Abstract: An electrochemical reaction device includes: a first reactor including a first room and a second room, the first room being configured to store a gas containing carbon dioxide or a first electrolytic solution containing carbon dioxide, and the second room being configured to store a second electrolytic solution containing water; a cathode disposed in the first room, the cathode being configured to reduce the carbon dioxide and thus produce a reduction product; an anode disposed in the second room, the anode being configured to oxidize the water and thus produce an oxidation product; a first pressure adjuster configured to adjust pressure in the first room; a temperature detector configured to detect a temperature in the first reactor to form a detection signal; and a controller configured to control the pressure adjuster in accordance with the detection signal from the temperature detector.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a biocide-generating device for outputting a biocide to a water system. The biocide-generating device includes a power circuit positioned within a housing that defines an electrolytic cell of the biocide-generating device.

Abstract: A water quality and flow monitoring and control apparatus, method and system installed at an end user location and being capable of monitoring one or more of the following water quality parameters: microorganisms (including E. coli), mineral or other ion concentration, pH, temperature, and turbidity. The system also has a water meter that detects the flow of water and has a valve to shut the flow of water off upon detecting a fault condition such as a leak.

Abstract: An electrolyzed water generation device is provided with a first flow passage delivering electrolyzed water generated in one of a first polar chamber and a second polar chamber of an electrolytic chamber, a second flow passage delivering electrolyzed water generated in the other one of the first polar chamber and the second polar chamber, a double autochange crossline valve in which a flow rate regulating valve 74 and a flow passage switching valve 85 are interlocked, a polarity switching unit 51 switching the polarities of a first power feeder 41 and a second power feeder 42, and a determination unit 52 determining switching timing of the polarity switching unit 51 and the flow passage switching valve 85. The determination unit 52 integrates electrolysis time in the electrolytic chamber 40 and determines that the switching timing arrives when an integrated electrolysis time t reaches a predetermined threshold value T without the polarity being switched.

Abstract: A hydrogen station includes a state management apparatus that is connected to each of a plurality of systems and manages the states of the plurality of systems, and a safety control apparatus that is formed separately from the main equipment and is connected to the state management apparatus. The state management apparatus performs first watchdog control to check operations of the plurality of systems and the safety control apparatus performs second watchdog control to check an operation of the state management apparatus. The state management apparatus or the safety control apparatus cuts off the power supply from the safety control apparatus to the main equipment if an abnormality is recognized by the second watchdog control, even if the first watchdog control indicates correct operation.

Abstract: An apparatus for an electro-fluidic flow probe includes a body portion including an electro-fluidic bias tee for receiving (i) a fluid electrolyte and (ii) an electrical connection for providing an electrical potential to the fluid electrolyte; a first inlet including a tube extending from the first inlet to an outlet through the electro-fluidic bias tee; and a second inlet including the electrical connection having a wire that extends from the second inlet to the outlet through the electro-fluidic bias tee to transfer the electrical potential to a device under test.

Abstract: A method for removing ammonia nitrogen in an aqueous solution is provided in the present invention. The method includes performing an electrolysis reaction using an electrolysis device, such that the ammonia nitrogen is converted into nitrogen gas, nitrate or nitrite. The electrolysis device includes an anode including metal nickel, nickel hydroxide or nickel oxyhydroxide, and a cathode including metal copper. The method has high selectivity of converting the ammonia nitrogen into the nitrogen gas.

Abstract: A method and system generate reductive and/or oxidative chemical species in an aqueous fluid stream to disinfect and/or remove contamination. A filter is provided having a filter element of at least two porous carbon support layers and a silicate wool or glass wool layer in direct contact with and between the at least two porous carbon support layers. Electric current is passed through the filter element. A fluid stream containing elemental halogens and/or halide salts is passed through the filter element, distributing halogens or halides within the filter element. contaminants from the fluid mass onto the filter element, thereby disinfecting or removing the contaminants. Oxidizing contaminants from the fluid mass are adsorbed onto the filter element, thereby disinfecting or removing the contaminants.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for a low maintenance, high reliability on-site electrolytic generator incorporating automatic cell monitoring for contaminant film buildup, as well as automatically removing or cleaning the contaminant film. This method and apparatus preferably does not require human intervention to clean. For high current density cells, cleaning is preferably performed by reversing the polarity of the electrodes and applying a lower current density to the electrodes, preferably by adjusting the salinity or brine concentration of the electrolyte while keeping the voltage constant. Electrolyte flow preferably comprises water and brine flows which are preferably separately monitored and automatically adjusted. For bipolar cells, flow between modules arranged in parallel is preferably approximately equally distributed between modules and between intermediate electrodes within each module.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for preparing electrolyzed sterilizing water. More specifically, the present invention relates to an apparatus for preparing electrolyzed sterilizing water, wherein a rotator is provided inside a mixing portion, thereby uniformly mixing and dispersing an electrolysis product and feed water.

Abstract: A redox flow battery includes an anolyte storage tank configured for containing a quantity of anolyte and an anolyte headspace; a catholyte storage tank configured for containing a quantity of a catholyte and a catholyte headspace; and a gas management system comprising at least one conduit interconnecting the anolyte headspace and the catholyte headspace, and a gas exchange device configured to contain or release an evolving gas from either or both of the anolyte and catholyte storage tanks to an exterior battery environment when an interior battery pressure exceeds an exterior battery pressure by a predetermined amount.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrolysis water-making apparatus where an electrolytic cell in which a unit cell is provided in a casing, is fixed to an installation base by a fixture attached to the electrolytic cell, and, through a pipe group, electrolyte solution is supplied into the electrolytic cell, and electrolyzed products produced in the electrolytic cell are delivered. The electrolysis water-making apparatus is characterized in that: in the installation base, there are formed one or two or more through holes, depending on the size of the electrolytic cell, through which through hole the end part of the fixture can be inserted; an end part of the fixture is inserted through a through hole, which is selected from the one or two or more through holes depending on the size of the electrolytic cell; and an end part of the fixture which projects from the installation base is locked on the installation base.

Abstract: A system comprises a plurality of electrochemical cells each comprising an anode chamber and a cathode chamber, each cell configured to electrolyze electrolyte to generate an anolyte and a catholyte, a plurality of sets of one or more flow control devices, each of the sets being configured to control a flow rate of the electrolyte into a corresponding cell, a plurality of current measuring devices, each configured to measure a current across a corresponding one of the plurality of cells, and a control system in data communication with the flow control devices and the current measuring devices. The control system is configured to compare the measured current across each of the cells to a current set point, and control the flow control devices to adjust the flow rate of the electrolyte in response to a difference between the measured current across a cell and the current set point.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a surface structure control and preparation process for a metal nanocatalyst involving a metal nanocatalyst. The present disclosure provides a surface structure control and continuous preparation system for a metal nanocatalyst, a metal nanocatalyst having an open surface structure and high surface energy, and a surface structure control and a preparation process thereof. The system is provided with a nucleation electrolytic cell, a distribution valve, at least two growth electrolytic cells, with two ends of the distribution valve being connected to an output port of the nucleation electrolytic cell and to input port of all the growth electrolytic cells, respectively. The metal nanocatalyst having an open surface structure is a single metal nanoscale crystal and has a high density of terrace atoms or active sites on the surface thereof.

Abstract: A gas generator for health use is provided. The gas generator for health use includes an electrolysis device for electrolyzing water and producing a gas mixture that includes hydrogen and oxygen. The gas generator for health use further includes a gas mixing system coupled to the electrolysis device to receive the gas mixture. The gas mixing system is adapted to mix the gas mixture with water vapor, an atomized medicinal liquid, a volatile essential oil or a combination thereof to produce a health gas for being inhaled by a user.

Abstract: A method is disclosed in which water is pumped continuously into one end of a container, the pollutants are captured and floated to the surface, the treated and cleaned water flows out the other end and the floated pollutants are removed. In one embodiment, the system consists of at least one container that has a set of electrically active plates and a mechanism for capturing and removing the pollutants that are floated to the surface by the electrically active plates. Multiple containers can be connected in series and used for similar or separate purposes to remove the pollutants. In another embodiment, the single container is partitioned into a multiple of chambers. Each chamber can be used for a similar or separate purpose, which purpose depends upon the application. In both embodiments, the primary reaction consists of electroflocculation, in which a low voltage is applied across a set of metal plates. This liberates metal ions and gas bubbles.

Abstract: A flow controller which uses a combination of hydrostatic pressure and electroosmotic flow to control the flow of a fluid. A driving fluid (1204) whose flow rate is dependent on both hydrostatic pressures and electroosmotic flow can be used (a) directly as a working fluid in an operable device, for example a chromatograph, or (b) to displace a working fluid (1203) from a storage container (625) into an operable device (1301), or both (a) and (b). The driving fluid (1204) can be composed of one or more fluids. Part or all the driving fluid (1204) is passed through an electroosmotic device (100) so as to increase or decrease the flow rate induced by hydrostatic pressure.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the processing of fluids and/or their carriers. Carriers may comprise pipes, tubes and the like or reservoirs for the distribution and/or storage of fluids. In one form, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus that is suitable for use in the treatment of various fluids, such as water, by introducing at least one chemically active metal into the water and its carriers for disinfection of the water in a controlled manner. The invention also relates to a biasing means for displacement of an electrode arrangement to allow for the introduction of ions into a fluid at a controlled or easily monitored rate that is commensurate with the amount of fluid flow.

Abstract: A water decontaminization system and method which utilizes an apparatus for producing hydroxyl ions through hydrolysis of water molecules to oxydize contaminents in the water. The apparatus includes a water chamber with an input water conduit and an output water conduit to establish a water flow in the chamber, in which electrodes positioned in the water chamber apply a voltage potential which causes electric current to flow through the water to create hydroxyl ions in the water, in a manner effective to kill contaminents such as viruses, bacteria, algae, organic substances, etc.

Abstract: A system for hydrogen sulfide removal from a sour gas mixture including hydrogen sulfide. The sour gas mixture is reacted with a transition metal compound in a scrubber. Sulfide from the hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to form elemental sulfur and the transition metal is reduced to form a reduced state transition metal compound. An electrochemical redox reaction is performed including the reduced state transition metal compound to regenerate the transition metal compound in an electrolyzer including a power source. During the electrochemical redox reaction a voltage from the power source applied to the electrolyzer is controlled to regenerate the transition metal compound at a rate sufficient to match a flow rate of hydrogen sulfide into the scrubber or maintain a predetermined maximum hydrogen sulfide level out from the scrubber. The transition metal compound regenerated is returned to the scrubber for the reacting.

Abstract: Hydrogen generating apparatus that is capable of controlling the amount of hydrogen generation. The hydrogen generating apparatus has an electrolyzer, a first electrode, a second electrode, a switch, which is located between the first electrode and the second electrode, a flow rate meter, which measures an amount of hydrogen generation in the second electrode, and a switch controller, which receives a set value, compares the amount of hydrogen generation measured by the flow rate meter with the set value, and controls an on/off status of the switch. The amount of hydrogen generation can be controlled by use of on/off time and/or on/of frequency of the switch.

Abstract: An odor treatment device for septic tanks, including an electrolytic oxidation module that has one or multiple electrode sets and processes odor precursors or organic matters that cause odor from organic wastewater and excretion flow inside by an electrolytic oxidation reaction; a supply line through which the excretion is supplied from a septic tank to the electrolytic oxidation module; a circulation line through which the organic wastewater and excretion with the odor precursors and organic matters processed by the electrolytic oxidation module are circulated back to the septic tank; a circulation pump that is disposed in the supply line and continuously circulates the organic wastewater and excretion; a direct current power supply unit that supplies direct current to the electrode sets of the electrolytic oxidation module; and a pump power supply unit that supplies power to the circulation pump.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing electrolytic reduced water, the apparatus including a water purifying unit configured to generate purified water by filtering water, an electrolytic reduced water generating unit comprising a first electrode and a second electrode, which have different polarities, configured to receive the purified water through a first pipe connected to the water purifying unit and configured to generate reduced water containing dissolved hydrogen gas by performing electrolysis on the purified water through the first electrode and the second electrode. a control unit configured to determine a point of time for switching polarities of the first electrode and the second electrode based on the detected water quality and to control an operation of the power supply unit such that the polarities of the first electrode and the second electrode are switched if it is determined that the point of time is reached.

Abstract: It is a task of the present invention to provide an electrolytic apparatus for producing fluorine or nitrogen trifluoride by electrolyzing a hydrogen fluoride-containing molten salt, the electrolytic apparatus being advantageous in that the electrolysis can be performed without the occurrence of the anode effect even at a high current density and without the occurrence of an anodic dissolution. In the present invention, this task has been accomplished by an electrolytic apparatus for producing fluorine or nitrogen trifluoride by electrolyzing a hydrogen fluoride-containing molten salt at an applied current density of from 1 to 1,000 A/dm2, the electrolytic apparatus using a conductive diamond-coated electrode as an anode.

Abstract: A wind turbine for use in the generation of electricity employs a generator which enables the efficient production of DC electrical power through the use of a low and variable speed and variable torque design. This design eliminates the cost and complexity of variable pitch turbine blades and/or mechanical gear boxes. The design includes a large diameter axial flux generator which utilizes either permanent magnets or current induced field coils. The design preferably employs an equal number of armature coils and field coils or permanent magnets in the case of single phase operation or 1? field coils or permanent magnets for every armature coil for three phase operation. The three phase operation can also be accomplished by using three separate rotor disks on the generator with appropriate indexing of the rotor disk and armature coils.

Abstract: An electrolysis device for preparation of hypochlorous water is provided, comprising an electrolytic cell, and cathodic and anodic electrolytic sheets arranged in the electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolytic cell is separated to form an inner tank for containing hydrochloric acid and an outer tank for circulating tap water, a central portion of the inner tank is sealed and separated relative to the outer tank, and a chlorine discharge outlet connected to the outer tank is provided at the upper end of the inner tank; the cathodic and anodic electrolytic sheets are located on both sides of the inner tank. The electrolysis device without a membrane utilizes tap water and hydrochloric acid as raw materials, having an inner tank for containing hydrochloric acid and an outer tank for circulating tap water. Chlorine generated through electrolysis of hydrochloric acid is discharged from the chlorine discharge outlet and combined with tap water in the outer tank to generate hypochlorous acid.

Abstract: It is a task of the present invention to provide an electrolytic apparatus for producing fluorine or nitrogen trifluoride by electrolyzing a hydrogen fluoride-containing molten salt, the electrolytic apparatus being advantageous in that the electrolysis can be performed without the occurrence of the anode effect even at a high current density and without the occurrence of an anodic dissolution. In the present invention, this task has been accomplished by an electrolytic apparatus for producing fluorine or nitrogen trifluoride by electrolyzing a hydrogen fluoride-containing molten salt at an applied current density of from 1 to 1,000 A/dm2, the electrolytic apparatus using a conductive diamond-coated electrode as an anode.

Abstract: A hydrogen generation and storage system provides energy storage and energy production through use of hydrogen. The system may comprise a hydrogen generation subsystem and a storage subsystem. Typically, the system will be powered by a renewable or environmentally friendly electrical source, such as wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, or wave energy. The stored hydrogen may automatically be used to supplement electrical output, such as to meet demand for electricity.

Abstract: The invention herein provides an apparatus and method of controlling an electrochemical treatment process where treatment is performed in a flow cell to ensure that a controlled dose of electrical energy or current is delivered to all volumes of the liquid being treated. In addition the invention provides for further optimization of the dose based on other factors and sensor inputs. This invention also provides a method to estimate, display and record a forecast of process efficacy such as disinfection, oxidation or other desired treatment that otherwise cannot be measured in an online manner.

Abstract: An electrolytic filtration system incorporating a filter vessel and an electrolytic element into a simple compact system which avoids the use of toxic chemicals and eliminates the need for large reservoirs to ensure adequate contact time to remove iron and other problem contaminants. The electrolytic filtration system includes a filter head having a control valve and an electrolytic generator. The control valve directs flow through the filter vessel and allows for an intermittent backwash cycle as desired. The electrolytic generator can be integrated into the filter head to provide ease of installation and reduce the overall footprint of the electrolytic filtration system. The electrolytic generator can include a flow sensor and power supply to provide for control of the electrolytic generator.

Abstract: A hydrogen generating apparatus, capable of controlling the amount of hydrogen generation, has an electrolyzer, which is filled with an aqueous electrolyte solution containing hydrogen ions, a first electrode, which is accommodated in the electrolyzer, is submerged in the aqueous electrolyte solution, and generates electrons, a second electrode, which is accommodated in the electrolyzer, is submerged in the aqueous electrolyte solution, and receives the electrons to generate hydrogen, a switch, which is located between the first electrode and the second electrode, a flow rate meter, which measures an amount of hydrogen generation in the second electrode, and a switch controller, which receives a set value, compares the amount of hydrogen generation measured by the flow rate meter with the set value, and controls an on/off status of the switch. The amount of hydrogen generation can be controlled by use of on/off time and/or on/of frequency of the switch.

Abstract: A liquid driver system has a flow channel for delivering a liquid, a conductor member placed in the flow channel, and electrodes for applying an electric field to the conductor member and delivers the liquid by application of a driving force to the liquid by electroosmotic flow produced around the conductor member by the electric field, the liquid driver system having a flow limiter near the conductor member to limit a liquid flow in a reverse direction of liquid flows in normal and reverse directions relative to the conductor member.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a chlorinator mounted inline in a water purification system having a housing having an inlet end and an outlet end and an upper compartment having an electronics section with a controller unit contained within the electronics section and in electrical communication with a power source and an at least one electrolytic plate. The system having a heat sink member in thermal communication with the controller, wherein the flow of the water in the water purification system cools the heat sink member and the controller unit.

Abstract: A hypochlorous acid generator includes a brine tank for holding salt and a brine solution, the brine tank having a water inlet in fluid communication with a source of pressurized water, a brine solution outlet and a salt fill port to allow salt to be added to the brine tank. The generator also includes an anode chamber in fluid communication with the brine solution outlet of the brine tank for receiving brine solution therefrom, and for generating anolyte, the anode chamber having an outlet for providing hypochlorous acid therefrom, and a cathode chamber in fluid communication with the brine solution outlet of the brine tank for receiving brine solution therefrom and for generating catholyte. The generator further includes a catholyte recirculating pump in fluid communication with the cathode chamber and the anode chamber, the recirculating pump being responsive to a control signal to recirculate catholyte generated by the cathode chamber to the anode chamber.

Abstract: A flow controller which uses a combination of hydrostatic pressure and electroosmotic flow to control the flow of a fluid. A driving fluid (1204) whose flow rate is dependent on both hydrostatic pressures and electroosmotic flow can be used (a) directly as a working fluid in an operable device, for example a chromatograph, or (b) to displace a working fluid (1203) from a storage container (625) into an operable device (1301), or both (a) and (b). The driving fluid (1204) can be composed of one or more fluids. Part or all the driving fluid (1204) is passed through an electroosmotic device (100) so as to increase or decrease the flow rate induced by hydrostatic pressure.

Abstract: A method and device for protecting an aqueous system from scale precipitation by depressing scale precipitation in a bulk phase of a water supply, the device including: (a) an electrolytic cell for fluidly connecting to the system, including: (i) a tank for receiving the water supply, the tank having a copper surface forming a cathode of the cell; and (ii) an element having a zinc surface disposed within the tank, and forming an anode of the cell; (b) a controlling unit for controlling a current (I) from the power supply; and (c) a flowmeter for measuring a flow rate of the water supply, the flow rate associated with a flow rate of water into the system, wherein the controlling unit is designed to control the current according to the flow rate so as to depress the scale precipitation in the bulk phase of the water supply, and wherein the current I exceeds (1.84?A)*Q and is less than (1.84+A)*Q, wherein I is measured in amperes; Q is the total flow rate (m3/h); and A is a positive number and less than 1.05.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of generating hydrogen or oxygen from an aqueous solution within a flow cell by applying a high frequency AC signal to the flow cell. The present invention further relates to an apparatus for generating hydrogen or oxygen from an aqueous solution, and a method of generating hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution.

Abstract: The invention concerns a system for chlorinating water by electrolysis and/or light projection for pool operating with mechanical energy of the delivery nozzle. The invention concerns a system for chlorinating water by electrolysis and illumination of pools provided with a water circulating system. The system is easily set on the entire pool without affecting its sealed character and uses a free and safe source of energy, the motive power of the water from the delivery nozzle, the device consisting of a hollow single-unit assembly (1), connected to the delivery nozzle, allowing the water flow to circulate in controlled manner actuating a device with rotational movement (8) connected to a current generator (9) which powers, with variable intensity, alternately or jointly, the sealed light projector (11) and/or the electrolytic cell (12) before exiting into the pool. The inventive device is particularly designed to illuminate and/or chlorinate water of swimming pools.

Abstract: The invention provides a system and a process for collecting effluents produced by an electrolytic cell intended for the production of aluminium and for drawing said effluents away from the cell in a flow of gas. The system comprising a hooding to confine the effluents, at least one outlet channel to collect said flow of gas and suction means to draw said flow of gas away from the cell. The hooding includes removable hoods and, optionally, at least one door to get access to the inside of the hooding. The system further comprises at least one pipe for blowing pressurized air within the outlet channel so as to increase the rate of said flow of gas. Pressurized air supply is activated at a specified pressure Po so as to obtain a specified flow rate Ro.

Abstract: A system, device, and method include a cell-powered first electronic device powered using electrical potential imposed across an electrolytic cell. The potential is voltage-boosted to accomplish this task. If the electrical potential imposed the cell is insufficient, the device can also be battery-powered. In any event, this device is in communication with one or more sensors in the electrolytic cell, as well as a second electronic device, and the first and second electronic devices wirelessly communicate. More specifically, the first electronic device wireless transmits data signals to the second electronic device, which receives the same. The first and second electronic devices are physically remote from one another, and they communicating over a private or public network, preferably using spread spectrum technology.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electroionic apparatus for treating an aqueous solution, including a flow cell through which the aqueous solution may flow, and a high frequency AC power source. A pair of electrodes within the flow cell are in contact with the aqueous solution and coupled to the AC power source. The AC power source generates a signal that is transmitted to the electrodes to generate an electromagnetic field and an ionic current within the aqueous solution in the flow cell. Each electrode includes a plurality of perforations defined through the plate electrode. Electrodes within the flow cell may be formed of materials having a catalytic effect upon the electroionic reactions within the flow cell.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electroionic apparatus for treating an aqueous solution, including a flow cell through which the aqueous solution may flow, and a high frequency AC power source. A pair of electrodes within the flow cell are in contact with the aqueous solution and coupled to the AC power source. The AC power source generates a signal that is transmitted to the electrodes to generate an electromagnetic field and an ionic current within the aqueous solution in the flow cell. Each electrode includes a plurality of perforations defined through the plate electrode. Electrodes within the flow cell may be formed of materials having a catalytic effect upon the electroionic reactions within the flow cell.

Abstract: Hydrogen generating apparatus that is capable of controlling the amount of hydrogen generation. The hydrogen generating apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention has an electrolyzer, a first electrode, a second electrode, a variable resistance, which is located between the first electrode and the second electrode, a flow rate meter, which measures an amount of hydrogen generation in the second electrode, and a variable resistance controller, which receives a set value, compares the amount of hydrogen generation measured by the flow rate meter with the set value, and controls a resistance value of the variable resistance. The amount of hydrogen generation can be controlled by use of variable resistance.

Abstract: Hydrogen generating apparatus and fuel cell power generation system. Hydrogen generating apparatus includes an electrolyzer, which is filled with an aqueous electrolyte solution, a first electrode, which is accommodated in the electrolyzer, submerged in the aqueous electrolyte solution, and generates electrons, a second electrode, which is accommodated in the electrolyzer, submerged in the aqueous electrolyte solution, receives the electrons to generate hydrogen, and a controller, which is located between the first electrode and the second electrode, and controls an amount of electrons flowing from the first electrode to the second electrode for a period of time. Different from the conventional method of generating hydrogen by a certain quantity, the quantity of generated hydrogen can be controlled by controlling the amount of current flowing between electrodes according to a user or a fuel cell.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell including an outer shell, a sidewall adjacent the outer shell and spaced therefrom, thereby defining a gap between the sidewall and the outer shell, and a plurality of fluid discharge devices interconnected about the outer shell, each of the plurality of fluid discharge devices extending from the outer shell towards the sidewall, wherein each of the plurality of fluid discharge devices is adapted to provide coolant to the sidewall. The plurality of fluid discharge devices may be individually controlled or controlled in sets to provide selective cooling to the sidewall, thereby facilitating ledge maintenance and profile.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a molten salt electrolyzer in which an electrolytic bath in a solid form as contained in the electrolyzer is melted to automatically attain a state allowing electrolysis, which apparatus comprises detecting means for detecting the changes in state of the electrolyzer by means of detectors fitted to the electrolyzer, and adjusting means for adjusting, after using the detecting means, the liquid electrolytic bath levels to a state allowing electrolysis.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method suited for controlling the operation of an electrolyzer cell module. Specifically, some embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method that incorporates a call to an alarm recovery sequence into a safety system suited for use with an electrolyzer cell module, which is able to suspend the normal operations and initiate an alarm recovery sequence upon detecting that a corresponding alarm threshold has been violated. The safety system and method is then able to restart the normal operations if it is determined that the alarm recovery sequence was successful, meaning that the process and operating parameters that violated the particular alarm threshold have been brought back to within a safe operating range.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electroionic processing system having a high frequency alternating current (AC) power source for treating potable water, process water, wastewater, biosolids, sludge, primary effluent, secondary effluent, and other biochemical processing functions, including producing hydrogen peroxide and other useful chemicals. An electromagnetic field is generated and coupled to an electrolytic treatment apparatus by a direct coupling apparatus and method, a capacitive coupling apparatus and method, and an inductive coupling apparatus and method. The present invention further comprises a process controller and a plurality of analyzers for monitoring various treatment process variables to adjust and optimize the process as necessary.

Abstract: A method for removal of solid deposits from surfaces of electrodes of a DC electrolytic cell for disinfecting of water in a closed system, especially in a swimming pool, SPA or hot tub, includes simultaneous spinning the water over the electrode surfaces and electrolytic release of the deposits from the surfaces without interruption of the disinfecting process. The method further includes a) changing the polarity of the electrodes of the cell at predetermined frequency for electrochemically releasing the deposited scale from the electrode surfaces; b) circulating the water through a hydrocyclone containing a DC electrolytic cell for disinfecting of the water so that the deposits are washed off the electrodes of the cell; c) periodically removing the scale particles from a drained chamber located at the bottom of the hydrocyclone.

Abstract: Deposition of conductive material on or removal of conductive material from a workpiece frontal side of a semiconductor workpiece is performed by providing an anode having an anode area which is to face the workpiece frontal side, and electrically connecting the workpiece frontal side with at least one electrical contact, outside of the anode area, by pushing the electrical contact and the workpiece frontal side into proximity with each other. A potential is applied between the anode and the electrical contact, and the workpiece is moved with respect to the anode and the electrical contact. Full-face electroplating or electropolishing over the workpiece frontal side surface, in its entirety, is thus permitted.