Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methodologies, systems and apparatus for cooling a supersaturated or mixed-phase solution to increase the solubility of gases dissolved therein. In a fluid chromatography system, the mobile phase may include a pressurized mixture including a gas, such as CO2, and prior to fraction collection and/or detection a portion of the gas is extracted via a gas/liquid separator. Cooling the substantially liquid phase eluent exiting the gas/liquid separator increases the solubility of any remnant gas still dissolved within the eluent. The increased solubility of the remnant gas prevents out gassing, provides more consistent flow of the eluent through the system, and results in more efficient collection and analysis of a desired sample.

Abstract: Flue gas entry into the tunnel(s) of a furnace is controlled by varying the flow conductivity or size of the individual or groups of openings through the entry ports. The openings can be provided either as gaps between adjacent blocks, or through bores of varying diameter, or as inserts having orifices of varying diameter and a profile matching the ports in which they are placed. Matching the flow conductivity (or cross-sectional flow area) and pressure drop through the individual ports to the desired mass flow, the flue gas flow can be distributed evenly, or as otherwise desired, into different ports, intervals, and/or regions of the tunnel.

Abstract: A fuel system in particular of a motor vehicle, includes a fuel tank and a ventilation device for ventilating the fuel tank. The ventilation device has at least one separation device which has a temporary accumulator for liquid fuel. The separation device is made at least in part of a porous material and/or is filled with the porous material.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an ethylene cracking furnace, comprising at least one radiant section provided with a bottom burner and/or a side burner, and at least one set of radiant coil arranged along a longitudinal direction of the radiant section. The radiant coil is an at least two-pass coil having an N?1 structure, wherein N is preferably a natural number from 2 to 8. A manifold is arranged at an inlet end of a downstream tube of said at least two-pass coil, and an outlet end of each upstream tube of said at least two-pass coil is connected to the manifold through a curved connector. The arrangement according to the present disclosure can effectively reduce the expansion differences between the upstream tubes and the downstream tubes, and therefore reduce the stress caused thereby. Consequently, bending of the radiant coil can be avoided, thereby extending the service life of the radiant coil.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ethylene cracking furnace having a multi-pass radiant coil, comprising at least one radiant section. In the radiant section there are provided with bottom burners and/or sidewall burners, and at least one set of multi-pass radiant coil longitudinally arranged in the radiant section. The multi-pass radiant coil is a four- to ten-pass type radiant coil. At least one tube of the multi-pass radiant coil is arranged to be spatially adjacent to a tube which is not consecutive to said at least one tube. With this arrangement, the thermal radiation influence between tubes with high temperature can be reduced, so that the tubes with low temperature can absorb the radiation heat from the tubes with high temperature. Therefore, the surface temperature of the tubes with high temperature can be reduced, thus extending the lifetime of the radiant coil and the operational cycle of the cracking furnace.

Abstract: A tube coil for a double fired coker heater wherein the tube coil has at least two independent flow passes in an intertwined serpentine pattern. The tubes are located in a common plane and plumbed in parallel with one another. These tube coils can be used in a number of configurations within the radiant section of a coker heater.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present techniques include a heat exchange apparatus including: a) a body comprising an interior cavity, the body including: a first surface and a second surface defining at least a portion of the body and the first surface positioned exterior with respect to the second surface and the interior cavity, and the second surface positioned exterior with respect to the interior cavity and interior with respect to the first surface; b) a first conduit for conveying a fluid to the body; c) a second conduit in fluid communication with the first conduit wherein the second conduit is positioned at least partially within the interior cavity of the body; and d) a joint between the first conduit and the second conduit, wherein the joint moves between a first location and a second location based on the temperature within the interior cavity, wherein at least one of said first location and said second location is positioned intermediate the first surface and the second surface.

Abstract: Systems and methods for extracting recoverable materials from source materials are provided. According to one embodiment, a plasma furnace includes an open-faced tray, a pair of arc rods, Faraday coils and a smooth interior surface. The open-faced tray carries tar sands from one end of the plasma furnace to another. The arc rods are disposed above the open-faced tray and are operable to generate a plasma energy field for vaporizing bitumen contained within the tar sands. The Faraday coils are positioned underneath the open-faced tray to create a magnetic field proximate to the tar sands and cause the plasma energy field to penetrate and heat the tar sands to a temperature sufficient to release a bond between the bitumen and the tar sands by focusing and drawing the plasma energy field through the tar sands. Vaporized bitumen condenses on the smooth interior surface from which it is collected.

Abstract: A cracking furnace having a firebox provided with cracking coils is described. The cracking coils have at least one inlet, at least one inlet section, at least one outlet and at least one outlet section, and burners, and the parts of the coils are shielded. A process for cracking hydrocarbon feeds, and making use of a furnace with the thermal shielding are also described.

Abstract: A pyrolysis heater particularly for the cracking of hydrocarbons in the production of olefins has a burner arrangement in the firebox which includes staged combustion low NOx hearth burners firing upwardly in the firebox adjacent to the walls. Wall stabilizing gas fuel injection tips, located at an elevation above the hearth burners, inject fuel upwardly between the walls and the flame from the hearth burners. This prevents rollover of the flame onto the process heater coil and overheating of the coil.

Abstract: Tubes within a radiant heating section of a coking furnace are arranged differently than in a single vertical column and connected together in a simple, planar serpentine pattern. The tubes are arranged in a plurality of offset or staggered vertical columns. This arrangement permits the upper tubes to be close to the radiant heat source and allows the tube bends connecting adjacent tubes to be of greater radius, so that the pressure at which the feedstock is passed through the tube bundle can be lower allowing more vaporization of the cracked process fluids.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pyrolysis furnace with new type radiant tubes arrangement and method of its operation and usage. The first pass tubes and second pass tubes of radiant tubes of pyrolysis furnace according to the present invention are located at two parallel planes respectively, the projection of second pass tube of radiant tubes in each group is corresponding to the center location of projection connecting line of two first pass tubes adjacent therewith. The present invention can also employ top burners and bottom burners; the inlet of crossover section is located at middle-upper portion of radiant section wall. The present invention has the feature of uniform heat conduction, high effectiveness, flexible and simple operation and control, and small investment, it is suitable for cracking reaction of hydrocarbons feedstock.

Abstract: The present invention provides a furnace and process that relies on a multiplicity of radiant heating tubes, each in the form of a U-shaped coil, that are mounted within a furnace firebox such that an inlet leg of any one of the plural tubes is immediately adjacent and spaced apart from an outlet leg of another one of the plural tubes within the firebox of a thermal cracking furnace. This spacial pairing of an inlet leg of one tube with an outlet leg of another tube of the plural radiant heating tubes of the cracking furnace maximizes utilization of the available radiant heat within the firebox of a thermal cracking furnace while reducing the likelihood of localized hot spotting that could produce coke-tar plugging of a tube.

Abstract: An apparatus for separating vaporous mixtures of hydrocarbons, water and emulsifier derived from the remediation of wellbore fluid, such as a mud containing solid particulate material in which the vaporous mixture is quenched with a hydrocarbon stream which is at a temperature above the boiling point of water and below the boiling point of the hydrocarbons in the vaporous stream. Most of the hydrocarbons in the vaporous stream and substantially all of the emulsifier are condensed into the hydrocarbon quench to form an oil stream. The water is recovered from the hydrocarbon quench as a vaporous stream and quenched with water. The quenched water and any residual heavier hydrocarbons are separated by phase separation.

Abstract: A method for reducing the viscosity of a liquid heavy hydrocarbon feedstock comprising the steps of bringing said feedstock to a temperature capable of cracking of at least a portion of the hydrocarbons present in said feedstock and introducing said feedstock into a bottom portion of a maturation device (i.e. a "soaker"), where the feedstock is displaced from the bottom upwards, to get evacuated from a top portion of the soaker towards a fractioning unit. The invention also relates to an apparatus comprising a soaker in which are located, transversely to the direction of displacement of the feedstock to be treated, a plurality of annular discs spaced apart from one another, each disc comprising a circular central passage substantially coaxial to the soaker, the treated feedstock circulating from the bottom portion upwards in the soaker through the central passages of the various annular discs.

Abstract: The invention provide a process for energy recovering through waste classification and calcination and an apparatus therefor, comprises crushing and sorting various types of wastes and by means of a series of classification, calcination and recovering treatments, recovering and reusing efficiently fuel oil, fuel gas and residues as well as electric power and heat required for the apparatus in the self-supplying feedback system of the invention, and additionally, lowering successfully the possibility of secondary pollution from wastes disposal.

Abstract: There is provided a process and a device with a convection zone (A) and a radiation zone (B) in a furnace (10), whereby the process includes: a first stage of precracking a feedstock of light hydrocarbons (1) and a second stage of final co-cracking of the mixture that is composed of this precracked light feedstock (7) and a feedstock of heavy hydrocarbons (2). The process further includes: separate heating of the two feedstock streams (1 and 2) in the convection zone (A), in which the preheating temperature of each feedstock stream remains below the initial cracking temperature in each case; precracking (5) of the preheated light hydrocarbons; mixing of precracked light hydrocarbon stream (8) while a mixed stream (9) is formed; intense heating of mixed stream (9) to a temperature that is higher than the initial cracking temperature by virtue of the fact that the mixture is introduced into the radiation zone (B) of the furnace (10); and cooling (15) of cracked gases outside the furnace (10).

Abstract: Apparatus for reclaiming a useful oil product has an evaporation chamber, including an inlet for the waste oil, and an outlet for the vaporized oil, as a useful oil product. Burners are provided for heating the evaporation chamber to vaporized oil from the waste oil. A pump and float arrangement are provided for monitoring the level of waste oil in the evaporation chamber, and for pumping additional waste oil into the chamber to maintain the waste oil at a desired level. Continuous operation of the apparatus results in a build up of solid waters, e.g. heavy metals, in the chamber. After a period of operation, the burners are turned off, and the chamber opened, to enable the solid residue to be removed from the chamber. The vaporized oil can be condensed and collected.

Abstract: An apparatus for recycling or decompstiong waste plastic is decomposed in a diluent such as hot oil through actions involving free readical precursors, such as polyvinyl chloride or polyurethane is achieved at low temperatures. The thermal decompostion (or pyrolysis) reaction is for about 1 hour at 375.degree. C. annd usable products, such as distillate, coke and oil are recovered. Additonally the diluent my ber recycled within the apparatus.

Abstract: A thermal decomposition apparatus for plastics wherein plastics are melted and thermally decomposed, and the resulting decomposition gas is cooled for condensation and recovered in the form of a thermal decomposition oil. The apparatus comprises a thermal decomposition reactor for melting and thermally decomposing the plastics therein, an extraneous matter discharge duct having one end opened in a melt of plastics within the reactor, an extraneous matter collecting container connected to the other end of the discharge duct, and an aspirator for aspirating extraneous matter within the reactor together with the melt through the discharge duct into the container.

Abstract: A thermal decomposition apparatus for plastics wherein plastics are melted and thermally decomposed, and the resulting decomposition gas is cooled for condensation and recovered in the form of a thermal decomposition oil. The apparatus comprises a thermal decomposition reactor for melting and thermally decomposing the plastics therein, an extraneous matter discharge duct having one end opened in a melt of plastics within the reactor, an extraneous matter collecting container connected to the other end of the discharge duct, and an aspirator for aspirating extraneous matter within the reactor together with the melt through the discharge duct into the container.

Abstract: An enhanced hydrocarbon pyrolysis reactor for the production of olefins. The reactor provides enhanced heat transfer, reduced pressure drop, and reduced energy requirements while increasing selectivity and olefin yield. The radiant section tubes of the reactor, according to the invention, are shaped to provide a continuously increasing volume per unit length from inlet to outlet of the reactor. This increase in volume may be achieved by either expanding the effective inside radius of the reactor tube and/or increasing the outside radius of the tube while increasing the inside effective radius. Alternatively, since embodiments of reactors according to the invention have internal fins, the fin size and shape may be modified to provide the required increasing volume per unit length.

Abstract: Apparatus for reclaiming a useful oil product has an evaporation chamber, including an inlet for the waste oil, and an outlet for the vaporized oil, as a useful oil product. Burners are provided for heating the evaporation chamber to vaporize oil from the waste oil. A pump and a float arrangement are provided for monitoring the level of waste oil in the evaporation chamber, and for pumping additional waste oil into the chamber to maintain the waste oil at a desired level. Continuous operation of the apparatus results in a build up of solid wastes, e.g. heavy metals, in the chamber. After a period of operation, the burners are turned off, and the chamber opened, to enable the solid residue to be removed from the chamber. The vaporized oil can be condensed and collected.

Abstract: In a pyrolytic furnace for the thermal cracking of hydrocarbons, cracking tubes are combined into uniformly arranged groups in the radiation zone of the pyrolytic furnace. The cracking tubes in the radiation zone consist of straight, vertically extending tube sections, manifold tube sections, and tube elbows. The cracking tubes of one group are joined, in the throughflow direction, via manifold tube sections and terminate in an outlet tube. The cracking tubes are arranged in the radiation zone in one plane, except for the juts of the tube elbows. The straight tube sections, subjected to a throughflow from the bottom toward the top and combined in the outlet tube, are located between the straight tube sections subjected to a throughflow from the top toward the bottom and leading into the tube elbows. The curvatures of respectively one-half of the tube elbows of one group extend in the same direction, the direction of curvature of the halves of the tube elbows being in opposition.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method are provided reclaiming a useful oil product from waste oil, such as used lubricating oil. The apparatus comprises an oil feed means, a boiler, a heater and a separating means. The heater is used to heat the waste oil in the boiler to a temperature such that lighter hydrocarbons remain unvolatilized, trapping contaminants therewith. The separating means separates the volatilized lighter hydrocarbons from the unvolatilized heavier hydrocarbons and contaminants.

Abstract: A pyrolysis furnace for cracking hydrocarbons comprising a furnace; a pair of inlet tubes extending generally vertically within the furnace and connected to an outlet tube having a larger diameter than either of the inlet tubes and extending generally vertically within the furnace to an outlet; and burners for imparting radiant heat adjacent to the inlet tubes and adjacent to the outlet tube. The inlet tubes and the outlet tube define a single pass configuration through the furnace.

Abstract: A thermal cracking furnace comprising horizontally disposed and vertically disposed radiant tube sections.

Abstract: An improved hydrocarbon pyrolysis process and apparatus for the production of ethylene comprising a novel furnace comprised of an unfired superheater radiant section and a fired radiant section, adiabatic tube reactor and quench boiler is provided.

Abstract: Apparatus for the cracking of hydrocarbons in the presence of steam for the production of olefins and diolefins which includes a thermal radiation enclosure enclosing at least one cracking tube having an inlet to which the hydrocarbons and steam are supplied and having an outlet for the cracking products. The internal diameter of the tube diminishes continuously or discontinuously from the inlet to the outlet and the ratio between the internal diameters of the tube at the inlet and the outlet is between 1.2 and 3. The ratio of the length of the tube within the enclosure to the mean internal diameter of the tube is between 200 and 600. Heat is supplied to the tube by burners within the enclosure so that the thermal power applied along the length of the tube increases in the direction from the inlet to the outlet and so that the ratio between the thermal power applied to the half of the tube extending from the inlet to the thermal power applied to the remaining half of the tube is between 40/60 and 15/85.

Abstract: A cracking furnace for thermal cracking of hydrocarbon feedstocks has a central burner provided vertically at the center of the ceiling of a combustion chamber, side burners provided vertically at both sides of the central burner, and reaction tubes vertically arranged between the central burner and resepctive side burners. The reaction tubes are arranged in rows along the longitudinal direction of the chamber and form arch bands at the lower part of the combustion chamber. A combustion gas-inducting duct is provided at the bottom of the chamber, a quenching heat exchanger is provided at the upper part of the chamber, and a reaction tube exit header is provided for connecting a plurality of exits of the reaction tubes to the quenching heat exchanger.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of olefins by the cracking of hydrocarbons consisting in passing a mixture of hydrocarbons and steam flowing in a cracking tube disposed inside a radiation zone of a furnace. The process is characterized in that an increase of the cracking temperature of the mixture between the inlet and the outlet of the radiation zone is associated to a non-homogeneous distribution of the thermal power of the furnace, greater at the beginning of the cracking tube than at the end, and to a reaction volume which is greater in the second half of the length tube than in the first one. The present invention relates also to a cracking furnace in which between the inlet and the outlet of the radiation zone the diameter of the cracking tube increases and the thermal power of the burners used to heat the cracking tube decreases.

Abstract: A cracking furnace for naphtha and other hydrocarbons or, in general, for the rapid heating of a fluid feed stack has one or more tubular elements satisfying the following conditions: d.sub.h 32 F/U.ltoreq.40mm, and D/d.gtoreq.2, wherein: d.sub.h =the hydraulic diameter of the flow passage defined as the ratio of the flow cross-sectional area to the inner peripheral dimension therearound; F=the flow cross-sectional area; U=the inner peripheral dimension of the flow cross section; d=the cross-sectional height of the flow cross section; and D=the width of the flow cross section.

Abstract: A reaction tube system of a steam reformer, more generally referred to as tubular cracking furnace, for the indirect heating of cracking feedstock, such as the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons, includes a plurality of reaction tubes and headers, the reaction tubes penetrating through the bottom of the steam reformer and being extended to the associated header by low-alloy tube sections attached to the tubes by circumferential welds. The reaction tubes are surrounded in the area of the weld(s) by a coaxial protective tube having one open end and defining a free annular space around the reaction tube. The protective tube prevents deterioration by corrosion of the weld(s) joining the tube sections of high-alloy steel with low-alloy extension sections with unalloyed steel extension section.

Abstract: A bench scale hydrocarbon reactor simulator accurately simulating full scale reactor coking conditions wherein the rate of coking may be measured by maintaining constant temperature of the reactor simulator exit gas by a temperature responsive circuit varying power supplied to a heater, the increase in power to the heater being proportional to deposition of coke on the heater sheath.

Abstract: Improved method and apparatus for distributing a fluid, e.g., a liquid-vapor mixture, through a conduit, e.g., a tube in a direct fired heater, involving at least one reduction means located inside the conduit to abruptly reduce the inside cross-sectional area of the conduit available for flow of the fluid, provided that the inside cross-sectional area of the conduit is substantially the same both before and after the reduction means.

Abstract: A tube furnace for the cracking of organic feed stock, e.g. naphtha to ethylene, comprises a chamber traversed by at least one conduit system for the organic feed stock. The conduit system in the region of the inlet comprises a plurality of pipes which are united at an intermediate location and communicate jointly with a single pipe forming the discharge portion of the duct system. Preferably the flow cross section of the duct system increases from the inlet to the outlet end. Burners are provided in the wall of the chamber.

Abstract: A tube furnace for the cracking of organic feed stock, e.g. naphtha to ethylene, comprises a chamber traversed by at least one conduit system for the organic feed stock. The conduit system in the region of the inlet comprises a plurality of pipes which are united at an intermediate location and communicate jointly with a single pipe forming the discharge portion of the duct system. Preferably the flow cross section of the duct system increases from the inlet to the outlet end. Burners are provided in the wall of the chamber.

Abstract: A tube furnace, especially for the cracking of hydrocarbons, comprises a heat and combustion chamber in which the hydrocarbons are passed through a plurality of tube coils lying in planes parallel to the walls of the chamber and having predominantly vertical stretches. Preferably, a plurality of tube coils is provided and lies along respective walls of the vessel with each pair of tube coils communicating with a common tube coil of larger cross section extending into the interior of the chamber.

Abstract: Vertical tube type cracking furnace in which a convection-heating section for preheating the process fluid is provided above the combustion chamber, and gas passages connecting the convection-heating section and the combustion chamber are symmetrically provided.