Abstract: The invention relates to a method for controlling suspension in a suspension smelting furnace. The method comprises feeding additionally to pulverous solid matter and additionally to reaction gas reducing agent into the suspension smelting furnace, wherein reducing agent is fed in the form of a concentrated stream of reducing agent through the suspension in the reaction shaft onto the surface of the melt to form a reducing zone containing reducing agent within the collection zone of the melt.

Abstract: A device (10) for mechanically comminuting material conglomerates. The device includes a comminuting chamber (14) having a feed side and an outlet side, surrounded by a chamber wall with rotors (26, 28, 30) each including a rotor shaft and striking tools (38) extending radially into the comminuting chamber. The directions of rotation of the rotors (26, 28, 30) are opposite in at least two consecutive segments. An air stream device (31, 37, 39, 41) for leading a particle/air mixture out of the comminuting chamber (14) is arranged in connection with the comminuting chamber.

Abstract: Methods of forming pyrazines from reactants derived from a plant of the Nicotiana species, including receiving an aqueous reactant solution including at least one tobacco-derived cellulosic sugar and at least one tobacco-derived amino acid, heating the reactant solution to a reactant temperature and holding the reactant solution at the reactant temperature for a reactant time to produce a reactant product including at least one tobacco-derived pyrazine, and isolating the at least one tobacco-derived pyrazine from the reactant product. Tobacco products incorporating the tobacco-derived pyrazines are also provided.

Abstract: A self-moving ground compactor comprises at least one compacting roll and a least one scraper device, allocated to a compacting roll, pivotally supported at a support arrangement and in a pivotal operating position the scraper contacting the allocated roll, an operating lever for the pivotal operation of the scraper, and a latching arrangement for fixating the scraper in at least one pivotal non-operating position not contacting the allocated compacting roll.

Abstract: A core processor comprises a frame that supports a housing. The housing carries a rotary pulverizer inside a semi-cylindrical drum and a rotary pick up brush in a pick up head below the drum. The drum is open at the rear to form a rear discharge opening. The pick up head includes a full width rear roller behind the brush to support the housing for rolling movement over the ground in a work mode of the processor. In the work mode, the brush picks up aeration cores from the ground, delivers them to the rotary pulverizer which comminutes or pulverizes the aeration cores, and the particle debris so created exits through the rear discharge opening beneath a hood or shroud. A powered roller is located at a junction between the orbits of the brush and the pulverizer to help keep the junction free of a build up of core material. In a transport mode of the core processor, a pair of transport wheels are lowered into engagement with the ground until the pick up head is lifted out of engagement with the ground.

Abstract: An apparatus for cleaning debris from the surface of crop rows without substantially damaging the growing crop having a wheeled frame attachable to a pulling vehicle, the wheels positioned to avoid a growing crop, at least one journalled rotatable shaft attached to the frame, at least one brush positioned A each rotatable shaft, each brush having a plurality of bristles, and a power transfer member operatively connected to the rotatable shaft to transfer power from the pulling vehicle to the shaft.

Abstract: The farm machine 1 for working the soil comprises tools 21 each of which consists of a concave disk 47 provided with a plurality of spades 48 at its periphery. The concavity of the concave disk 47 is directed toward the forward end 12 of the rotor 16, considering the work direction 3 of the farm machine 1. A lateral stabilizing element 41 comprising at least one share 43 extends behind the rearward lateral end 11 of the frame 9 of said farm machine 1. The farm machine 1 also comprises support wheels 36, 38, one 36 of which extends in front of the forward lateral end 12 of said frame 9.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus which is adapted to be attached to conventional ground tillers such as the "Roto-Tiller" to prevent the build-up of grass and weeds around the drive shaft of the tines. The invention comprises a plurality of stationary blades mounted on the drive shaft gear box in a manner so as to cut grass and weeds before they become wound around the drive shaft.

Abstract: A tillage implement comprising a plurality of coulters or discs is provided with disc cleaning means to prevent the accumulation of dirt and debris between adjacent coulters or discs. The disc cleaning means can comprise a rotatable belt mounted between adjacent coulters or discs and drive means operable to cause rotation of the belt. The drive means may comprise a drive gear secured to a power source. As the belt rotates, it removes soil from between adjacent coulters or discs.

Abstract: Disclosed is a subsoil rotary cultivator. The cultivator can advantageously include a tool bar which is mounted to the tractor in the usual fashion. Group frames are advantageously mounted upon the tool bar and have spring-loaded pivoting arms upon which are mounted main tubular members. The main tubular members support a disc assembly using bearings which are positioned within the main tubular member, preferably at the extreme ends thereof. A central shaft extends through the bearings and main tubular member and has a disc attached transversely at the lower end. A shield tube is attached to the rotating disc assembly and extends upwardly from near the disc thereby providing an exterior surface which rotates with the disc in order to deflect weeds, straw, viney plants, and other debris, thereby preventing the cultivator from becoming plugged when it is drawn through a field.

Abstract: A soil working machine has a working member with element blades and a scraping member that releases clods cut out by the working member so that the clods drop to the ground. Both of the members can be positively driven in the same direction about horizontal axes, but the scraping member can also be rotated by contact with the ground. Preferably, the blades are secured to support discs and extend axially of the working member. Scraping elements on arms of the scraping member project between the blades of adjacent support discs and have vanes which also extend almost axially. During rotation, the vanes are moved to intersect the paths of the blades and to remove the clods. Other forms of scraping members are described. The scraping member ensures that soil is wiped from the blades, to avoiding clogging of the working member and a consequent increased power requirement. Also, the cut clods are preferably replaced upside down by the action of the members.

Abstract: A walk-behind garden tiller having power driven ground wheels and a single shaft of tines which are driven at relatively high speed in a direction counter to that of the drive wheels such that during tilling the tines cut upwardly through the untilled soil at the working face, resulting in improved power efficiency and easier control of the tiller when operating in adverse soil conditions. For cutting and breaking long vegetation that is carried upwardly by the counter-rotating tines and for guiding such vegetation under the tine shaft so that it does not become entangled about the tine shaft or otherwise clog or impede operation of the tiller, a sloughing device is mounted transversally to and forwardly of the tine shaft. In one embodiment, the sloughing device is a plate disposed in a vertical plane on the longitudinal axis of the machine, and in another embodiment the sloughing device is a rotary disc.

Abstract: A subsoil implement is disclosed that utilizes a horizontally rotatable disc that is moved beneath the surface of the ground for the purpose of cultivating or for producing a sub-surface bed for placing flowable material such as seed or soil treating gas along the prepared bed. A hollow delivery tube or rigid shaft leads to the disc and rotates about an axis defined by a bearing directly adjacent the disc. Seed or chemicals may be directed through the hollow tube form to the ground surface below the cultivator disc. Therefore, cultivating, planting or soil treatment can be accomplished with minimal effort. Trash clearing elements are provided on the rotating tube or shaft to eliminate trash build-up and minimize disruption of the soil surface.

Abstract: A hand-held power driven cultivator incorporating a pair of ground working implements or tillers mounted on a pair of laterally spaced vertical shafts depending from a motor and drive train enclosing housing. The tillers are counter-rotated and include interdigitating tines which engage and move the earth forwardly. A barrier freely surrounds each tiller supporting and driving shaft, and completely encloses the shaft between the tiller and the overlying housing. A scraper blade is associated with each barrier and includes a scraping edge spaced slightly from the barrier so as to enhance the ability of the barrier to repel or prevent the accumulation of weeds, roots, debris, and the like. Support and manipulation of the housing is provided for by an elongated handle including an upper fixed hand grip and power switch, and a lower adjustable hand grip.

Abstract: A combined scarifier and branch slashing and crushing implement is disclosed. The implement comprises a rectangular frame, a cylindrical roller rotatably mounted in the frame and extending longitudinally of the frame, plural rows of longitudinally spaced scarifier teeth projecting from the roller for working the soil, and stationary teeth mounted on both the front and back longitudinal portions of the frame and projecting between the scarifier teeth. Each scarifier tooth has a hook member projecting laterally from the tooth in the direction of movement of the implement to engage branches, roots and other plant growths for slashing, crushing and cutting them against the stationary teeth which have cutting edges facing the hook members so as to provide a pulverized mixture which is thereafter mixed with the soil.

Abstract: A soil cultivator has at least one rotor mounted for rotation about a horizontal axis and rows of rigid soil working tines are secured on the rotor to be driven through the soil in a direction opposite to the travel direction of the cultivator. The tines can be curved with their free ends oriented to the rear with respect to their direction of movement through the soil. Stationary tines can be affixed in front of the rotor so that the rotor tines are moved between the stationary tines. Two rotors can be mounted side-by-side on a common shaft or axis of rotation and the shaft journalled in side plates having edge rims. A row of rotatable disc-like supporting members is arranged zig zag on a beam and the beam has arms that are adjustably connected to the cultivator frame at the rear of the rotor. Projections on the bottoms of the members induce rotation thereof. The rotor or rotors can also be supported by an elongated roller having a helical rib.

Abstract: A rotary plough has a rotor that rotates about a horizontal axis defined by a central support. The rotor comprises three spaced apart groups of soil working tines and each group includes a row of tines mounted on arms that extend radially with respect to the support. Each row of tines is independently connected via a chain transmission to a toothed pinion on the central support so that as the entire rotor turns about the support, each row of tines is also revolved about a horizontal axis. The central support is rotated by a further sprocket and chain transmission connected to a gear box with a P.T.O connection. The central support is surrounded by a second rotatable support on which radial scrapers are mounted. The gear box is connected to rotate the entire rotor as a whole and the three groups of tines in the same direction so that the tines are moved through the soil rearwardly with respect to the normal direction of travel.