Abstract: A low-cost, portable potentiostat capable of performing several different electrochemical experiments (e.g. cyclic voltammetry and anodic stripping voltammetry) was designed. The potentiostat runs on one or more batteries and has a battery life of over two weeks. Further, the potentiostat of the present invention is capable of self-calibrating and has a linear dynamic range spanning several orders of magnitude. It is also capable of saving data onto an onboard data storage card and is able to export the data to a computer for additional analysis. The potentiostat requires no peripheral hardware and is suitable for use by those with even minimal training in electrochemistry.

Abstract: A probe portion of an air data probe is provided. The probe portion includes an endoskeleton structure having an outer surface, a heater cable disposed along the outer surface of the endoskeleton structure, a porous cover, surrounding the endoskeleton structure and heater cable, and a braze filler that substantially fills gaps between the heater cable and the endoskeleton structure and that substantially fills gaps in the porous metal cover.

Abstract: A multi-index detection microfluidic chip is provided. A bottom plate (1) and a cover plate (2) that matches the bottom plate (1) and seals it are provided in the microfluidic chip. The center of the microfluidic chip has a through-hole (3). The bottom plate (1) has one or more wave-shaped main channel(s) (4), one end of each of the main channel (4) connected to a sample injection hole (9) on the bottom plate (1), and the other end connected to an exhaust hole (10) on the bottom plate (1). The valley on the main channel (1) is distal to the through-hole (3), and the peak is proximal to the through-hole (3). Each valley of the main channel (1) is connected to a reaction chamber (6) by a linking channel (5). The linking channel (5) comprises one or more buffering chambers (7). The microfluidic chip can be used in detection by fluorescence, turbidity, color, detection equipment, and/or direct observation by the naked eyes. The detection is real-time as the reaction occurs or after the reaction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a heat exchanger tube (1) by bending a metal strip (11), said tube (1) having an internal partition (19) formed by joining the ends of opposing edges (11a, 11b), said partition facing a projection (50) that extends into the heat exchanger tube (1) at a joining zone (22). The method comprises the following steps: locally stamping the metal strip (11) in order to produce a projection at the joining zone (22); and bending the metal strip (11) in order to form said heat exchanger tube (1), such that the projection extends into the tube (1). The invention also relates to such a tube (1) and to a heat exchanger (3) comprising a bundle of said tubes (1).

Abstract: A nanoscale probe structure, including: a first probe having a tip top end and a second probe having a planar top end, wherein a metallic layer coats the on the tip top end, an insulating layer coats around the tip top end of the first probe; and a metallic layer coats on the planar top end, an insulating layer coats around the planar top end of the second probe. The structure of present invention can applied in atomic force microscopy to measure the electricity physiology signal inside and outside the cell membrane, which can limit the measure region to specific little area for the measure of electricity physiology signal and effectively decrease the miscellaneous noise disturbance from other region.

Abstract: A human-machine interface device is provided having a transparent area for viewing a display screen and an access area including at least one metal connector connected to at least two planes arranged above the display screen, the planes including an electrode plane made of a transparent resistive conductive material, the plane located in the transparent area, a conductor plane made of a transparent resistive conductive material used as an active guard for the electrode plane, the active guard located in the transparent area and extending into the access area. The present device includes at least one guard strip, for reducing the resistance of the guard, the guard strip being arranged within the access area and connected to the active guard and to the metal connector, the latter being connected to the electrode plane such that the conductor plane and the electrode plane are at substantially the same potential.

Abstract: An article suitable for conducting one or more assays with an apparatus, e.g., a meter, for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a sample of biological fluid. The article contains a plurality of biosensors arranged in such a manner that each of the biosensors can be utilized before the article must be removed from the apparatus.

Abstract: A detector includes a smoke detecting section that includes a light-receiving unit at a position at which the light-receiving unit does not directly receive light emitted by a light-emitting unit in a chamber in which a labyrinth for preventing light from directly entering from the outside and an insect net covering the rim of the labyrinth are provided, the light-receiving unit receiving light scattered by smoke flowing into the chamber. An opening hole is formed open in the surface of the cover receiving hot air current, of the detector. In the cover behind the opening hole, an electrochemical gas sensor is placed to bring gas generated by a fire through the opening hole into contact with an electrolyte solution to detect the gas by an electrode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for measuring a concentration of sulphite in a substance in a gas cleaning process, the method comprising the steps of sending a plurality of voltage pulses through the substance by a first electrode (11) and a second electrode (20), which first and second electrodes (11, 20) are in contact with the substance, receiving current responses generated by the plurality of voltage pulses, and analyzing the current responses using a multivariate data analysis for calculation of the concentration of sulphite in the substance. The present invention further relates to a sulphite sensor (1) for performing such a method.

Abstract: Assay modules, preferably assay cartridges, are described as are reader apparatuses which may be used to control aspects of module operation. The modules preferably comprise a detection chamber with integrated electrodes that may be used for carrying out electrode induced luminescence measurements. Methods are described for immobilizing assay reagents in a controlled fashion on these electrodes and other surfaces. Assay modules and cartridges are also described that have a detection chamber, preferably having integrated electrodes, and other fluidic components which may include sample chambers, waste chambers, conduits, vents, bubble traps, reagent chambers, dry reagent pill zones and the like. In certain preferred embodiments, these modules are adapted to receive and analyze a sample collected on an applicator stick.

Abstract: In some aspects, a modular analyte measurement system having a replaceable strip port module is provided to permit contaminated modules to be replaced. Some aspects of the present disclosure related to barriers for strip ports or the sealing of strip ports and/or analyte measurement devices to maintain a clean strip port and/or enable the strip port to be cleaned for reuse. Cleaning tools are also provided. Also provided are strip port interfaces that guide fluid away from the strip port opening, as well as absorptive elements that prevent fluid from entering a strip port. Analyte measurement devices with gravity sensors or accelerometers are also provided, along with methods related thereto. Also provided are docking station that serve as an information server and provides storage and recharging capabilities.

Abstract: A method of cleaving disulfide bonds is provided, which comprises: (a) introducing a liquid sample having disulfide bonds (e.g., proteins) into an electrochemical cell; and (b) subjecting the sample to a reducing potential to reduce the disulfide bonds, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises (i) a working electrode that contains titanium and (ii) an auxiliary electrode. An electrochemical flow cell for processing a sample fluid is also provided, which comprises: (a) a body comprising a flow path having inlet and an outlet; (b) a working electrode in fluid communication with the flow path; and (c) an auxiliary electrode; wherein the working electrode comprises at least 20 wt. % titanium in the form of elemental titanium, titanium-containing substances and/or titanium-containing alloys; and wherein the outlet is connected to an electrochemical detection (ECD) device, a NMR spectrometer or a mass spectrometer (MS) when the working electrode is a ruthenium-plated titanium electrode.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, an alcohol detection device is provided for use in conjunction with a mobile application loaded on a mobile device. The device comprises: a body portion defining an exterior surface of the alcohol detection device, the exterior surface having at least one opening formed thereon; a slide mechanism mounted relative to at least one internal surface of the body portion such that the slide mechanism is configured for translational movement along a length of the at least one internal surface of the body portion; and an audio jack operatively mounted to the slide mechanism such that a longitudinal axis of the audio jack is substantially aligned with the at least one opening and the translational movement of the slide mechanism is configured to move the audio jack relative to the body portion and between a first position and a second position. An associated method is also provided.

Abstract: A remotely readable hydrogen detector is in the form of a tag or card that can be worn on clothing or mounted on a variety of surfaces and can be monitored from a distance for the presence of hydrogen gas. It includes a hydrogen sensor device, which changes in electrical resistivity in response to being exposed to hydrogen gas, that is incorporated into an electric detector circuit, which detects changes in resistivity of the sensor device, and, when such change in resistivity indicates the presence of some predetermined concentration of hydrogen gas, the electric circuit outputs a signal or state that indicates the presence of hydrogen to a transceiver circuit, which can transmit that information to a remote receiver or interrogator/reader via an antenna in the sensor device.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the invention, a method of determining hydration of a sensor having a plurality of electrodes is disclosed. In particular embodiments, the method couples a sensor electronics device to the sensor and measures the open circuit potential between at least two of the plurality of electrodes. Then, the open circuit potential measurement is compared to a predetermined value. In some embodiments, the plurality of electrodes includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. In still further embodiments, the open circuit potential between the working electrode and the reference electrode is measured. In other embodiments, the open circuit potential between the working electrode and the counter electrode is measured. In still other embodiments, the open circuit potential between the counter electrode and the reference electrode is measured.

Abstract: An integrated sensor is capable of detecting analytes using electrochemical (EC), electrical (E), and optical (O) signals or EC and O signals. The sensor introduces synergetic new capabilities and enhances the sensitivity and selectivity for real-time detection of an analyte in complex matrices, including the presence of high concentration of interferences in liquids and in gas phases.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting the property of the liquid includes a substrate, a first pair of electrodes disposed on an upper surface of the substrate, and a second pair of electrodes disposed on a lower surface of the substrate. A capacitance of the first pair of electrodes and a capacitance of the second pair of electrodes mutually change correlatively to the same property of the liquid.

Abstract: A measuring arrangement for registering an analyte concentration in a measured medium includes a three electrode arrangement having a working electrode, a reference electrode and a counter electrode. The working electrode includes an analyte-insensitive, redox mediator, and the reference electrode a pH-sensitive electrode. The counter electrode can be formed of an inert, electrically conductive material. The measuring arrangement can be embodied to provide a desired voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode and to register the electrical current flowing, in such case, through the measured medium, between the counter electrode and the working electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to integrated electronic chip (lEChip) cartridge devices which are used in hot electron-induced electrochemiluminescence methods and to instrumentation based on the electrical excitation of label molecules with subsequent measurement of luminescence in order to quantitate analyte concentrations especially in bioaffinity assays, especially outside of central laboratories.

Abstract: The invention comprises portable, rugged and relatively compact electrochemical cells. Each may be removably and nondestructively secured to one surface of a substrate of indefinite size. In-situ electrochemical measurements may be made on portions of existing structures such as ships, bridges, or buildings. An electrochemical cell is disclosed which comprises an analytical chamber which can be utilized with either on-board or external potentiostats. The electrochemical cell has a mounting means which permits the cell to be secured to substrates with irregular surface morphology and to horizontal, vertical or intermediately oriented surfaces. The electrochemical cell provides a means to control the temperature of the electrolyte and the substrate area of interest to permit more accuract and consistent elecrochemical measurements.

Abstract: A method of setting a correction coefficient for correcting an oxygen concentration detected by a gas concentration detection apparatus, the method including the steps of obtaining a current value of current flowing in an oxygen pump cell of a gas sensor by exposing the gas sensor device to each of at least three or more sample gases of different known oxygen concentrations; calculating, after a corrected oxygen concentration is calculated using the current value and a correction value, a correction coefficient approximating a linear relationship between any one corrected oxygen concentration serving as a reference and two other corrected oxygen concentrations. Also disclosed is a gas concentration detection apparatus including a gas sensor device, a calculation means and a memory means for storing the correction coefficient obtained in accordance with the method.

Abstract: A test strip with an incorporated optical waveguide and deflectors punched through the optical waveguide allows light to exit through a layer of the test strip and be detected by a photo detector. Using light and a photodetector, these uniquely coded strips are identified. The waveguide can be constructed by sandwiching two layers of the test strip around a light transmissible layer. This configuration allows light to be transmitted through the test strip and out the other end, as well as allowing some light to escape the deflector. This light is detected by a photodetector mounted in the analyte test meter. The deflectors may be placed in patterns such that detection of this light indicates certain characteristics of the strip, such as non-counterfeit, regional identification, type of analyte tested, and coding information.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed comprising: a sample conduit; an electrochemical flow cell; a source of carrier fluid; a structure elucidation spectrometer; a conduit and an in-line sample reservoir, such that: (a) a first operating modus wherein the sample conduit is connected to the conduit via the electrochemical flow cell and the in-line sample reservoir, and the source of carrier fluid is connected to the by-passing the in-line sample reservoir, and (b) a second operating modus wherein the sample conduit is connected to the conduit by-passing the in-line sample reservoir, and the source of carrier fluid is connected to the structure elucidation spectrometer via the in-line sample reservoir. Decoupling of the electrochemical cell from the spectrometer allows for uncompromised selection of optimal electrochemical and separation conditions.

Abstract: Fluid analyte sensors include a photoelectrocatalytic element that is configured to be exposed to the fluid, if present, and to respond to photoelectrocatalysis of at least one analyte in the fluid that occurs in response to impingement of optical radiation upon the photoelectrocatalytic element. A semiconductor light emitting source is also provided that is configured to impinge the optical radiation upon the photoelectrocatalytic element. Related solid state devices and sensing methods are also described.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for monitoring health as related to immune system function, and for measuring the effects of toxins and other stresses. A method for pre-screening drugs for the pharmaceutical pipeline. A method for using an Immunogram as a research tool. A method for preparing compounds or drugs for treatment, therapy, or cure of diseases.

Abstract: An apparatus, a control unit and a method are provided for detecting a concentration of chlorate-ions in an aqueous solution containing different types of chlorine oxidants. By applying energy to a defined volume of the aqueous solution to trigger a transformation of substantially all chlorine oxidants and/or chlorine therein to chloride and/or chlorate, and detecting the concentration of chlorate-ions contained in the defined volume, a solution can be provided that enables a simple and cheap measurement for a concentration of chlorate ions in an aqueous solution and that is capable for online measurement of such chlorate concentrations.

Abstract: The present invention is related to an electrochemical processor, which comprises two electrodes of different electrochemical potential, which are bridged via an electrolyte. Upon, completion of the electric circuit between the two electrodes, the second electrode is oxidized and therefore changed in at least one physical parameter, e.g. the second electrode becomes transparent. The electrochemical processor is characterized in that the surface of the second electrode, which is in contact with the electrolyte, is partially covered with an electrically insulating material, wherein this material is adjacent to the electrolyte. Moreover, the present invention relates to the use of this electrochemical processor and a method of composing such electrochemical processor.

Abstract: A detector includes a smoke detecting section that includes a light-receiving unit at a position at which the light-receiving unit does not directly receive light emitted by a light-emitting unit in a chamber in which a labyrinth for preventing light from directly entering from the outside and an insect net covering the rim of the labyrinth are provided, the light-receiving unit receiving light scattered by smoke flowing into the chamber. An opening hole is formed open in the surface of the cover receiving hot air current, of the detector. In the cover behind the opening hole, an electrochemical gas sensor is placed to bring gas generated by a fire through the opening hole into contact with an electrolyte solution to detect the gas by an electrode.

Abstract: A water detection device comprising at least one fuel cell comprising a first electrode, a layer of electrolyte, a second electrode and an electrical measurement device characterized in that the first electrode of the cell is in contact with a first face of a porous silicon substrate comprising Si—H bonds, in such a manner as to liberate a flow of hydrogen in the presence of water. Advantageously, the substrate of porous silicon is incorporated into a first housing permeable to water, the fuel cell being incorporated into a second housing said second housing being impermeable to water and permeable to oxygen.

Abstract: An optical sensor determines a characteristic of a fluid medium based on a plurality of detector outputs and a characteristic model. The optical sensor directs light into the fluid medium, detects light at each of a plurality of wavelengths transmitted through the fluid medium, and produces therefrom the plurality of detector outputs. The characteristic model provides an estimate of the characteristic of the fluid medium based on a partial least squares analysis of optical transmission measurements through at least one reference fluid medium having a known characteristic.

Abstract: A potentiometric sensor with suppressed leak current on the surface of an electrode and improved for a dynamic range and a response speed, in which a redox compound is immobilized through insulative molecules on the surface of a gold electrode, and a current between a source and drain of an insulated gate field-effect transistor along with reaction between an oxidized substance or a reduced substance produced by the reaction of a measured substance in a sample solution injector for supplying the sample solution containing the measured substance and an enzyme and a redox compound on the surface of the gold electrode, is monitored on real time to measure the change of the surface potential.

Abstract: Improvements in references electrodes, halogen sensors, pH sensors, TDS sensors, combinations thereof, and related methods.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a gas-monitoring assembly (100) and method for selectively determining the presence of a target gas in a gaseous environment that potentially comprises one or more interfering gases. Such gas-monitoring assembly and method specifically employ one or more gas sensors (S1) one or more getters (G1) arranged and constructed to reduce cross-interference caused by potential presence of the interfering gases in such gaseous environment to be monitored. The gas-monitoring assembly and method of the present invention are capable of monitoring a gaseous environment with respect to potential presence of multiple target gases that may interfere with one another.

Abstract: An article suitable for conducting one or more assays with an apparatus, e.g., a meter, for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a sample of biological fluid. The article contains a plurality of biosensors arranged in such a manner that each of the biosensors can be utilized before the article must be removed from the apparatus.

Abstract: Electrochemical apparatus includes a disposable rectangular cuvette modified with at least one hole through a side and/or the bottom. Apparatus may include more than one cuvette, which in practice is a disposable rectangular glass or plastic cuvette modified by drilling the hole(s) through. The apparatus include two plates and some means of fastening one plate to the other. The apparatus may be interfaced with a fiber optic or microscope objective, and a spectrometer for spectroscopic studies. The apparatus are suitable for a variety of electrochemical experiments, including surface electrochemistry, bulk electrolysis, and flow cell experiments.

Abstract: An assay module for an electrochemical test device, said assay module comprising: at least one channel for transporting a liquid to be tested from a deposition zone, where a sample of said liquid to be tested can be deposited, to a testing zone, the testing zone being spaced apart from said deposition zone; and electrodes for measuring an electrical property of liquid in said testing zone, an electrochemical test device comprising such an assay module and a method of testing a liquid sample using such an electrochemical test device.

Abstract: A method of determining chemical oxygen demand (COD) of a water sample, which is useful in an on-line configuration comprising the steps of a) applying a constant potential bias to a photoelectrochemical cell, having a photoactive working electrode, optionally a reference electrode and a counter electrode, and containing a supporting electrolyte solution; b) illuminating the working electrode with a light source and recording the background photocurrent produced at the working electrode from the supporting electrolyte solution; c) adding a water sample, to be analysed, to the photoelectrochemical cell; d) illuminating the working electrode with a light source and recording the hydro dynamic photocurrent produced under continuous flow of the water to be analysed; e) determining the chemical oxygen demand of the water sample using a number of different formulae. The applied potential is preferably from ?0.4 to +O.8V more preferably about +0.3V.

Abstract: A composite material for use in a sensing electrode. The composite material comprises a first phase and a second phase. The first phase consists essentially of Bi2Ru2O7+x wherein x is a value between 0 and 1 and the second phase consists essentially of RuO2.

Abstract: A measurement/calibration cell for potentiometrically measuring ion concentration in a fluid interposes a barrier between measuring and reference electrodes and positions the measuring electrode at a sufficiently higher gravimetric potential above the reference electrode that seepage of electrolyte from the latter to the former is effectively precluded. A controller associated with the cell displays instructions and other desired information on a scrolling display such that a substantial amount of information can be presented in a relatively small display window.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a reference electrode including an electrolyte containing an optically-active material, including: an electrode body provided at an end thereof with an electrolyte separation membrane and charged therein with an optically-active material and an electrolyte solution; an inner electrode disposed in the electrode body to be immersed in the electrolyte solution; and an absorbance measurement probe for transmitting light to the electrolyte solution and collecting reflected light waves, which is disposed in the electrode body to be immersed in the electrolyte solution. Since the concentration of an electrode reaction material, such as Cl?, in the electrolyte is calculated using the absorbance of the electrolyte solution containing the optically-active material, the change in potential of the reference electrode can be properly corrected even when the reference electrode is exposed to a test environment for a long period of time and thus the concentration of the electrolyte changes.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described that use cell voltage and/or current as monitor to prevent electrochemical deposition (e.g., electroplating) tools from deplating wafers with no or poor metal (e.g., Cu) seed coverage.

Abstract: A fluid assay system comprises a swab having an absorbent portion for receiving and retaining a fluid sample. The system also comprises an electrode module having at least one electrode, arranged so that it can be selectively placed over the absorbent portion of the swab in order to contact the electrode with the fluid sample. The system further comprises a reader module configured to process signals from the electrode module, with the electrode and reading modules arranged such that they can be coupled together for communication of the signals from the electrode module to the reader module.

Abstract: An analyte test strip (e.g., an electrochemical-based analyte test strip for determining glucose in a bodily fluid sample) for use with a test meter includes a first insulating layer and a electrically conductive layer disposed on the first insulating layer. The electrically conductive layer includes at least one electrode portion and at least one electrical contact pad configured for an electrical connector pin of a test meter to travel therealong during insertion of the analyte test strip into the test meter. In addition, the electrical contact pad is in electrical communication with the electrode portion. The analyte test strip also includes at least one meter identification feature (such as stripes of visually transparent material) disposed on the electrical contact pad such that the electrical connector pin of the test meter travels across the meter identification feature during insertion of the analyte test strip into the test meter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a biosensor for selectively performing quantitative analysis on a specific substance contained in a biological sample and a readout meter using the same. The inventive biosensor comprises an electrode for recording identification information of the biosensor thereon. The electrode has an electrode pattern and a plurality of contact points formed thereon according to the identification information, and the identification information is recorded on the electrode based on the ratio of resistances between the plurality of contact points.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor for organic molecules such as ethylene includes an electrochemical cell, gas sample inlet means and means for detecting current produced by the oxidation of the organic molecule at the anode of the cell. The sensor is capable of sensing multiple organic molecules in some embodiments. A voltage is applied to the anode of the cell to provide energy to drive the oxidation reaction and produce a corresponding current. The sensor of the invention can be made as a small, hand-held unit that is capable of real-time detection of various organic species.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a reference electrode having a self-calibration function, which is used in electrochemical measurement and whose measurement accuracy can be maintained for a long period of time. Also disclosed is an apparatus for automatically correcting electrochemical potential using the reference electrode. The apparatus comprises: a reference electrode, comprising an external electrode body having an electrolyte membrane at one end thereof and an electrolyte solution filled therein, and at least two electrically isolated internal electrodes which are disposed in the external electrode body in such a manner that they are immersed in the electrolyte solution; and a reference potential calibrator for applying AC voltage to the internal electrodes to measure the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte solution of the electrolyte solution and output a correction signal about the change in the reference potential of the reference electrode.

Abstract: An electrochemical suspended element-based sensor system includes a solution cell for holding an electrolyte comprising solution including at least one electrochemically reducible or oxidizable species. A working electrode (WE), reference electrode (RE) and a counter electrode (CE) are disposed in the solution. The CE includes an asymmetric suspended element, wherein one side of the suspended element includes a metal or a highly doped semiconductor surface. The suspended element bends when current associated with reduction or oxidation of the electrochemically reducible or oxidizable species at the WE passes through the suspended element. At least one measurement system measures the bending of the suspended element or a parameter which is a function of the bending.

Abstract: A potentiometric sensor, especially a pH-sensor or redox-sensor, includes: an elementary sensor for registering a potentiometric parameter, especially a pH-value or a redox potential; and an interface for issuing a potentiometric-parameter-dependent signal to a superordinated unit, especially a transmitter; wherein the potentiometric sensor of the invention has a digital data memory, which is permanently connected with elementary sensor.

Abstract: Analyte meter protectors, meters that include the same, and methods.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to compositions, devices and methods for screening of photocatalysts for water-splitting.