the austenite grain boundary. Great advantage over the conventional art is that boron-containing molten steels which could not be continuously cast can be successfully continuously cast into slabs free from surface defects.

Abstract: A continuous lubrication casting mold for use in a process of continuously casting molten metals and alloys wherein a parting and/or lubricating agent reservoir is provided in the mold body. The agent is continuously applied over the inner surface of the mold after being introduced through passages within or through the mold section. The lubricant passages may be an intrinsic characteristic of the mold material or may be provided in the form of feed holes through the mold section. The ability to transmit lubricant through to the internal surface of the mold can be varied within the length of the casting mold to provide for variable lubricant transfer rates to different parts of the casting surface.