Abstract: A missing glyph replacement system is described. In an example, a Unicode identifier of a missing glyph is obtained and glyph metadata describing a glyph cluster that includes the Unicode identifier is obtained from a cache maintained in the storage device, e.g., as part of preprocessing. From this, the system obtains glyphs from the font using Unicode identifiers included in the glyph cluster. The system uses a representative glyph from these glyphs to verify the glyph cluster, and if verified obtains glyphs based on the cluster. For these obtained glyphs, an amount of similarity is determined for the missing glyph with respect to the plurality of obtained glyphs, e.g., to control output of representations of the obtained glyphs in the user interface. The representations are user selectable via the user interface to replace the missing glyph.

Abstract: A display driver integrated circuit may include a controller configured to receive first image data from an application processor positioned outside the display driver integrated circuit and a data driver configured to receive the first image data from the controller.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for discerning the intent of a device wearer primarily based on movements of the eyes. The system may be included within unobtrusive headwear that performs eye tracking and controls screen display. The system may also utilize remote eye tracking camera(s), remote displays and/or other ancillary inputs. Screen layout is optimized to facilitate the formation and reliable detection of rapid eye signals. The detection of eye signals is based on tracking physiological movements of the eye that are under voluntary control by the device wearer. The detection of eye signals results in actions that are compatible with wearable computing and a wide range of display devices.

Abstract: Disclosed are various examples for device replacement for device replacement in hyper-converged infrastructure environments. A workload hash for a workload to be processed by a hyper-converged compacting device can be compared to a device hash for the hyper-converged computing device to determine whether to assign the workload to the hyper-converged computing device for processing. When a new device is added to a hyper-converged infrastructure environment, a device has for the new device can be generated and workloads having low resources can be identified for reassignment to the new device.

Abstract: Arrangement of electrodes for a juxtaposed two digit display including a left digit and a right digit is disclosed. The right digit includes an upper electrode, a median electrode and a lower electrode. The right digit includes a lateral upper left electrode, a lateral lower left electrode, a lateral upper right electrode and a lateral lower right electrode. The left digit includes an upper electrode, a median electrode and a lower electrode. The left digit includes a lateral upper left electrode, a lateral lower left electrode, a lateral upper right electrode and a lateral lower right electrode. In the left digit, the upper electrode, the median electrode and the lower electrode are each formed of a first and second point-shaped electrode.

Abstract: A rapid assignment dynamic ownership queue for text message sessions queues incoming text messages destined for a service bureau, at a network server. Simultaneous access is provided to any one text message of the queued incoming text messages to a plurality of operator terminals at the service bureau. Initial ownership of the one text message is assigned as a result of a first acting terminal of the plurality of operator terminals having completed an action in service to the text message, and ownership is re-assigned to a subsequent operator terminal having completed another action in service to the text message after the first acting terminal. A configurable escalation queue may be implemented to assign an escalation code to each queued item, regardless of its position in the queue list, to alter the presentation of the queue item.

Abstract: A handheld electronic device includes a reduced QWERTY keyboard and is enabled with disambiguation software that is operable to disambiguate text input. The device is structured to identify and output representations of language objects that are stored in the memory and that correspond with a text input. The device is additionally structured to identify and output representations of language objects that are stored in the memory and that correspond with a known spelling substitution particular to a language active on the handheld electronic device.

Abstract: There is disclosed an enhanced text entry system which uses word-level analysis to automatically correct inaccuracies in user keystroke entries on reduced keyboards such as those implemented on a touch-sensitive panel or display screen, or on mechanical keyboard systems. A method and system are defined which determine one or more alternate textual interpretations of each sequence of inputs detected within a designated auto-correcting keyboard region.

Abstract: A printer that restarts printing from a desired print position after an emergency stop is provided. A printer according to the present disclosure includes a head printing on a work, a driving motor moving at least one of the head and the work in order to change a print position on the work, a rotary encoder and an encoder counter determining a position of the head relative to the work, a control device supplying electric power to the encoder after excitation of the driving motor is turned off during printing and enabling the encoder counter to continue counting.

Abstract: A letter input structure of a two-click keyboard adapting a Morse code and an input method of the same, and a recording medium of the method are disclosed. A certain letter is created in selective combination with two keypads among seven keypads consisting of a dot(•) group keypad of a dot(•) keypad, a dot dot(•) keypad and a dot dot dot(•) keypad of a Morse code, a dash(-) group keypad of a dash(-) keypad, a dash dash(- -) keypad, and a dash dash dash (- - -) keypad which are separated and arranged at left and right sides (or upper and lower sides) and one function keypad.

Abstract: There are provided new and improved methods and systems for producing machine-generated handwriting having realistic human appearance. In various embodiments, the handwriting may include characteristics of particular classes and/or characteristics of particular individuals. The handwriting includes an appropriate degree of randomness so as to be realistic in appearance. In a particular embodiment of the invention, at least one sample of a particular individual's handwriting is scanned and analyzed to determine the characteristics thereof. The handwriting characteristics include a degree of randomness representative of the scanned handwriting sample(s). The handwriting may be printed on a conventional printer, for example to generate a communication for a recipient.

Abstract: There have thus been provided new and improved methods and systems for producing machine-generated handwriting having realistic human appearance. In various embodiments, the handwriting may include characteristics of particular classes and/or characteristics of particular individuals. The handwriting includes an appropriate degree of randomness so as to be realistic in appearance. The handwriting may be printed on a conventional printer, for example to generate a communication for a recipient.

Abstract: A device for printing print data after converting the print data into converted print data includes a head unit for printing the converted print data by moving in a scanning direction, the head unit having at least one head line in which print elements are arranged diagonally with respect to the scanning direction, a row-order-conversion unit for rearranging rows of the print data according to an arrangement of the print elements so as to generate row-converted print data, and a column-order-conversion unit for rearranging column positions of the row-converted print data according to the arrangement of the print elements so as to generate the converted print data.

Abstract: The present invention is a keyboard device for entering Japanese language text utilizing Romaji character notation and a method for entering the Romaji character notation.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for computer composition of Nastaliq script and similar Ruka'ah script of the Urdu group of languages (Arabic, Persian, Punjabi, Pushto, Sindhi) in full conformance to rules of a script. Basic constituent elements of the characters of scripture are stored in a computer memory and these elements in response to user command are joined with each other, as required, to compose scripture according to a set of rules defined and stored in a rules dictionary. Combinations of characters that do not conform to the general rules contained in the dictionary are treated and executed as exceptional cases by the computer program. Moreover, an efficient mapping of Urdu characters to the existing QWERTY keyboard is achieved by matching character frequency of occurrence to finger agility, by pattern recognition features of similar characters, and by rationalizing the overall finger workload.

Abstract: A width card associated with a film strip both of which are adapted to be used in a phototypesetting machine, the film strip containing a plurality of fonts, each of which contains a plurality of characters. The width card includes a memory for storing a plurality of sets of character width information for each of the fonts contained on the associated film strip, means for selecting one of the sets of character width information for all of the fonts contained on the associated film strip and means for permitting the phototypesetting machine to obtain from the memory the width information for a character in a particular font by accessing the selected set of character width information for the particular font. In response to access of the memory by the phototypesetting machine, a visual indication of the particular font accessed and the set of character width information selected is provided.

Abstract: In a printing apparatus such as a laser beam printer, the time required for decomposing format data into dots is compared with the printout time for a page. If the former is not longer than the latter, both format data and description (e.g. character) data are decomposed into dots in the same one of a couple of memories and said couple of memories are alternately and cylically brought to store operation and printout operation. If, on the contrary, the former is longer than the latter, the decomposed format is fixed in one memory while description data is decomposed every time in the other memory, and the contents of both memories are superimposed when printed out.

Abstract: A digital control device is used with a character generator for producing text in a typescript having multiform characters, such as Arabic script. The character generator includes a character store with a base page section to store codes identifying the base body of the characters and at least one additional page section to store codes identifying special character forms. The control device is arranged to register and process the incoming character identification codes to produce a control signal having a first state to enable a final address code to be produced to address the base page section in the character store and having a second state to enable a final address code to be produced to address the additional page section in the character store.

Abstract: A method of data compression which allows an enlarged font of complex characters to be produced by scaling from data representing a stored font of complex characters is disclosed. The scaling procedure involves the insertion of horizontal and vertical lines into the stored font to effect vertical and horizontal expansion, respectively, of the stored font. These lines are inserted so as to preserve the basic shape of the characters according to the following procedure. First, the dot matrix of each character is partitioned into sections, each containing a very pronounced and recognizable portion of the character. Then a decision is made in which sections to insert lines so that enlargement is attained without distorting the basic overall shape of the character. Next, a decision is made where in the sections the lines are to be inserted. Finally, a decision is made as to what the inserted lines are to look like.

Abstract: A data output apparatus is capable of effecting a rotation of image data output therefrom relative to image data input thereto. This apparatus includes a system for scanning image data to be input thereto on a line by line basis, and a page memory for storing this input data on this basis. A control system converts the data stored in the page memory on a line by line basis to data for storage on a column by column basis. A column memory receives the data arranged on a column by column basis from the control system and an output device connected to the column memory puts out the data therefrom on the column by column basis. More particularly, the memories may comprise a unit matrix group including a plurality of unit matrix memories, all of which are accessible at the same time. An address selecting circuit sequentially selects the unit matrix memories, along one readout direction, to be sequentially read out and digit lines are provided for putting out data from the unit matrix memories.

Abstract: A complex character generator having a mass memory for storing the individual characters of a Chinese character-based language in pictorial form, the characters being represented by a two-part code, the first part defining a predetermined element common to a plurality of characters, and the second part defining the balance of the individual character. The character generator includes a keyboard having one section of keys for singularly entering a unique 2-digit code representing each of the predetermined common elements, and a numerical section for entering at least a 5-digit code defining the balance of the characters under a modified Four Corner Coding Method. A method for coding Chinese characters into the two-part code and the complete Four Corner Coding Method are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for typing Japanese text is disclosed. The method is characterized by operator manipulation of a keyboard to produce input signals to a microprocessor. The input signals are in the form of kana, English alphabet, numerals, and punctuation, as well as delimiting signals which may be used in combination with kana input to produce corresponding text material in kanji. The microprocessor is responsive to combinations of the kana input signals and delimiting code signals to produce adjusting outputs which call up from memory signals which produce the desired kanji output. A CRT display is provided for displaying keyboard signals and, when called for, kanji symbols from memory.Where it is desired to type kanji symbols which cannot be called up by the operator through the use of kana and delimiting coding signals, alternative procedures using word analysis and graphic inputs are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composition device for texts in Arabic letters which comprises a keyboard having several keys each corresponding to only one basic letter in all of its shapes, and an electronic device having a memory retaining the codes corresponding to all the shapes of each of the basic letters. A working memory retains the characteristics of the keys depressed immediately before and after the considered key, and a logic determines according to the characteristics memorized in the working memory, the code corresponding to the appropriate shape of the basic letter.

Abstract: Method for altering the supply of characters which are represented by data stored in the character generator of an ideographic typewriter and which can be displayed, under control of the character generator, in at least one standard character area of a display device for the display of ideographic characters, which method includes: displaying, in the standard character area, a first character for which data is already stored in the character generator; reducing the size of the first character displayed in the standard character area with respect to at least one dimension of the character if required; displaying, in the standard character area, at least one further character for which data is already stored in the character generator, to create a new character constituted by the first and further characters as thus displayed; and storing in the character generator data representing the new character which then forms part of the supply of characters.

Abstract: A display device which comprises a keyboard for specifying a character to be displayed, a decoder for converting a specified character signal into segment signals corresponding to light emitting segments, and a display section which is provided with a plurality of segment display elements, and which are so arranged as to emit light in accordance with the contents of the segment signals. In this display device, a ROM converts a signal representing a character specified by the keyboard into at least two character component signals corresponding to at least two character components of the specified character and the converted character component signals are supplied to the decoder.

Abstract: A dot-type printer has heretofore been unable to output characters of the pitch which does not coincide with multiples of the dot-width by integers when such dot-width is either electrically or mechanically fixed, causing considerable errors and not being in compliance with the recommendation of CCITT. The system according to the present invention provides a means to obtain the distance between a character and a printing reference point and to output the character at a position which is separated from the reference point by the distance in a multiple of the dot-width by an integer and which is either immediately before or after the point of the distance thus obtained. By such output control, the character outputted can remain within the range recommended by CCITT with only negligible errors.

Abstract: The light-emitting diode or liquid crystal display device, with a matrix structure, comprises a basic pattern repeated horizontally without spacing to form the matrix having three end-to-end vertical segments and four superimposed horizontal segments each having one end common with the end of at least one vertical segment, two dots disposed side by side in the upper third, and two dots disposed side by side in the lower third of the height of the pattern.

Abstract: A raster scan CRT character generator comprising a memory having dot patterns for a plurality alphanumeric characters stored therein and a multiplexer, controlled by a signal from the memory, for selecting one of a plurality of sets of inputs to be used for determining the state of dots in the character field other than the character dot pattern.

Abstract: The computer system of this invention has, as the heart of the system, a simple processing unit for providing most data processing by the computer system under control of a read-only memory which contains only instructions and other data for the CPU. The system also includes a random access memory, a keyboard, a video terminal, and a port device in the form of a tape recorder/player. A master clock initiates timing used throughout the system. A multi-line data bus interconnects the CPU and the different memories of the system including the keyboard and the video RAM. Bi-directional communication is possible on the data bus. The addressing of these different memories is by way of an address bus from the CPU, which is a uni-directional bus. Data to be operated upon is basically stored in the random access memory. The keyboard is used for inputting data to the CPU and the video terminal is used for displaying data.

Abstract: The invention relates to a code converter with the specific capability of converting certain predetermined combinations of two or more code words of a first coding system to a single code word of a second coding system. The invention also relates to a converter with means for recognizing the combination, and to the recognizer per se. In a specific application, the converter system is for converting code words of a presently existing coding system, which are representative of characters in the Arabic-Farsi languages, and all languages written in Arabic scripts, to code words of a second coding system. The Arabic-Farsi languages include special characters, which comprise an overdot and an undercharacter, and each of these special characters is represented by two code words. The converter compresses the two code words to a single respective code word.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for controlling gray scale in the charge sensitive media of a matrix printer by using constant amplitude write pulses. Their use is intended to overcome registration problems caused by constant movement of the charge sensitive recording media during the actual print cycle. This control method and apparatus are implemented by varying, as a function of the desired intensity of one or more pixels to be printed, the effective write time and the number of constant amplitude pulses applied to any one or more of a plurality of print electrodes over a complete write cycle. The normal printer write cycle is divided into a number of subdivisions, that number being a function of the maximum permissible allowable error that can be perceived by a human eye. Further, the write pulse waveforms used are derived so that there is not more than one write cycle subdivision difference at either termination point of any intensity pixel printed therewith.

Abstract: A data transmission of the videotex type in which coded information can be transmitted from a central information store to a plurality of terminals. The coded information includes groups of bits representing characters and groups of bits representing control codes. In the transmission technique used in the system a character attribute can be represented by a display control code which is transmitted in association with a cursor backspace code. By using this technique characters of different attributes can be displayed without a space being required between the characters on the display.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing dot matrix printing in which the storage capacity of a memory used for storing character patterns is significantly reduced and the accompanying decoding process is quite simple. Character patterns to be printed are coded in patterns of normal and half-shifted dots, and data representing both types of dots is stored in a read only memory. Half-shift instructions are stored in the memory to identify which dots are to be printed at half-shifted positions located between adjacent columns in a matrix used as a reference from which the character pattern is encoded. Several half-shift instructions are stored for each row with each instruction corresponding to a plurality of adjacent dot locations in the associated row. In reading out data from the memory, each half-shift instruction is effective until the location of the next half-shift instruction is reached.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for representing characters employ a printing unit to print symbols which correspond to characters, the characters being represented either by individual printed symbols or by two or more symbols printed in sequence or two or more overstruck symbols. The characters to be printed are encoded into one or more data words, each data word having a code word associated therewith which is stored in one of three memories which serve to address the printing unit to represent a particular symbol or symbols. If a character is encoded by a single data word, this single data word is supplied to a first memory and if the corresponding code word is contained in the first memory, the code word is released to the printing unit and the symbol is printed. If the corresponding code word is not contained in the first memory, an address word for a second memory is read from the first memory, this address word containing the code words and associated positioning words for the character.

Abstract: A teletext interface is coupled between a television receiver and a medium storing a plurality of digitally encoded signals each representing a selected text/graphics character intended for transmission as a corresponding synthetic video signal during the active scanning intervals of a television signal. The teletext interface includes a ROM for converting each of the digitally encoded signals to a teletext encoded signal representing a corresponding text/graphics character and apparatus for inserting the teletext encoded signals as a plurality of teletext formated data rows in successive teletext lines of the television signal. A television receiver including a built-in teletext decoder is responsive to the teletext formated data rows for displaying the selected text/graphics characters in a high quality form while a standard receiver is responsive to the synthetic video signal for displaying the characters in a poorer quality form.

Abstract: A high operational speed print head for mosaic printing is provided which has a plurality of print needles positioned on a straight line, each being selectively driven toward a piece of paper through an ink ribbon. The printer head comprises a cylindrical permanent magnet ring magnetized in the axial direction; a circular bottom plate covering the bottom of the permanent magnet; and a plurality of electromagnets each having a center core and a coil wound around the core positioned on a circle on said bottom plate so as to be surrounded by the permanent ring magnet. A yoke provides a closed magnetic path with the permanent ring magnet, the bottom plate and each of the electromagnets. A plurality of moving bodies equal in number to the number of electromagnets are provided, each having at least an elongated armature overlying the core of the related electromagnet and composing a part of said closed magnetic path.

Abstract: A bit structuring apparatus having a font memory for storing alpha-numeric characters and/or tonal definitions in a window representing a pixel space. The alpha-numeric characters thus stored can include both the character and required character spacing. The font memory is addressable by coded address data to output a stream of pixels representative of the characters selected. The apparatus includes a programmable divide-by-N counter selectively operable to reduce the frequency of the pixel stream and expand the characters along the X-axis, line buffers for buffering the pixels pending discharge to a remote output, a return bus for re-circulating pixels in the line buffers, a multiplexer for selectively coupling individual line buffer outputs to the remote output and a programmable counter for controlling the number of times each line buffer discharges pixels to the remote output, each additional discharge expanding the characters along the Y-axis. Additionally, data from other sources, i.e.

Abstract: A Chinese/Kanji on-line recognition system consisting of four main sections, these being tablet electronics, a signal filter and segment integration unit, a base stroke classification unit and a symbol element recognition unit, and a symbol recognition output table. The tablet electronics provides pen coordinate signals and pen up/down signals which are applied to the signal filter and segment integration unit to define segments of strokes which correspond to continuous motion of a pen on a tablet in a fixed direction. The base stroke classification unit classifies the motion of the pen between pen down and pen up occurrences into one of 42 categories and also indicates if the stroke has crossed a prior stroke. This is then analyzed by the symbol element recognition unit which interprets the base strokes that have been recorded for the word and generates a sequence of symbol elements, referred to as "alphabet" components, that occur in this symbol.

Abstract: An electrostatic imaging process uses either a moving belt or a rotating drum with an insulative or dielectric layer backed by a conductive layer. A matrix of writing styli are used to charge the dielectric layer which are ionized air jets. After the image is developed by a toner, the toner is heated so that it will be concurrently transferred and fixed to the paper sheet.

Abstract: A solid state multiple mode stylus array capable of printing, copying, or transmission, the various operating components of which are integrally formed on a substrate to provide a monolithic device. The array components include plural printing styli arranged in one or more rows to form a printing array; a shift register, the output of successive shift register stages being coupled to successive styli, the shift register having input and output ports for the receipt and discharge of image pixels; plural scanning elements arranged in one or more rows to form a scanning array for scanning images and producing image pixels representative thereof, the output of successive scanning elements being coupled to the input of successive shift register stages; clock means for driving the shift register; and control means for selectively routing image pixels from either the input port or the scanning array to one of the printing array or the output port, or both.

Abstract: In a matrix array for the supply of an electrographic stylus writing apparatus, a plurality of styli are driven by short pulses through R/C networks. The styli are divided into subgroups and parallel capacitors connect the styli of each subgroup to a high voltage switch which is responsive to a capacitor pulse driver. Each stylus is also driven through a resistive line which completes the R/C circuit. The resistive lines are connected in parallel for similar styli of each group to a resistor enable pulsing circuit and all resistive lines are connected via isolation diodes to a resistor reset means. In operation, a short pulse from the capacitor driver circuit is applied to all the capacitors of a single group and an enabling pulse is applied to a predetermined single resistive line of each group so that the combined, enabled R/C circuit for a single stylus within one of groups is activated.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for forming scanned electron beam patterns which finds particular use in multiple beam cathode ray tubes. Instead of using the vertical line array of electron beam sources which is used in conventional multiple beam tubes, a two dimensional expanded beam array is provided. The expanded array is such that no two electron beams in the array are disposed in the same scan line and it is of a geometric shape having comparable length and width dimensions. In order to form characters or other patterns logic circuitry is provided to control each beam of the expanded array at respective scanning positions as the array is deflected or scanned across the screen of the cathode ray tube.

Abstract: Proportional spacing of characters, for example by a laser-xerographic printer, is achieved using a character generator memory, for example a random access memory (RAM), to store the characters of a font in a plurality of variable-size binary matrices. Each column includes at least one parity bit and at least two pitch bits or end of character (EOC) bits. After a character matrix is selected for printing: the columns are transmitted sequentially from the RAM, the bit patterns are decoded as valid and invalid EOC indication signals or as valid and invalid NON-EOC signals, and the parity of each column is checked. Also, stop printing circuitry inhibits operation of the dot matrix printer when the parity checker indicates no error but the pitch bit decoder derives an invalid EOC or NON-EOC SIGNAL.

Abstract: An improved electrostatic print head is disclosed comprising a corona source, an aperture mask, a slotted focus plane, and a back plane electrode for supporting a moving dielectric print medium. The aperture mask includes two rows of staggered circular apertures which are surrounded by individual aperture electrodes on the side of the mask facing away from the corona source. The side of the aperture mask facing the corona source has a continuous conductive layer thereon which is biased at a fixed potential. The aperture electrodes are selectively pulsed with a control potential to control the flow of ions from the corona source through the two staggered rows of apertures and the slotted focus plane to form any desired dot-matrix latent image on the moving dielectric print medium.

Abstract: An alpha-numeric character generator arrangement having as a character store a "read-only" memory in which characters are stored in a character format composed of a co-ordinate matrix (e.g. a 7.times.5 dot matrix) of discrete character elements. One aspect of the invention resides in storing the descender letters g, j, p, q and y such that those elements forming the "tail" of the descender letter are stored in character element rows which in a given row addressing sequence for the store precede the character element rows in which the remaining elements for the descender letter are stored. Another aspect of the invention resides in addressing the character element rows of the character store in a partially cyclic manner such that descender letters are read-out for display in a "lowered", correctly aligned, position in a row of displayed characters. FIGS. 6 and 8 illustrate the invention.

Abstract: A character generator (14) applies character columns in a standard 5.times.7 or similar matrix form to a multi-digit dot matrix display (12). Inhibition circuitry (33), (23) eliminates all character columns containing no character dots. Additional circuitry (19), (33) ensures that there will be one blank column between adjacent characters. This arrangement increases the legibility of the display and enables more characters to be displayed in the same space.

Abstract: Character codes having underline bits are read out of a memory (22). A character generator (18) generates character video signals in the form of horizontal scan lines corresponding to the codes. A line generator (30) generates line video signals corresponding to the underline bits. Where the apparatus is provided in a facsimile transmitter, the codes correspond to an identification of the station or the like and are entered into the memory (22) manually. Where the apparatus is provided in a facsimile receiver, the codes are received by a low speed modem (43) and stored in the memory (22). In either case, the receiver reproduces an original document in response to facsimile video signals with the identification characters, underlined where desired, superimposed on the document pattern.

Abstract: A television-type system for displaying characters of an alpha-numeric test n a horizontal line moving across the face of a TV monitor includes pulse-generator-fed frequency dividers emitting pulse sequences of which three are transmitted via viewer-operated selectors for forming two frequencies f.sub.L and f.sub.Z applied to shift registers of a character generator to determine character height and width and another frequency f.sub.G applied to the stepping input of a delay-increment counter to determine character speed. In response to character codes transmitted from an input unit via a read/write memory, the character generator emits binary signals combinable with horizontal and vertical sync pulses into a video signal fed to the monitor. The counter is reset upon every horizontal sync pulse to have a modulus n equal to the contents of a total-delay counter stepped by the vertical sync pulses and reset after N of the same by a divder calculating the quotient N=T.sub.Z /T.sub.

Abstract: A circuit for coded symbol conversion has first and second memories and a switching stage. Standard code characters from a keyboard are entered into the first memory and if the entered character is one which can be represented by a single binary word the switching stage enables transmission of the single word. If the entered character is one requiring more than one binary word for representation the input is transmitted to the second memory which generates an equivalent set of binary words to represent the symbol and further transmission is delayed until all such binary words are generated.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for coding, transmitting, receiving, and displaying remotely or locally, all Arabic-Farsi characters or letters, basic arithmetic signs, numerals, punctuation marks and diacritical marks, as well as teleprinter operation commands in 5-bit standard Baudot codes. An Arabic-Farsi teleprinter similar in operation to the English teleprinter and compatible with the International exchange systems is provided without eliminating any letter forms. The teleprinter operation (the ability to compress the data into 5-bit characters) is based upon two basic criteria of the Arabic-Farsi languages, namely: (1) the form (start, middle, end or independent) of a character can be known if the preceding character and the following characters are known; and (2) there are six characters that are identical except for the presence or absence of a dot.