Abstract: Provided herein are fluid jet enhancement adapters for use with a propellant driven disrupter, and more particularly muzzle blast suppressor. The fluid jet enhancement muzzle blast suppressor may comprise a suppressor bore extending between the proximal end and the distal end with an inner suppressor surface that defines the suppressor bore. An outer suppressor surface opposably faces the inner suppressor surface, with a suppressor chamber positioned between the inner and outer suppressor surfaces. A plurality of passages connect the suppressor bore with the suppressor chamber, wherein the plurality of passages are sized to allow gas to move from the suppressor bore to the suppressor chamber and minimize liquid movement from the suppressor bore to the suppressor chamber.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a solid aerosol detonator capable of generating a fire extinguishing gas by vaporizing an internal solid fire extinguishing agent in order to extinguish a fire which may be generated in a place to live or an industrial place and a fire extinguishing apparatus using the same. The solid aerosol detonator and the fire extinguishing apparatus using the same can be detonated using only a fire extinguishing agent of a solid form without using an electronic match or an ignition agent, that is, a material coated on an electrical percussion. Accordingly, the combustion action of a solid aerosol can be stably generated because the solid aerosol detonator and the fire extinguishing apparatus using the same are not sensitive to a change in the physical properties and a change in the temperature even after a lapse of a specific time.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for removing smoke and poisonous gas. The apparatus includes a body configured to include a flux unit which supplies water and a nozzle which is connected to the flux unit and has a narrower width than the flux unit, a frame configured to surround the body and include a suction part for removing smoke, and a heat sensitive unit fixed to seal the nozzle. When the flux unit, nozzle and frame sprays fluid with a certain pressure at high speed through the nozzle, pressure energy of the fluid is changed to velocity energy, and a vacuum state is formed in a suction room at a low pressure due to a fast speed. In order for an operation to be performed as a vacuum ejector for sucking another fluid, the suction part is positioned surrounding the nozzle, and the frame is provided to surround the heat sensitive unit.

Abstract: Fire suppression apparatuses include a housing with gas generant material disposed therein, an initiator for igniting the gas generant material, and a cooling system. The cooling system includes a first chamber with a coolant material disposed therein and a second chamber. The coolant material is caused to flow from the first chamber into the second chamber to cool gas formed by the ignition of the gas generant material upon exiting from the housing under pressure. The cooling system may further include a piston disposed within the first chamber and movable responsive to gas pressure. Methods for cooling a fire suppressant gas and methods for suppressing a fire include flowing a fire suppressant gas into first and second chambers of a cooling system, flowing a coolant material from the first chamber into the second chamber, and contacting the fire suppressant gas with the coolant material to cool the fire suppressant gas.

Abstract: A fire suppression apparatus that includes a housing defining a first chamber containing a gas generant. The apparatus further includes an initiator operatively associated with the first chamber and in reaction initiating communication with the gas generant. The initiator, upon actuation, acts to ignite at least some of the gas generant to form gas. The housing further defines a second chamber adjacently disposed to the first chamber. The second chamber contains an endothermically-alterable material and a piston assembly including a piston. Upon actuation, the piston moves to expel at least a portion of the endothermically-alterable material from the second chamber such that the expelled endothermically-alterable material contacts and cools gas formed by the ignition of the gas generant. The housing further has at least one discharge opening to permit cooled gas to exit the housing. Corresponding or associated methods for suppressing a fire are also provided.

Abstract: A fire extinguishing system comprises a hermetically sealed storage canister (110) fabricated with at least one gas outlet (111) and defining a hollow (112) within; a powder form fire extinguishing agent (120) stored inside the canister (110): a solid propellant (130), which is ignitable to generate gases (135); connected to the canister (110); and a rupturable seal (140) disposed at the gas outlet (111), wherein the solid propellant (130) generates gasses to aerate the fire extinguishing agent (120) inside the canister (110) and build a positive gas pressure until the gas pressure is sufficient to rupture the seal (140) for discharging the fire extinguishing agent (120) under pressurized gas flow (150).

Abstract: A self contained fire extinguisher system that does not need external power in order to sense or initiate a release of a fire suppression medium, includes components configured to utilize a linear sensor network that can be connected to at least one and/or different sources of fire suppression mediums. A linear temperature sensing cord can be routed over a large area not practical with individual sensors. The cord can also actuate several and different sources of fire suppression mediums to maximize the suppression of a fire.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel aging-resistant aerosol generating agent and preparation method thereof. The aging-resistant aerosol generating agent in the present invention comprises oxidizer, reducer and bonding agent, wherein the oxidizer is potassium nitrate, the bonding agent is phenolic resin, and the reducer is melamine; the weight percentages of the three constituents are: potassium nitrate: 60˜80%, phenolic resin: 8˜15%, and melamine: the rest. In the preparation process, phenolic resin is dissolved in ethanol to give phenolic resin solution at concentration by 40˜50 wt %; the oxidizer and reducer are pulverized, mixed, and then the phenolic resin solution is added to the mixed powder; next, the mixture is agitated, pelletized, dried, and shaped by pressure molding. Compared to that in the prior art, the aerosol generating agent in the present invention has higher fire suppression efficiency and higher fire suppression rate, and greatly improved aging resistant performance.

Abstract: A fire suppression system for producing an inert gas mixture having a minimal amount of carbon monoxide, particulates, or smoke. The inert gas mixture may be generated by combusting a gas generant. The gas generant may be a composition that includes hexa(ammine)-cobalt(III)-nitrate. The fire suppression system also includes a heat management system to reduce a temperature of the inert gas mixture. A method of extinguishing fires is also disclosed.

Abstract: A new bi-directional horizontal spraying aerosol fire-extinguishing apparatus is disclosed, which comprises a shell structure, an aerosol generator including an aerosol generating agent and disposed inside the shell structure, and a control unit for initiating the aerosol generator. The bi-directional horizontal spraying aerosol fire-extinguishing apparatus of the present invention is characterized in that both ends of the shell structure or of the aerosol generator are respectively provided with an aerosol exhaust passage. The advantages of the present apparatus are in that it can reduce the spraying time of the aerosol extinguishing agent in the case of ensuring the fire-suppression efficiency, and increase the charge capacity of the fire-extinguishing apparatus, so that the capacity efficiency of the present apparatus is totally increased, and the present apparatus is easy and safe to be installed and does not occupy the useful space.

Abstract: A fire fighting system for fighting forest and brush fires under dry, hot and windy conditions which includes a jet engine for generating a high speed air stream, a water source for supplying water to a cooling system which lowers the water temperature to between forty and fifty degrees Fahrenheit, a nozzle for injecting cold water into the air steam and a filter which provides very fine particles of cold water within the stream. The stream of cold water is directed to a forest or brush fire dropping the temperature of the fire which eventually extinguishes the fire.

Abstract: A fire suppression apparatus includes a canister containing a non-azide solid propellant chemical that generates an oxygen-displacing gas mixture when ignited; a pyrotechnic device associated with the canister for initiating ignition of the solid propellant chemical to generate the oxygen-displacing gas mixture; and at least one filter associated with the canister for filtering out contents of the oxygen-displacing gas mixture to result in a clean agent fire suppressant deliverable into a space. The fire suppression apparatus is preferably configured for use in fire suppression systems for normally occupied spaces.

Abstract: Gas-generating devices with grain-retention structures and related methods and systems are described. In particular, gas-generating devices having at least one retention structure fixed to a frame and positioned between adjacent gas-generant grains arranged in a longitudinal stack. Fire suppression systems comprising such gas-generating devices are also described. Additionally, methods of manufacturing gas-generating devices, as well as methods of generating a gas and methods of suppressing a fire utilizing such gas-generating devices are described.

Abstract: A fire extinguishing or explosion suppression device comprises a chamber and a nozzle. The nozzle defines a discharge pathway from the chamber. The chamber has an inlet for pressure-driven introduction of a liquid into the chamber. The chamber is shaped so that a gas contained in the chamber before the introduction of the liquid is entrained into the liquid during the pressure driven introduction of the liquid such that a mixture of the liquid and the gas is discharged through the nozzle to create a mist for extinguishing a fire or suppression of an explosion. After the gas has been discharged from the chamber, the nozzle produces a spray having a core of larger liquid droplets with the core being surrounded by smaller liquid droplets.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for suppressing in a space includes structure and/or function for generating a first oxygen displacing fire suppressing gas mixture from at least one non-azide solid propellant chemical, the first fire suppressing gas mixture having at least a first gas. The first gas comprises nitrogen. At least the first gas is delivered into the space, thereby delivering a clean agent fire suppressant into the space that reduces the concentration of oxygen in the space to below a level necessary to sustain combustion. Preferably, the method and apparatus are used in inhabited spaces.

Abstract: A fire fighting system for fighting forest and brush fires under dry, hot and windy conditions which includes a jet engine for generating a high speed air stream, a water source for supplying water to a cooling system which lowers the water temperature to between forty and fifty degrees fahrenheit, a nozzle for injecting cold water into the air steam and a filter which provides very fine particles of cold water within the stream. The stream of cold water is directed to a forest or brush fire dropping the temperature of the fire which eventually extinguishes the fire.

Abstract: The present invention comprises apparatus and methods employing a gas produced from a tetrazine-based energetic material such as that known as “BTATz” containing 3;6-BtS(1H-1,2,3,4-Tetrazol-5-ylamino)1-,2,4,5-tetrazine 3;6-BtS(1H-1,2,3,4-Tetrazol-5-ylamino)1-,2,4,5-tetrazine or salts thereof. The tetrazinebased energetic material is ignited through the use of a percussion cap, a piezoelectric crystal or a battery-supplied electric spark or by encapsulating it in a container that is then exposed to a burning flame. The gas produced upon ignition is employed a propellant such as to inflate life rafts, life vests, emergency evacuation slides, tires, air bags and other inflatable devices. The gas produced upon ignition is alternatively employed to power an engine and many other applications such as a fire suppressant.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for suppressing a fire utilizing non-azide solid gas propeilant generation to produce and transport a suitable gas for suppressing a fire in a normally occupied area. The nitrogen gas produced by the solid propellant gas generation is optionally treated to remove undesirable elements such as water and/or carbon dioxide from the product gas prior to the delivery of the product gas to the protected hazard area.

Abstract: A portable fire extinguishing device capable of suppressing a fire in a room or other enclosed area comprises a housing containing a pyrotechnic composition and a delay fuze. Upon initiation, the pyrotechnic composition burns and generates combustion byproducts that include an inorganic halogen compound that is dispersed as a aerosol of fine particles, or a gas that rapidly condenses into an aerosol of fine particles, the particle size of which is so small that the free-fall velocity of the particles is less than the average air currents in the room. Accordingly, the fire suppression aerosol remains suspended for several hours to act as a fire suppressant and because of its persistence will seek out and suppress even hidden fires.

Abstract: A method of stopping and containing fires involving, in one embodiment, taking the fumes from a turbine, jet or any chemical source, and running it through a giant muffler, radiator, or pipe. The radiator cools the fumes down from the engine or chemical store. This is a system that uses the fumes to cool the fire down, it will suck the heat and oxygen away, and replace it with a non-combustible gas. This system can also be used to put out architectural fires, by blowing the fumes in the building from one side, keeping oxygen from entering the building, by building up pressure, until no more oxygen can enter the building.

Abstract: A portable aerosol fire-extinguisher has an elongate metal casing (3) with a handle (2) and an internal chamber (4) for housing a charge (5) of a solid substance which can be transformed, at a predetermined temperature, into an aerosol with flame-extinguishing properties, and which is delivered through an opening (7). An inflammable charge (13) which can be ignited by means of an activation element (14, 16) is provided for triggering the reaction of the extinguishing charge (5). The activation element can be operated manually in order to produce friction between the inflammable charge (13) and the activation element (14, 16), such as to bring about ignition of the inflammable charge (13).

Abstract: The invention employs a blower of the type used by commercial landscapers. The device has an engine mounted on a frame. Shoulder straps attached to the frame allow the user to wear the device on his back leaving the hands of the operator free to operate other tools such as a chain saw or perform other tasks. Also, wearing the device on the back makes it easier to transport the device over long distances to the source of the fire or backfire to be started. The device's blower generates a stream of air at high speeds. This stream of air can be used to feed a fire when the air is directed at a fire. When used to extinguish a fire, air from the blower is tapped from a point 180 degrees removed from the blower output and mixed with exhaust from the engine. This mixture is diverted through a Y-shaped valve into the airstream coming out of the blower. When the device is used to start backfires a fire is started.

Abstract: The present invention comprises an extension tube that attaches to the bore end of a water jet producing device that is used to render safe improvised explosive devices by disrupting the firing train of said devices. The present invention comprises an extension tube having a sudden enlargement of cross section, that may be formed by adjusting the dimensions of the interior diameter of the extension tube, at the point of attachment, and a series of apertures in the attachment tube. The extension tube provides a more uniform jet of water with more focused energy by containing the jet until breech pressures are vented. Better control of the water jet will be maintained during firing operations. Further, more energy may be put into the water jet to accomplish specific tasks.

Abstract: An aerial firefighting system for increasing the amount of firefighting foam available during an aerial application. The aerial firefighting system includes a turbo motor, a catalytic converter connected to the turbo motor for creating carbon dioxide, a first reservoir for storing a volume of foam agent, a bucket having a second reservoir for storing a volume of water, a plurality of fluid valves within a reservoir floor of the second reservoir, a partition member below the partition member having a plurality of first apertures, a dispensing member fluidly connected to the first reservoir for dispensing the foam agent within a mixing chamber, and a foam screen attached to a lower portion of the bucket above a lower opening within the bucket. The carbon dioxide is fed into the screen area where the water and foam agent enter in a mixed solution from the mixing chamber thereby creating CO2 foam.

Abstract: The present invention features a portable, modular on-site breathable fire control system which can make an unlimited amount of cooled, oxygen-depleted air that can still be consumed by humans while extinguishing fire and reducing smoke. This system may be incorporated into an already existing heating and A/C unit for enhanced fire safety in a home or building. The system may also be used as a mobile unit attached to a fire safety vehicle wherein a transmission conduit transfers the processed air directly to the area on fire. Additionally, a fire-resistant tarp-like structure of sufficient size may be used to enclose a burning structure while the process air is transmitted thereto via a transmission conduit.

Abstract: A method and a device for producing a sufficient quantity of a fire suppressing gaseous product to substantially suppress a fire. The device has a first stage gas source containing a pyrotechnic gas generating material and a second stage gas source in fluid communication at a first location with an outlet of the first stage gas source and, at a second location, with an outlet for dispersing gas. The second stage gas source contains at least one liquified gas or supercritical carbon dioxide, where the first stage gas source is capable of providing a sufficient quantity of gas at a sufficiently high temperature to vaporize at least a portion of the liquified gas or supercritical carbon dioxide in the second stage gas source, thereby producing a fire suppressing gaseous output, which exits the device through the outlet for dispersing gas, in an amount sufficient to at least partially suppress a fire.

Abstract: Anti-combuation safeguarding of fuel and other combustible material confined in contact with a pre-existing overlying ambient atmosphere supportive of combustion. Such atmosphere is displaced by an underlying blanketing layer of heavier-than-air gaseous carbon dioxide evolving from solid non-combustible carbon dioxide located at a nearby site, from which it is distributed to site(s) of fuel or other combustible material. Such a method, together with apparatus to implement it, is applicable to fuel or other combustible material not only when stored at a fixed location, but also in a transport vehicle or craft of whatever type, and wherever located. Distributive flow of carbon dioxide to fuel sites in air, land, or marine craft may be accelerated in accordance with fuel consumption, and also in the event of occurrence of a spark or other hazard, as by applying radiation to the solid carbon dioxide so as to increase its existing rate of conversion into carbon dioxide gas.

Abstract: The invention relates to the firefighting technology. The method and system according to the invention provide environmentally safe and efficient fire extinguishing by introducing into a space that is being protected a vapor, gas, and aerosol mixture that is preliminarily oxidized and cooled and that contains a solid phase with particles of 1 to 2 .mu.m, which is formed upon combustion of a pyrotechnic composition, and performing post-oxidation of the combustion products in a bed of a sorbent with an oxygen-containing oxidizer. A vapor and gas mixture is simultaneously introduced into the space that is being protected. The vapor and gas mixture is formed by desorption from the surface of a solid coolant that is saturated with a coolant as a result of indirect heat exchange with the products of combustion of the pyrotechnic composition. The oxygen-containing oxidizer may be in the form of potassium nitrate.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a chemically active fire suppression composition, comprising a propellant comprising a fuel and an oxidizer, the propellant capable of generating inert gas; and an environmentally innocuous chemical fire suppressant capable of generating fire suppressive reactive species. The combination of physically acting fire suppression agents and chemically acting, environmentally innocuous fire suppression agents results in a highly effective, environmentally innocuous fire extinguishing composition that has low ozone depletion potential (ODP), low global warming potential (GWP), and high suppression efficiency.

Abstract: A system for preventing and suppressing fires and explosions is provided that fills the ullage spaces in fuel tanks with an inert gas that is generated by the operating system or facility. This insert gas is a combustion gas that is depleted of readily combustible oxygen and that is supplied at a pressure exceeding the ambient and displaces any oxygen in the ullage to a level that inhibits combustion in the fuel tank.

Abstract: A system for preventing and suppressing fires and explosions is provided that fills the ullage spaces in fuel tanks with an inert gas that is generated by the operating system or facility. This insert gas is a combustion gas that is depleted of readily combustible oxygen and that is supplied at a pressure exceeding the ambient and displaces any oxygen in the ullage to a level that inhibits combustion in the fuel tank.

Abstract: Fire extinguishing or suppression apparatus and method employing a liquid pyrotechnic composition of a ternary mixture of hydroxyl ammonium nitrate, an amine nitrate salt, and water, in a closed combustion chamber of a pressure container. The apparatus is constructed to permit a large volume of water vapor exothermically generated by the reaction of a liquid pyrotechnic composition to be discharged from the combustion chamber and pressure container to an area of a fire.

Abstract: In the method for extinguishing fires in enclosed spaces, pre-cooled combustion products are introduced into an enclosed space until in the enclosed space there is an atmosphere that prevents combustion. An ecologically acceptable and fire-inhibiting medium that is not detrimental to health is formed by oxidizing the combustion products completely by an oxygen-containing oxidizing agent prior to cooling. An apparatus for implementing the method has a housing (1) which is divided by a transversely running partition wall (11) having at least one wall opening (15). At the at least one wall opening (15) a mixing tube (8) is mounted coaxially with respect to a discharge nozzle (2) connected to a combustion chamber (14), the end of the mixing tube remote from the partition wall (11) opening into the atmosphere. The space (7) between the mixing tube (8) and the inner wall of the housing (1) is filled with a coolant.

Abstract: A fire suppression system for the engine compartment of a vehicle is described which includes a remotely controllable throttle valve disposed within the exhaust duct of the engine for selectively diverting exhaust gases through a bypass duct for mixing with the ventilation airflow for the purpose of reducing the oxygen content in the airflow over the engine below a level which will effectively support combustion.

Abstract: A fire-extinguishing device is furnished, wherein an aerosol is generated in a single container or in a plurality of containers by burning a solid extinguishing agent. The aerosol streams and flows into the area to be protected along a nondirect path through annular channels or directly through a sieve floor.

Abstract: There is disclosed an apparatus for suppressing a fire. The apparatus includes a gas generator containing as a propellant, a mixture of a fuel, strontium nitrate as an oxidizer, and magnesium carbonate. When the propellant is ignited, a nitrogen rich effluent is generated that is effective to suppress the fire. By providing the propellant with at least 35%, by weight, of magnesium carbonate, the generation of effluent by-products that are corrosive to aluminum is inhibited.

Abstract: A system for extinguishing a fire includes a conventional fire extinguishing cylinder for releasing a pressurized fire extinguishing gas, and a device including a composition which includes a first reactant and a second reactant. The composition is activated so as to cause the first reactant and the second reactant to react with each other to create solid particulate products having a diameter of about one micron or less which are effective in extinguishing fires. The device is located so that the fire extinguishing gas and the particulate products intermix.

Abstract: A system and process for on-demand generation of inert, non-flammable gases and water vapor to decrease the available atmospheric oxygen in the ullage of a hydrocarbon fuel storage tank to a level that will not support combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel, is disclosed. One, or more, of a variety of non-Halon, fire suppressor charges are selectively contained in one or more gas generating cartridges. The gas generating cartridge(s), when activated, cause release of these charges to promote rapid chemical reactions and supply inert, non-flammable gases and water vapor to the tank ullage. Activation is accomplished in aircraft by, either pilot action or, by pressure and temperature sensors contained within the hydrocarbon fuel tank.

Abstract: Methods and related systems for extinguishing a fire in a volume which includes pre-positioning a fire extinguishing medium in or near the volume. The medium includes at least two reactants, typically an oxidant and a reducing agent which are activated manually or automatically in response to the fire causing the two reactants to react with each other and to form an aerosol capable of interacting with the propagation centers of the fire, interrupting the propagation of the fire, and thereby extinguishing it.

Abstract: An apparatus for suppressing a fire comprises a gas generator containing a propellant and a fire suppressant as a mixture of compacted powders. The average diameter of a fire suppressant particle is larger than the average diameter of a propellant particle and the larger fire suppressant particles form discrete cooling sites that do not dramatically reduce the propellant burn rate.

Abstract: Methods and related systems for extinguishing a fire in a volume which includes pre-positioning a fire extinguishing medium in or near the volume. The medium includes at least two reactants, typically an oxidant and a reducing agent which are activated manually or automatically in response to the fire causing the two reactants to react with each other and to form an aerosol capable of interacting with the propagation centers of the fire, interrupting the propagation of the fire, and thereby extinguishing it. The methods and systems further include various mechanisms for cooling the gases formed upon the reaction of the two reactants so as to enable the gases to disperse more evenly and more effectively over the fire.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for controlling large hydrocarbon-fueled fires contemplates the use of vapors produced by direct contact vapor generators to simultaneously cool the flames and deprive the fire of oxygen. A direct contact vapor generator accomplishes fire suppression by surrounding the fire with oxygen-free gases while cooling the flames with water vapor. The direct contact vapor generator is uniquely suited for extinguishing hydrocarbon-fueled fires because of its ability to produce oxygen-free gases and vapor in sufficient quantity to snuff out a fire of the magnitude of those occurring at the sabotaged wellheads in Kuwait in 1991 as well as oil field, oil storage facility, and oil refinery type fires.

Abstract: A fire fighting device consisting of a jet engine, or alternatively another wind-producing mechanism, with a conduit mounted thereon, the conduit having an opening so that when water or another fire retardant is directed into the conduit, the water or other fire retardant will exit the opening and enter the jet exhaust when the jet engine is in operation. The jet exhaust will carry the water or other fire retardant for a long distance, thus enabling fire fighters to propel the water or other fire retardant to distant parts of a wildfire by aiming the jet exhaust above the fire. Preferably, the jet engine is mounted in a manner allowing rotation on horizontal and vertical axes to allow it to be aimed.

Abstract: Fire extinguishing devices are designed to extinguish specific classes of fires. Fire extinguishing streams are being planned and being fixed to combat a kind of fire in a fixed state of burning. The invention, a venturi activated tube extinguishes fire in its changing states of burning, in its stages of development and composition. The ejector tube is designed to discharge extinguishing streams with sonic velocities continuously counterbalanced by suction flows at sonic speed along the center axis of the hollow tube. The heat of the damaging fire regulates the densities of the unified discharge and suction flows. Combined forces of pressure and suction increase the capacity of this invention to combat fire. The ejector tube is self-adjusting and self-cleaning. The ring orifice reacts under overthrust pressures to discharge flow obstructing solids automatically.

Abstract: This apparatus is designed for automotive vehicles, and enables the employment of a vehicle's engine exhaust to be used to put out fires. Primarily, it consists of a flexible hose with a nozzle or cone at one end for the exhaust gas of the engine to be directed onto a fire, and the other end of the hose is secured to a selector valve attached to the tail pipe portion of the engine's exhaust system, so as to divert the exhaust gas for fire fighting. The apparatus includes a water spray collar at the rear of the nozzle which is supplied from a water source to cool the nozzle, and the nozzle includes a handle for a user to hold it.

Abstract: The combination machine is used both as a fire extinguisher and an air blower. Primarily, it consists of a back-pack or other type unit having an internal combustion engine powering a blower. It includes one hose coupled to a pivotal exhaust pipe cover and to the air inlet of the blower, and the hose pipes exhaust gas into the blower when such gas is needed to extinguish a fire. A second hose is provided and is coupled to the blower at one end and is secured to a sleeve fastened to an air cooled cone or nozzle which is used to blow air or exhaust gas, whenever needed.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for preventing the spontaneous combustion of a stack of stored organic and inorganic substances by injecting a control medium into selected areas of the stack. The apparatus comprises a source of a control medium such as air, steam, combustion gas or a salt solution, and injection nozzles connected to the source of control medium for injecting controlled quantities of the control medium into selected areas of the stack.

Abstract: Installed at the outlet of the afterburning chamber is a diffuser whose narrow section forms a base for the afterburning chamber. The joint between the afterburning chamber and the diffuser is enclosed by a depression chamber which has a manifold with a circular slot for admitting compressed inert gas, e.g. nitrogen, from the outside. The diffuser accommodates a nozzle for feeding freon into the discharged gas flow. This increases the capacity, head and fire-fighting efficiency of the generator.

Abstract: A combustion chamber of an installation before its narrow section is made as two concentric tubes with a common vertical wall portion, featuring passages for supply of fuel and air into an annular space between the tubes. This space is sealed off at the outlet and divided by longitudinal partitions into two-way ducts with openings in the inner tube at the bottom. Relatively short partitions are preferably mounted along a helical line normal to tube surfaces to reduce the fuel-air flow resistance, resulting in higher efficiency of the installation.

Abstract: Prevention of the formation of explosive mixtures by hydrogen leaking through valves into ducts normally containing quiescent flue gas containing oxygen is accomplished by maintaining a continuous flow of the flue gas sufficient to dilute the hydrogen.