Abstract: According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided an acoustic laminate including: a first layer of viscoelastic acoustic barrier material; a sound absorbing/decoupling batt affixed to the first layer of viscoelastic acoustic barrier material, the batt at rest defining a batt plane; the batt including a plurality of batt fibres; the batt further including retaining fibres, wherein the batt fibres and/or retaining fibres are disposed perpendicular to the batt plane and having end portions thereof disposed at a batt surface, the end portions affixed to the viscoelastic barrier material so that either the first layer of viscoelastic acoustic barrier material or the sound absorbing/decoupling batt itself may be retained in spaced relation from a mounting surface when the laminate is so mounted, the retention being achieved in any orientation by bearing a mass load of the batt or first layer of viscoelastic material along the axis of the affixed batt fibres and/or retaining fibres.

Abstract: An acoustical panel includes an acoustical layer has an interlocking matrix of calcium sulfate dihydrate, polyethylene glycol and at least one of the group fibers, a lightweight aggregate and mixtures thereof. The acoustical layer has voids in the interlocking matrix that are configured to absorb sound. The polyethylene glycol is selected to agglomerate dust at temperatures generated by friction when panel is cut. A method of making the acoustical panel includes making a slurry comprising calcium sulfate hemihydrate, polyethylene glycol, water and at least one of the group consisting of a lightweight aggregate, fibers and combinations thereof. Foam is added to the slurry, preferably at the mixer discharge. A continuous strip of acoustical layer material is formed from the slurry. The acoustical panels are formed by cutting the strip into individual panels. Finally, the partially hydrated calcium sulfate hemihydrate is allowed to fully set.

Abstract: A noise suppressor for an apparatus having a cooling fan and cooling duct includes a muffler including a reflection plate for reflecting sound from the cooling fan, the reflection plate being provided at a position in the cooling duct confronting the intake plane of the cooling fan and formed substantially parallel to the intake plane. A sound-absorbing part of the muffler is provided on the reflection plate, and a distance d between the reflection plate and the intake plane is set such that d<c/(2×f) where f is the sound-absorption frequency of the muffler and c is the speed of sound.

Abstract: A sound insulator, including an assembly of connected particles, wherein the connected particles include particles adjacent to one another that are adhered to one another. The particles that are adhered to one another include particles of random shapes and random sizes and having respective diameters falling within a range from about a quarter of a millimeter to about four millimeters. The particles that are adhered to one another are adhered such that they form a sound suppression blanket.

Abstract: An ultra light, noise reducing composite (1) comprises an acoustically transparent, light weight film (6) between an underlay layer (5) and an air flow resistance layer (4). This composite allows to easily tune the acoustic properties by balancing the absorption and sound transmission behaviour of the composite (1). This air flow resistance layer (4) has an air flow resistance of between 500 Ns/m3 and 10,000 Ns/m3 and an area mass between 200 g/m2 and 3,000 g/m2. The underlay layer (5) has a stiffness value in the range between 100 Pa and 100,000 Pa. The light weight film (6) may consist of a synthetic foil and preferably has a thickness of 0.01 mm.

Abstract: A sound insulating component includes a decoupling layer disposed under a cap layer comprising a thermoplastic cellular foam. Advantageously, the cap layer has sufficient rigidity to maintain a predetermined shape and has an airflow resistance that allows a predetermined amount of airflow through the sound insulating component. In another embodiment, a hybrid sound insulating component includes a cap layer and a decoupling layer with an airflow control layer interposed thereof. A method of making the sound control components is also provided.

Abstract: A sound absorptive multilayer composite having an air-impermeable barrier, an air-permeable reinforcing core having an airflow resistance of at least about 100 mks Rayls and a thickness at least about ? the final composite thickness, an air-permeable open cell foam or fibrous pad having an airflow resistance less than about 2000 mks Rayls and a thickness at least about 1/10 the final composite thickness and a semipermeable airflow-resistive membrane having an airflow resistance of about 500 to about 4000 mks Rayls can provide improved acoustic performance. For example, existing vehicular headliner designs may be improved by adding a properly chosen and properly positioned semipermeable airflow-resistive membrane, a properly chosen and properly positioned air-impermeable barrier, or a properly chosen and properly positioned open cell foam layer.

Abstract: A multi-layered fiber reinforced thermoplastic sound absorbing panel includes a porous fiber reinforced thermoplastic core layer having a first surface and a second surface, and includes a thermoplastic material and from about 20 weight percent to about 80 weight percent fibers, a tie layer covering the second surface of the core layer and including a thermoplastic material, and a barrier layer covering the tie layer. The barrier layer includes a thermoplastic material having a melting temperature higher than the melting temperature of the core layer thermoplastic material. The tie layer bonds the barrier layer to the core layer. The panel also includes a non-woven layer including a fabric bonded to the barrier layer. The non-woven layer forms an outer surface of the panel.

Abstract: An integrated noise suppression acoustic panel includes a back plate, a face plate, and a bulk foam absorber disposed between the back plate and the face plate. The bulk foam absorber is formed of a thermoset material, such as bismaleimide or phenolic, and is manufactured using a low pressure process. In particular, a foamable material is melted, and a blowing agent is mixed with the foamable material to obtain a mixture. The foam is formed and the mixture is cured by heating it to a temperature, and maintaining the mixture at the temperature for a time sufficient to cure the mixture.

Abstract: A device including a membrane having first and second faces; a first substrate disposed on the first face of the membrane and having (i) a plurality of first absorptive regions and (ii) a plurality of first reflective regions formed as wells in a face of the first substrate, the first absorptive regions and the first reflective regions arranged in a pre-defined grid pattern; a second substrate disposed on the second face of the membrane and having (i) a plurality of second absorptive regions and (ii) a plurality of second reflective regions formed as second wells in a face of the second substrate, the second absorptive regions and the second reflective regions arranged in the pre-defined grid pattern.

Abstract: A noise-absorbing device includes a substantially flat base and embossed and/or hollow elements each including at least one recess. This base reveals with the embossed and/or hollow elements, a configuration exhibiting a fractality zone of between 1 cm and 50 cm, of fractal dimension greater than 2.5 enabling the localization of the waves over the sound frequency range, in the vicinity of the elements.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an acoustical diffuser device, said apparatus comprising the main body from FIG. 1 and two lateral rigid supports (5), glued to the inside of the said diffuser which lateral supports are received, like a drawer, by two wooden rails (6), section T. The two wooden rails (6) are simply mounted on the wall or ceiling surface with screws or nails. The main diffuser body with his two drivers is mounted just like a drawer toward the two rails T or is embedded into the complex endless-screw containing base from FIGS. 6 (1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15). The main body is composed from three basically 3D shapes (1, 2, 3, and 4). Each fourth diffusers, displays together a new 3D shapes at their nearest point, FIGS. 10, 11 and 12. This diffuser may be used in any kind of room and geometry where the critical listening is needed such live or recorded music and music teaching.

Abstract: A thermoformable acoustic sheet formed by a compressed fibrous web including high melt and adhesive thermoplastic fibres in which the adhesive fibres are at least partially melted so that in the compressed web the adhesive fibres at least partially coat the high melt fibres and reduce the interstitial space in the fibre matrix. Also included is a method of producing a thermoformable acoustic sheet which includes the steps of heating a fibre web including high melt and adhesive thermoplastic fibres to at least partially melt the adhesive fibres and compressing the web to form a sheet so that the adhesive fibres at least partially coat the high melt fibres to reduce the interstitial space in the fibre matrix.

Abstract: A soundproofing assembly intended, in particular, to soundproof a motor vehicle. The inventive assembly includes four stacked layers, consisting respectively of: a first layer having an air resistance of between 500 and 2,000 N·m?3.s; a second porous, acoustic spring-type layer having a resistivity of between 10,000 N·m?4.s and 50,000 N·m?4.s; a third viscoelastic, airtight, heavy mass-type layer having a density that is greater than or equal to 1,500 Kg/m3 and a surface density of between 0.2 Kg/m2 and 9 Kg/m2; and a fourth porous, acoustic spring-type layer having a resistivity of between 10,000 N·m?4.s and 50,000 N·m?4.s.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sound absorber consisting of a first non-woven fabric facing towards the sound-emitting source having a layer thickness within a range of from 2 to 15 mm, a density within a range of from 50 to 500 kg/m3, a weight per surface area within a range of from 0.1 to 2.5 kg/m2, and a flow resistance within a range of from 50 to 1000 kNs/m4, and a second non-woven fabric facing away from the sound-emitting source has a layer thickness within a range of from 10 to 28 mm, a density within a range of from 20 to 100 kg/m3, a weight per surface area within a range of from 0.4 to 1 kg/m2, and a flow resistance within a range of from 10 to 40 kNs/m4.

Abstract: A method of acoustically attenuating noises of structure-borne origin in an article of manufacture by installing a laminated window having a glass sheet and an intermediate film, where the film has a loss factor tan ? greater than 0.6 and a shear modulus G? smaller than 2×107 N/m2 in a temperature range between 10 and 60° C. and in a frequency range between 50 and 10,000 Hz.

Abstract: An acoustic barrier that achieves excellent noise insulating properties, and is relatively thin and relatively light in weight includes a flexible thermoplastic barrier layer having a plurality of apertures defining a latticed structure which includes apertures for pass-through components and non-pass-through apertures. The non-pass-through apertures are located where noise levels are expected or known to be relatively low. Effective acoustic performance can be maintained by completely eliminating material from the relatively thick and dense barrier layer at the low noise levels areas, and providing only absorptive decoupler material and/or lightweight sheet material such as plastic films in those areas.

Abstract: A coating composition and process of applying the coating to a substrate are provided herein. The coating composition includes filler particles, binder and a liquid carrier, such as water. The filler particles have an average particle size in the range from about 100 to about 600 microns and preferably in the range from about 200 to about 450 microns. The coating composition comprises from about 15% to about 50% by weight liquid carrier and from about 35% to about 90% by dry solids weight filler particles. The coating composition preserves the acoustic performance characteristics of the substrate to which it is applied, while imparting a textured appearance to the substrate, making the substrate virtually indistinguishable from surrounding panels.

Abstract: An acoustical absorber, having the structure: scrim/film/batt/film/scrim. Preferably, the batt is made from about 60% to about 90% by weight natural fiber and about 10% to about 40% synthetic fiber. Also, a method of making the acoustical absorber is provided. Additionally, a method for acoustically insulating a structure with the acoustical absorber is provided. The method for acoustically insulating may include the steps of compressing the acoustical absorber to less than its original volume prior to installing the absorber and releasing the absorber from compression following the installing step, allowing the material to recover and to fill the void of the structure in which the absorber was placed.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an automotive protective mat (1), also known as throw in mat or protective mat. This mat comprises a microporous stiffening layer (2) (acoustical membrane). This layer may be composed of several sheets. The overall air flow resistance is between 500 Ns/m3–4000 Ns/m3. It is essential for this mat (1) that it is hydrophobic. In order to achieve an enhanced acoustical effectiveness a decoupling layer (6) is foreseen between the microporous stiffening layer (2) and the vehicle floor (8). This decoupling layer might be incorporated in the mat (1) or constituted by the underlaying carpet or sound absorber of the vehicle floor. Further layers or sheets such as adhesive layers, non skid layers, face fabrics or carpets and/or loft layers can be added to the claimed mat.

Abstract: A heat shield includes an inner portion, an outer portion, first and second insulating portions, and a deflecting portion. The inner portion includes a reflective material to reflect thermal energy that radiates from a heat/acoustic source. The outer portion includes a rigid material to provide structural support for the heat shield. The first and second insulating portions are intermediately positioned between the inner and outer portions. The deflecting portion is intermediately positioned between the first and second insulating portions to deflect acoustics from the heat/acoustic source. A method for manufacturing the heat shield is also disclosed.

Abstract: A multi-layer damping foil having a perforated lower layer facing towards a part to be damped, with properties which are suitable for adhering the damping foil onto the part. A non-perforated upper layer, facing away from the part, does not have adherence properties. Advantageously there may be provided between the upper and lower layers a thin film-like intermediate layer of non-woven fabric, kraft paper, or the like, which may have openings.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward providing a headliner for a motor vehicle comprising an interior layer adapted to present a surface that is exposed to the interior of the vehicle, a flexible film assembly that is supported by the interior layer opposite to the interior of the vehicle; and a fill layer adapted to be flowed over the flexible film and subsequently hardened to form a main supporting body of the headliner. The flexible film assembly has a first film layer adapted to establish a generally flat base surface that is mounted to the interior layer and a second film layer supported on the first film layer having a plurality of voids formed by portions of the second film layer that are spaced from said first film layer at predetermined intervals so as to establish an undulating upper surface of the film assembly. The plurality of voids are adapted to act as a plurality of resonating cavities to attenuate acoustical frequencies within the vehicle.

Abstract: The present invention relates an acoustical insulation material for sound attenuation containing a nonwoven web. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that an acoustical insulation material made from a nonwoven web of thermoplastic fibers having an average fiber diameter of less than about 7 microns, wherein the acoustical insulation has a thickness less than about 3 mm and a density of greater than about 50 kg/m3 is effective as a sound insulation material. The acoustical insulation is very effective as an acoustical insulation material, despite the low thickness and high density of the acoustical insulation. A method of attenuating sound waves passing from a sound source area to a second area using the acoustical insulation material is also disclosed.

Abstract: Sound radiating structure includes a plurality of pipes each defining an inner cavity along the length of the pipe. Each of the pipes has an end opening at one end and is closed at the other end with a closure. Each of the pipes also has a side opening in its one side portion. When a sound is input to the sound radiating structure, it re-radiates various sound waves through a number of the end and side openings together with reflected sound waves.

Abstract: A system for improved sound absorption, including a substrate of porous insulation material and of a first air flow resistance, and a facing material attached to the substrate and of a second air flow resistance, wherein a total system resistance is a combination of the first and second air flow resistances, and wherein the total system resistance and the second air flow resistance are of relatively low values.

Abstract: A sound absorbing panel comprising a standoff layer disposed between a back plate and a screen. The standoff layer supports the screen at a standoff distance from the back plate. The standoff distance is substantially equal to ¼ the wavelength of a sound to be absorbed. An alternate embodiment sound absorbing panel includes a felt layer between the standoff layer and the screen. Another alternate embodiment comprises an apertured membrane supported by standoffs at a standoff distance from the back plate. The standoffs could be any appropriate standoff shape including I standoffs, Z standoffs, and angled standoffs. In one alternate embodiment the apertured membrane is a screen. In another alternate embodiment the apertured membrane is a perforated plate.

Abstract: The invention concerns a sound-proofing panel, in particular a rotorcraft structural or lining panel: the sound-proofing panel (1) comprises at least two opposite plates (2, 3, 5, 6) forming between them a closed internal space (4), and an aggregate (7) including at least solid elements (8) in contact and which fills entirely said internal space (4).

Abstract: An acoustic isolator is placeable between a sound producing body and a resting surface. The acoustic isolator includes a foam member having a first surface for receiving the sound producing body and a second surface for engaging the resting surface. The foam member is composed of a supportive foam member capable of substantially preventing the transfer of sound induced vibrations between the sound producing body and the resting surface while sustaining an internal deflection of less than about thirty percent.

Abstract: This invention relates to a flexible headliner for an automotive vehicle. The headliner includes a flexible foam core layer having a nominal thickness of greater than 5 millimeters. A cover layer is bonded to a first side of the core layer. A backing layer is bonded to a second side of the core layer opposite the first side. The headliner is sized and shaped to conform to an interior roof of the vehicle. The invention also relates to particular methods of forming the headliner in a mold.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sound absorber consisting of two interconnected non-woven fabrics (1,2) bonded through thermoplastic and/or thermoset materials, wherein the non-woven fabric (1) facing towards the sound-emitting source has a layer thickness within a range of from 2 to 15 mm, a density within a range of from 50 to 500 kg/m3, a weight per surface area within a range of from 0.1 to 5 kg/m2, and a flow resistance within a range of from 50 to 1000 kNs/m4, and the non-woven fabric (2) facing away from the sound-emitting source has a layer thickness within a range of from 10 to 100 mm, a density within a range of from 20 to 100 kg/m3, a weight per surface area within a range of from 0.5 to 1 kg/m2, and a flow resistance within a range of from 10 to 40 kNs/m4, with a total thickness of the sound absorber within a range of from 12 to 30 mm and a total weight per surface area of the sound absorber within a range of from 0.5 to 3 kg/m2.

Abstract: A sound absorptive multilayer composite having an air-impermeable barrier, an air-permeable reinforcing core having an airflow resistance of at least about 100 mks Rayls and a thickness at least about ⅓ the final composite thickness, an air-permeable open cell foam or fibrous pad having an airflow resistance less than about 2000 mks Rayls and a thickness at least about {fraction (1/10)} the final composite thickness and a semipermeable airflow-resistive membrane having an airflow resistance of about 500 to about 4000 mks Rayls can provide improved acoustic performance. For example, existing vehicular headliner designs may be improved by adding a properly chosen and properly positioned semipermeable airflow-resistive membrane, a properly chosen and properly positioned air- impermeable barrier, or a properly chosen and properly positioned open cell foam layer.

Abstract: A sound absorptive multilayer composite having an air-impermeable barrier, an air-permeable reinforcing core having an airflow resistance of at least about 100 mks Rayls and a thickness at least about ⅔ the final composite thickness, and a semipermeable airflow-resistive decorative membrane having an airflow resistance of about 500 to about 4000 mks Rayls can provide improved acoustic performance while maintaining a low thickness.

Abstract: An automotive vehicle sound absorption system. An expandable material, such as an polymer-based foam, is disposed on a surface of a wall. Upon activation, the foam transforms, preferably during an automobile assembly operation, and remains bonded to surface for sound absorption.

Abstract: Structured pre-form bodies as panel lining for wide-band sound absorption are made of an open-cell foam material having a rigid framework co-vibrating in a resonant manner at low frequencies. The pre-form bodies have a base layer and a columnar structure positioned directly in front of or on the base layer. The columnar structure has a non-symmetrical distribution of height and cross-section, thereby forming a wide-band tuned moderator gap and the columnar height corresponds approximately to the density of the base layer. The columnar structure has a framework resonance adjustable as a function of parameters of the base layer.

Abstract: I have discovered a way to improve the sound of musical instruments that utilize a soundboard or sound generating surface such as found in stringed musical instruments. I accomplished this by establishing a pronounced textured acoustical diffusing surface to one or more of the overall surfaces of the vibrating sound generating surface or soundboard of a stringed musical instrument creating greater surface area from which to generate greater acoustic energy. The result-compared to existing methods of improving the performance of soundboards of stringed musical instruments-is improved volume, timbre, projection, and tonality and sustain of the acoustical sounds produced by the stringed musical instrument.

Abstract: The fine jet control type sound absorption system of this invention, aimed at absorbing low-frequency sound with both discrete frequency and broadband frequency to the same degree as already existing acoustic lining can do, is composed of two parts. One is a barrier wall covering an air space in which the concerning low-frequency sound propagates and having a multiplicity of small holes formed therein. The other is the means for causing a fine jet passing through these small holes into or out from the air space. This sound absorption system realizes a fine jet in the vicinity of the barrier wall for the purpose of canceling the sound inside the air space by means of the interference of the sound with the fine jets. Any of or a combination of shape of small holes, jet ejection angle or suction angle, amount of jet flow, thickness of a barrier wall back layer and air flow angle at which secondary air flows into the barrier wall back layer is selected.

Abstract: An acoustical insulation laminate having a porous polyolefin layer and a process for making the laminate. The laminate preferably includes a porous multiple density polyolefin film, a sound absorbing material and may include a face cloth on one or both sides of the laminate. The porous polyolefin film is preferably disposed between a sound source and the sound absorbing material improving the total noise reduction coefficient of the sound absorbing material alone while reducing the weight of laminates having similar noise reduction capabilities.

Abstract: An acoustical barrier comprises a layer of molded firm-flexible foam that is generally configured to match the acoustical requirements in an environment and mounted against a sound-transmitting substrate and can have one or more areas of patterned recesses along a substrate-facing side or varying thickness tailored to the intensity of sound transmitted through the sound-transmitting substrate with or without a thin, impervious barrier layer overlying the foam layer.

Abstract: A sound-deadening laminate, comprising a structural skin having a first face; and a layer of sound-deadening material, wherein the material has an equivalent Young's Modulus between 50 and 600 psi and is attached to the first face of the structural skin to form a laminate structure. The sound deadening laminate may be attached to framing members of a building.

Abstract: A heat-insulating an soundproofing lining for an engine compartment is disclosed, and a method of manufacturing the same, are disclosed. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the lining includes a first covering layer facing the engine. A duroplastic foam layer contacts the covering layer. A soundproofing layer contacts the duroplastic foam layer. A second covering layer contacts the soundproofing layer. According to another embodiment, a method of manufacturing a heat-insulating and soundproofing lining for an engine compartment is disclosed. The method includes the steps of (1) providing a first covering layer; (2) providing a duroplastic foam layer on the first covering layer; (3) providing a soundproofing layer on the first covering layer; (4) providing a second covering layer; and (5) pressing the layers together at an increased temperature and an increased pressure.

Abstract: Sound absorbing board (10) is made from recycled high density foam granulate (12) that has been mixed with a binder (14) and consolidated under pressure. Pores (16) are present in spaces between the granules. Each granule includes small pores (18). Sound is absorbed by thermal diffusion and viscous friction.

Abstract: A light absorbent for hygienic spaces comprising a porous mat. The normalized flow resistance of the mat is in the interval of 0.5-2.

Abstract: An acoustical absorber, having the structure: scrim/film/batt/film/scrim. Preferably, the batt is made from about 60% to about 90% by weight natural fiber and about 10% to about 40% synthetic fiber. Also, a method of making the acoustical absorber is provided. Additionally, a method for acoustically insulating a structure with the acoustical absorber is provided. The method for acoustically insulating may include the steps of compressing the acoustical absorber to less than its original volume prior to installing the absorber and releasing the absorber from compression following the installing step, allowing the material to recover and to fill the void of the structure in which the absorber was placed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a component part, especially a rear parcel shelf, and to a method for the production thereof, whereby the component part is provided with a honeycomb-like core layer (2) which is provided with a reinforcing layer (3, 4) on each side. This layer comprises a nonwoven that contains thermoplastic fibers. The core layer (2) is made of thermoplastic material and is connected to the thermoplastic fibers of the reinforcing layer (3, 4) b material fit. The reinforcing layer (3, 4) is precompressed and air permeable and has an air flow resistance ranging from 500 Nsm−3<R<3500 Nsm−3.

Abstract: A sound absorbing material having a homogenous mixture of an organic man-made fiber, an inorganic man-made fiber, a co-binder, and a cellulose material wherein the organic man-made fiber is polyester, the inorganic man-made fiber is fiberglass, and the co-binder is a thermo-setting resin. The cellulose material may include Kaolin clay and/or boric acid.

Abstract: In its first aspect the invention provides an electromechanical acoustic transducer (5) which is resistively terminated at the rear with a closely-coupled sound absorber (7) made from an aerogel with good acoustic absorption at low frequencies. The invention also provides an aerogel suitable for this use and which is a conglomerate of small particles packed so that there are spaces left therebetween to allow the passage of sound. Moreover, the invention provides an aerogel suitable for this use and comprised of multiple layers (17a etc.) of materials of graded properties, or comprised of material of continuously varying properties throughout the thickness of the absorbing structure, in the principal direction of sound from the source.

Abstract: A gas compression apparatus and method according to which an impeller rotates to flow fluid through a casing, and a plurality of vanes are mounted on a plate in the casing. A series of cells are formed in the plate to form an array of acoustic resonators to attenuate acoustic energy generated by the impeller.

Abstract: An improved acoustical system for inhibiting noise in a motor vehicle. The system comprises an impermeable layer and an underlayment adjacent to the impermeable layer. The underlayment includes a first fibrous layer and a second fibrous layer. The underlayment has an airflow resistance between about 2000 and about 5000 mks Rayls.

Abstract: A flexible, adhesively attachable, self-sealing, thermal and acoustical insulating shield has a needled, flexible, fibrous batt having an insulating layer of insulating fibers disposed between opposite binding layers of binding fibers. Binding fibers of each binding layer are needledly disposed through the insulating layer and an opposite binding layer to provide tufts of binding fibers protruding from the opposite binding layer so a to form a tufted upper surface and a tufted lower surface of the batt. A flexible adhesive is disposed and adhered substantially over the upper surface and, preferably, over lower surface of the batt such that the tufts on the upper and lower surfaces are secured to the surfaces by the adhesive. A flexible, protective foil is adjacent to, and preferably permanently adhered by the adhesive to, the lower surface of the batt.