Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of using at least one fluoroketone selected from monobromoperfluoroketones, monohydromonobromoperfluoroketones, (perfluoroalkoxy)monobromoperfluoroketones, (fluoroalkoxy)monobromoperfluoroketones, and monochloromonobromoperfluoroketones for i) extinguishing fire by applying to the fire such a fluoroketone, ii) preventing fire in an air-containing enclosed area containing combustible materials by introducing into the area such a fluoroketone and maintaining the fluoroketone in an amount sufficient to suppress combustion of combustible materials in the enclosed area, and iii) reducing or eliminating the flammability of a flammable working fluid, by mixing between about 0.1 to about 99 percent by weight of such a fluoroketone with the flammable working fluid.

Abstract: A firefighting training fluid (FFTF) comprising a paraffin blend. The blends of paraffins typically have no less than about two carbon atoms and no more than about twelve carbon atoms. The blends of paraffins may possess Reid vapor pressures in the range from about 2 to about 6.5 pounds per square inch. The blends also typically possess an initial boiling point of not less than about 80 degrees Fahrenheit and an end boiling point of not more than about 370 degrees Fahrenheit. The blends burn relatively cleanly and keep emissions of volatile organic compounds, compounds containing sulfur, smoke, particulates, olefins, and aromatics to a minimum. The blend components mixed to create the blends of paraffins are controlled in order to maintain Reid vapor pressure and initial and end boiling points. Oxygenates may be added to an FFTF in order to further reduce smoke emissions.

Abstract: In order to refine an admixing system (100) for admixing at least one extinguishing agent additive (32) to at least one extinguishing agent (22), having at least one extinguishing agent additive pump (34p1, 34p2, 34p3), particularly implemented as a component of or in the form of at least one dosing unit or at least one admixer (34), which mixes the extinguishing agent additive (32) into at least two extinguishing agent lines (26) using overpressure and which is connected to at least two watering or sprinkler units (10), in such a way that directly after the admixing system (100) is put into operation, without greater outlay, all watering or sprinkler units (10) have a mixture made of extinguishing agent (22) and extinguishing agent additive (32) available, it is suggested, that the extinguishing agent additive pump (34p1, 34p2, 34p3) be connected to each of the watering or sprinkler units (10) via at least one extinguishing agent additive line (36) in each case and that the particular extinguishing agen

Abstract: An apparatus, system and method for suppression of fires are provided. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a housing is provided with a first opening (or set of openings), a second opening (or set of openings) and a flow path defined between the first and second openings. A fire-suppressing gas is produced, such as from a solid propellant composition, and is introduced into the flow path in such a way that a volume of ambient air is drawn from a location external to the housing, through the first opening and into the flow path. The volume of ambient air may be subjected to an oxygen-reducing process and mixed with the fire-suppressing gas to form a gas mixture. The gas mixture is discharged from the flow path through the second opening and into an associated environment for suppression of a fire located therein.

Abstract: A method for forming a barrier to seal off a remote chamber includes the steps of: forming a borehole that communicates between a first location and the remote chamber; inserting a conduit through the borehole to extend into the remote chamber; introducing a flowable material through the conduit to the remote chamber and dispensing the flowable material from the conduit to the desired location for the barrier, the flowable material upon being dispensed producing a substantially solid, self-sustaining composition; maintaining dispensing the flowable material to produce a sufficient quantity of the self-sustaining composition to form the barrier to seal the remote chamber, while ensuring that the composition does not block the borehole from communicating between the first location and the remote chamber; and thereafter removing the conduit to allow access to the borehole.

Abstract: A surface coating includes fire retarding and smoke suppressing constituents dispersed throughout an essentially non-toxic, water-based adhesive binder. The coating comprises a mixture of chemical compounds where each constituent falls into one of six functional groups, being: 1) catalyst/initiator; 2) expandable graphite; 3) carbonific, or source of carbon which additionally forms water; 4) blowing agent (a source of non-flammable gases); 5) cement; and, 6) ceramic.

Abstract: A fire fighting vehicle of the type having a system for introducing a liquid foam concentrate into a water delivery hose so that the percentage concentration of foamant in the mixture remains at a predetermined set value irrespective of variations in the water flow rate. The improvement provided involves the addition of an AutoStart feature whereby upon application of power to the foam control system, the system comes up in an on mode without the need for human intervention.

Abstract: Methods of reducing smoke levels in smoke-affected areas, reducing the level of toxic compounds produced by fires, fire suppression, and increasing flame retardancy. In particular, methods according to the present invention comprise dispersing nanocrystalline particles in the areas affected by smoke for sorption of smoke particulates and toxic compounds produced from a fire. The nanocrystalline particles are also effective for use in methods of fire suppression and flame retardancy.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the oxygen content in a closed target space, particularly for monitoring inertization levels in an inert gas device for fire prevention and/or fire extinguishing. Toward the aim of proposing a method for measuring the oxygen content in a target space with which an effective, certain, and representative determination of the oxygen concentration can be achieved for an optimally small expenditure in instrumentation and signal processing, the method provides that air samples are drawn from the target space and the oxygen concentration of the air samples is determined. An apparatus is equipped with a suction pipe system for sucking the air sample from the target space through various holes so that it can carry out the method.

Abstract: Fire extinguishing mixtures, systems and methods are provided. The fire extinguishing mixtures can include one or more extinguishing compounds, such as, for example, one or more of fluorocarbons, fluoroethers, and fluorocarbons. The fire extinguishing mixtures can also include one or more of nitrogen, argon, helium and carbon dioxide. In an exemplary aspect the extinguishing mixture includes an extinguishing compound, a diluent gas and water.

Abstract: A fire extinguisher unit that can be grasped and operated with a single hand. The unit includes a single-hand fire extinguisher and a holder for releasably supporting the fire extinguisher on a vertical surface. The fire extinguisher has a cylindrical canister housing, a flexible internal pouch containing fire suppressant, means for externally pressurizing the pouch, a valve for regulating the flow of fire suppressant from said pouch, and a spray head connected to the valve for actuating the valve between open and closed positions and for directing the flow of fire suppressant from said pouch. The holder has an elongate base, means for mounting the elongate base to a vertical surface, and a clamp fixed to each end of said elongate base.

Abstract: Fire extinguishing mixtures, systems and methods are provided. The fire extinguishing mixtures can include one or more extinguishing compounds, such as, for example, one or more of fluorocarbons, fluoroethers, and fluorocarbons. The fire extinguishing mixtures can also include one or more of nitrogen, argon, helium and carbon dioxide. In an exemplary aspect the extinguishing mixture includes an extinguishing compound, a diluent gas and water.

Abstract: An industrial scale fire fighting nozzle and method, the nozzle having a selectively adjustable discharge gap and providing for gap coordinated, independently selectable additive proportioning ratio selection, the method including discharging fire fighting fluid at a selectively adjustable flow rate with an independently selectable, gap coordinated adjustable additive proportioning ratio, and use of reinforced high temperature polymer for at least a barrel element or a bafflehead element component.

Abstract: Methods and systems for simulating multi-phase fluid flows, including fire suppressant flows, are disclosed. A method in accordance with one embodiment of the invention includes estimating flow properties of a multi-phase flow at a boundary of a volume and, based on the estimate of flow properties at the volume boundary, at least estimating a value for a quality of the multi-phase flow at the volume boundary. Based on the quality of the flow and the flow properties, the method can further include at least estimating a value for a liquid phase droplet velocity of a liquid phase portion of the flow, and based on the liquid phase droplet velocity, simulating characteristics of the flow into the volume. Accordingly, the method can be used to predict constituent concentrations in the volume, for example, concentrations of a fire suppressant in an aircraft engine compartment.

Abstract: In the prevention of the spread of fires and for directly fighting fires, a cross-linked, water-swellable additive polymer in a vegetable oil dispersion is added to firefighting water. The additive has the properties of absorbing large quantities of water, high viscosity for adherence to vertical and horizontal surfaces, and retention of sufficient fluidity to be educted in standard firefighting equipment. The method of adding this additive to the firefighting water by eduction, pumping, or batch addition to the source water is also disclosed.

Abstract: A foam concentrate provides a fire-fighting composition when mixed with water so that the fire-fighting composition does not form a stable seal on cyclohexane and meets UL 162, Class B performance criteria for at least one of AFFF agents and fluoroprotein (FP) agents without requiring organic fluorine. The concentrate is formed from water and a high molecular weight acidic polymer (HMWAP) and a coordinating salt.

Abstract: A firefighting apparatus is adapted for use in a host aircraft comprising a fuselage defining an interior and an exterior. The firefighting apparatus includes a pressurizeable retardant tank disposed in the interior of the host aircraft, the retardant tank being capable of roll-on and roll-off installation, an ejection tube in fluid communication with the retardant tank, and a door plug for mounting within a fuselage orifice in the host aircraft. The door plug provides for fluid communication of retardant from the retardant tank through the ejection tube to the exterior of the host aircraft. At least one sensor is operably connected to the firefighting apparatus to effect user-discernable data for effecting retardant delivery.

Abstract: The invention relates to compositions that prevent expansion of a fire, suppress existing fire, as well as methods of preparing and using such compositions. The composition is comprised of water, pseudo-plastic high yield suspending agent and starch. Compositions may contain additional functional agents, such as rheological, wetting, foaming, coloring, chelating, antimicrobial and stabilizing agents. In the description of the present invention, all composition modifications are referred to as compositions. The composition, an augmentation of water, exhibits the characteristics of a sag resistant aqueous gel in the tank, but has shear thinning capacity, allowing the composition to be pumped or sprayed as easily as water. At the point of impact, when the sprayed composition is again at rest, it instantly reverts to a sag resistant aqueous gel. The composition also forms an intumescent, surface char layer upon contacting a fire.

Abstract: A fire or explosion suppression system comprises a source (30) of a liquid suppressant under pressure, and a source (32) of an inert gas under pressure. The liquid suppressant is a chemical substance having a low environmental impact, with a short atmospheric lifetime of less than 30 days. The inert gas may be nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, neon or helium or mixtures of any two or more of them. The suppressant and the inert gas are fed under pressure to an output unit (34) comprising a mixing chamber in which the liquid and the gas impinge to produce a mist of the liquid suppressant of very small droplet size which is entrained in the pressurised gas together with vapour from the liquid, the so-entrained mist and vapour and the gas being discharged by a nozzle (44) into an area to be protected. The mist and vapour are therefore carried by the entraining and transporting high pressure gas into regions of the areas to be protected, enabling a total flooding capability.

Abstract: A fire fighting nozzle for extinguishing industrial scale fires including improved automatic pressure regulating features, enhanced educting features including central and peripheral channeling for foam concentrate, and combining with a capacity to throw dry chemical. Improved pressure regulating features include a double acting baffle and preferably a relief valve. Method and apparatus for automatically metering an additive such as foam concentrate into a conduit having a variably flowing fire fighting fluid therethrough, the conduit including a discharge device, proximate or downstream.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved portable system for the delivery of a breathable, fire extinguishing gas mixture to a fire zone. The gas mixture comprises a normally gaseous inert material, such as nitrogen, helium or argon; an oxygen containing gas; and carbon dioxide. The system includes a means for storing or generating the inert material, means for storing the carbon dioxide, means for generating or introducing the oxygen containing gas, and means for mixing the components. The system also includes means for heating, vaporizing and controlling the temperature and proportions of the components.

Abstract: The method of the invention comprises the steps of proportioning a foam concentrate into a non-flammable liquid to form a foam concentrate/liquid mixture and creating a flowing stream of the foam concentrate/liquid mixture. Nitrogen is introduced into the stream of the foam/liquid mixture to initiate the formation of a nitrogen expanded foam fire suppressant. In one embodiment the nitrogen is chilled below ambient temperature. The flowing stream carrying the initially nitrogen expanded foam is dispensed, which completes the full expansion of the nitrogen expanded foam fire suppressant, into the confined area involved in fire thereby to smother the fire and to substantially close off contact between combustible material involved in fire and the ambient atmosphere substantially reducing the danger of explosion or flash fires.

Abstract: A deployable automatic foam fire suppressant system comprising a pump module having at least one pump coupled to a foam material source, the at least one pump comprising a pump suction component for the supply of water, and a supply module configured for coupling to the pump module, the supply module including at least one supply means having fluid conduit and at least one foam applicator. fluidly coupled to the pump module, wherein the pump module and the supply module are deployable and configured to be operated from a remote location.

Abstract: The method of the invention comprises the steps of proportioning a foam concentrate into a non-flammable liquid to form a foam concentrate/liquid mixture and creating a flowing stream of the foam concentrate/liquid mixture. Nitrogen is introduced to the stream of the foam/liquid mixture to initiate the formation of a nitrogen expanded foam fire suppressant. The flowing stream carrying the initially nitrogen expanded foam is dispensed, which completes the full expansion of the nitrogen expanded foam fire suppressant, into the confined area involved in fire thereby to smother the fire and to substantially close off contact between combustible material involved in fire and the ambient atmosphere substantially reducing the danger of explosion or flash fires. The apparatus of the invention is adapted for expanding and dispensing foam and comprises a housing defining an interior through which extend a discharge line.

Abstract: A test system (10) for testing a fire suppression system (100) for a determination of a flow ratio of at least two different constituents (2, 4) where the fire suppression system (100) is of a type that mixes the flow of the at least two constituents (2, 4) for distribution whereby only one of the two constituents (2, 4), is required for testing of the flow ratio, the system (10) comprising a control box (14), a first constituent flow meter system (16) and a second constituent line flow meter system (18), wherein the first constituent (2) is directed through the first constituent flow meter system (16), the first constituent (2) is directed through the second constituent line flow meter system (18), each flow meter system (16, 18) detecting a flow rate therein, and the control box (14) compares the flow rates of the first constituent (2) through each flow meter system (16, 18), and indicates the flow rate ratio had the second constituent (4) been directed through the second constituent line flow meter system

Abstract: A fire fighting nozzle for extinguishing industrial scale fires including improved automatic pressure regulating features, enhanced educting features including central and peripheral channeling for foam concentrate, and combining with a capacity to throw dry chemical. Improved pressure regulating features include a double acting baffle and preferably a relief valve.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for suppressing a fire utilizing non-azide solid gas propellant generation to produce and transport a suitable gas for suppressing a fire in a normally occupied area. The nitrogen gas produced by the solid propellant gas generation is optionally treated to remove undesirable elements such as water and/or carbon dioxide from the product gas prior to the delivery of the product gas to the protected hazard area.

Abstract: A small emergency response vehicle having a wedge-shaped nose and triangular wheel base for improved accessibility to emergency sites previously inaccessible to conventional fire fighting vehicles. A main overhead tank and two modular auxiliary tanks provide 2400 liters of storage for water and/or surfactants. The front wheel provides a 360 degree turning radius. The vehicle can be air-lifted and air-dropped with a helicopter via attachment points on the heavy steel frame. An enclosed cab has a fire and impact resistant glass windshields and an air supply to the driver as well as to occupants in the tank compartment, when the tank is removed. A nozzle assembly is mounted on the nose of the vehicle to distribute the fire suppression materials.

Abstract: A fire suppressant, fire suppressant mist, and method of atomizing a water mist for suppressing a fire are provided by in-situ atomization of water droplets within a fire using water-in-oil microemulsions. The discrete phase of emulsion is a low boiling point oil or water immiscible fluid additive combined with water and a surfactant or cosurfactant. Each dropet provides a microemulsion. During the heating of the microemulsion droplet inside the flame, the water immiscible fluid vaporizes and causes fragmentation of the water droplet, producing extremely small droplets useful in fire suppression.

Abstract: A method of fire extinguishment with a gas, characterized by extinguishing a fire by ejecting at least one gaseous fire-extinguishing agent selected from the group consisting of argon, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide using a foam, powder, or water as a carrier.

Abstract: A cover gas composition for protecting molten magnesium/magnesium alloy includes a fluorine containing inhibiting agent and a carrier gas. Each component of the composition has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) (referenced to the absolute GWP for carbon dioxide at a time horizon of 100 years) of less than 5000.

Abstract: A system for protecting individuals and property exposed to potential ignition and fires resulting from the release of high-oxygen concentration gas blends from oxygen systems used for breathing assistance. Said system comprises an oxygen storage container and delivery mechanism, said container filled with a blend of above-atmospheric oxygen and inert gases of appropriate composition and capacity to prevent the onset of ignition and fire when discharged and encountering ignition sources and combustibles, yet suitable for breathing by recipients and users of the system. Alternative embodiments can comprise covers over said oxygen containers, filled with materials suitable to prevent the ignition of combustibles encountering the high-oxygen blends from said oxygen containers, when both the blends and materials are dually discharged due to rupture of their respective containers after experiencing an impact.

Abstract: A fire and explosion suppression system comprises a source (5) of high pressure water which is fed to a misting nozzle (13) or other water mist generating means at one input of a mixing unit (6), and a source (14) of high pressure inert gas, such as nitrogen, which is fed along a pipe (20) to another input of the mixing unit (6). Inside the mixing unit (6), water mist, in the form of an atomised mist of very small droplet size is mixed with the pressurised gas and exits the mixing unit (6) at high pressure and high velocity along a pipe (22) and is thence discharged through spreaders (26, 28). Separation of the mist production from the actual discharge of the mist, and the entraining and transporting of the mist between these two stages at high pressure and high velocity, produces an output mist of very small droplet size which is carried by the entraining and transporting high pressure gas into the area to be protected, enabling a total flooding capability.

Abstract: Aqueous droplets encapsulated in a flame retardant polymer are useful in suppressing combustion. Upon exposure to a flame, the encapsulated aqueous droplets rupture and vaporize, removing heat and displacing oxygen to retard the combustion process. The polymer encapsulant, through decomposition, may further add free radicals to the combustion atmosphere, thereby further retarding the combustion process. The encapsulated aqueous droplets may be used as a replacement to halon, water mist and dry powder flame suppression systems.

Abstract: Systems and methods for high volume, low pressure foam generation are provided that have a wide range of applications, particularly in fire fighting and fire prevention fields. The foam may be effectively delivered to targets that have heretofore been difficult, if not impossible, to reach in a timely, cost effective and/or efficacious manner. Nozzles and nozzle-containing systems are provided for combining water, injected foam and air to generate and/or deliver high volume, low pressure foam. The foam generation systems may be part of portable units that may be worn or otherwise supported by a user (e.g., a back pack), manually transported (e.g., a push cart), or transported with power-assistance (e.g., a power-assist cart). The systems may also be vehicle-mounted. Exemplary nozzle systems include a diffuser unit that facilitates aeration of the water and foam mixture that is fed to the nozzle system.

Abstract: A fire fighting nozzle for extinguishing industrial scale fires including improved automatic pressure regulating features, enhanced educting features having central (110) and peripheral channeling (94) for foam concentrate, combined with a capacity to throw dry chemicals. The improved pressure regulating features include a spring (50) loaded double acting baffle (13), that is positioned by fire fighting fluid in communication with a hydraulic chamber, the hydraulic chamber is preferably controlled by a relief valve (42).

Abstract: This process comprises a phase for detecting (26) the presence of the fire, as well as a phase for extinguishing this fire, comprising a phase of projecting (by 24), into the compartment (16), an extinguishing fluid, in particular water, as well as a phase of generating (by 2) air enriched in inert gas, from a source (5) of compressed air internal to the airplane, and a phase of admitting (by 10 and 12) at least a portion of this enriched air into the compartment (16).

Abstract: Foam for suppressing fires is formed by mixing together a constant stream of compressed air and water from a pump at a controlled rate with a quantity of a foaming agent from a foaming agent supply proportional to the rate of flow of water so as to be incorporated therein. An agitator mixes the water and the foaming agent into the stream of compressed air to generate the foam. The rate of flow of the water is controlled by a continuously variable valve member driven between five set positions by an electronically controlled motor including a fully open position, in which a maximum flow rate of the water is supplied to the mixer with the proportional quantity of a foaming agent, a fully closed position, in which the flow of water and the flow of a foaming agent from the foaming agent supply are halted, and at least three intermediate positions of different foam characteristics.

Abstract: A self-metering, automatic (i.e. pressure regulating) industrial-scale fire fighting nozzle, with or without self-eduction, for self-metering a concentrate in accordance with varying liquid flow through the nozzle occasioned by the pressure regulating, with additional features of having a “ratio selectable” means for self-metering for different selected additive concentrations or mixing ratios and of having a mechanical flowmeter.

Abstract: An electro-pneumatic actuator having AND gate logic characteristics is disclosed. The actuator has three chambers each divided into two chamber portions by respective flexible diaphragms. One of the diaphragms acts as a valve closing member and controls the flow of a pressurized fluid through the actuator to actuate an associated device when fluid flow is permitted. The other two diaphragms are in mechanical contact with one another and in hydraulic communication with the one diaphragm and thereby control its motion, keeping it normally closed and preventing fluid flow but allowing it to move into an open position permitting fluid flow and actuation of the associated device only when each of the two diaphragms are subject to separate, concurrent drops in pressure which allows both of them to deflect away from the one diaphragm. One of the pressure drops is triggered pneumatically, the other electrically.

Abstract: An aerial firefighting system for increasing the amount of firefighting foam available during an aerial application. The aerial firefighting system includes a turbo motor, a catalytic converter connected to the turbo motor for creating carbon dioxide, a first reservoir for storing a volume of foam agent, a bucket having a second reservoir for storing a volume of water, a plurality of fluid valves within a reservoir floor of the second reservoir, a partition member below the partition member having a plurality of first apertures, a dispensing member fluidly connected to the first reservoir for dispensing the foam agent within a mixing chamber, and a foam screen attached to a lower portion of the bucket above a lower opening within the bucket. The carbon dioxide is fed into the screen area where the water and foam agent enter in a mixed solution from the mixing chamber thereby creating CO2 foam.

Abstract: A system and method of maintaining a desired additive to water ration in a fire-fighting system including a water flow sensor configured to measure the water flow rate, a water pump, a hydraulic pump, a linear hydraulic cylinder driven by the hydraulic pump, an additive pump mechanically coupled to the linear hydraulic cylinder; and a pump displacement sensor configured to sense the position of the additive pump, the pump displacement sensor being in communication with the water flow sensor to maintain a pre-determined ratio of additive to water.

Abstract: A system and method of maintaining a desired additive to water ration in a fire-fighting system including a water flow sensor configured to measure the water flow rate, a water pump, a hydraulic pump, a linear hydraulic cylinder driven by the hydraulic pump, an additive pump mechanically coupled to the linear hydraulic cylinder; and a pump displacement sensor configured to sense the position of the additive pump, the pump displacement sensor being in communication with the water flow sensor to maintain a pre-determined ratio of additive to water.

Abstract: The method of the invention comprises the steps of proportioning a foam concentrate into a non-flammable liquid to form a foam concentrate/liquid mixture and creating a flowing stream of the foam concentrate/liquid mixture. Nitrogen is introduced to the stream of the foam/liquid mixture to initiate the formation of a nitrogen expanded foam fire suppressant. The flowing stream carrying the initially nitrogen expanded foam is dispensed, which completes the full expansion of the nitrogen expanded foam fire suppressant, into the confined area involved in fire thereby to smother the fire and to substantially close off contact between combustible material involved in fire and the ambient atmosphere substantially reducing the danger of explosion or flash fires. The apparatus of the invention is adapted for expanding and dispensing foam and comprises a housing defining an interior through which extend a discharge line.

Abstract: The invention is a fire protection system and method to protect a building against airplane fuel fires. The components of the fire protection system include a central annunciator panel, a supply line network tied into a plurality of fire retardant reservoirs to transmit extinguishing material throughout the fire protection system, an exhaust system to expel harmful smoke and fumes coming from an airplane fuel fire and a standpipe system with a fire hose to extinguish localized airplane fuel fires. The fire protection system can also be controlled either by personal computer or microprocessor.

Abstract: A fire fighting fluid proportioning system and method including a fire fighting fluid conduit in fluid communication with a fire fighting fluid regulating valve and a venturi, the venturi in fluid communication with a valve source of fire fighting foam concentrate, and having a pilot valve connected directly or indirectly to the regulating valve and the concentrate source valve and adapted to adjust, directly or indirectly, the regulating valve and the source valve in response to a sensed indicia of fire fighting fluid pressure in the conduit.

Abstract: A biodegradable, non-toxic firefighting concentrate composition. The preferred compositions include 4 to 40 parts of a tertiary amine having 2-10 ethoxy or other solubilizing groups per mol selected from the group consisting of one or more of a series of similar homologs or isomers of C16-C18 animal-based tallow amines and coconut amines, 1 to 15 parts of a carboxylic acid having 6 to 16 carbon atoms or homolog thereof; 1 to 6 parts of a C6-C16 alcohol or homolog thereof and 0 to 10 parts of C4 and lower alcohols or homologs thereof, and enough water to create a total of 100 parts by volume. The concentrate is usually diluted up to 100 times (v/v) with water, and is also effective when mixed with foam-forming materials. In addition, the composition is useful with soil bacteria for remediating soil contaminated with hydrocarbon fuel and for facilitating fuel dispersion and degradation within bacterial-action sewage systems.

Abstract: The invention is directed toward biodegradable, non-toxic firefighting concentrate compositions including a fluorescent type compound for foam visualization within the visible and ultraviolet light spectrum and a process for its use.

Abstract: An apparatus for creating a fine liquid mist includes a container capable of holding fluid; one of a perforated basket and a porous bag disposed in the container; a liquid supply connector connected to the container; a mixing chamber connected to the container; and at least one convergent/divergent nozzle connected to the mixing chamber. A method of forming an effervescent fine liquid mist includes mixing liquid and chemical reactant to form non-toxic, noncombustible gas bubbles; mixing the liquid and the gas bubbles to form a two-phase fluid flow; and directing the two-phase fluid flow through at least one convergent/divergent nozzle.

Abstract: A fire fighting unit to be installed and transported on a relatively small vehicle, comprising, in combination, frame structure sized for installation on a vehicle; fluid supply apparatus carried on the frame structure; and including a water supply tank, a fire fighting foam tank, a compressed gas source, fluid delivery lines from the tanks, and controls including pumps carried on the frame structure, for controlling fluid delivery via the lines, and in mixed condition to at least one fluid delivery nozzle.