Abstract: A nozzle-type analysis apparatus for sucking a sample solution in a sample vessel for analyzing the sample solution. A sample suction nozzle for sucking the sample solution stored in the sample vessel and a solution component sensor having a sensor forming portion formed integrally with a front end portion of the sample suction nozzle to be inserted into the sample vessel are provided. The integral structure of the sample suction nozzle and the solution component sensor has a size capable of being inserted into the sample vessel, the solution component sensor having a sensor output portion effected with a water-resistant insulation layer. A hydrophobic film is further formed on the surface of the sensor a coat treatment. A sample flow shut-out valve is disposed in the sample flow passage at a portion between the front end of the sample suction nozzle and the sensor forming portion of the solution component sensor.

Abstract: An ion sensor having an ion selectivity, which comprises an internal electrode of metal/metal salt, composed of an electroconductive layer of at least one metal and a layer of an insoluble salt of the metal in contact with the electroconductive layer, an ion selective membrane whose supporting membrane is composed of a hydrophobic polymer, and an intermediate layer capable of keeping water molecules, provided between the internal solid electrode and the ion selective membrane, where the organic compound having a water-keeping property is polymethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol, each having a molecular weight of 200 to 600, and the inorganic compound having a water-keeping property is calcium chloride, gold chloride, magnesium perchlorate, magnesium fluoride or vanadium chloride dioxide, is suitable for analysis of specific ion species in a biological fluid with practically prolonged maintenance of properties of electrode.

Abstract: An electrolyte composition for screen printing, comprising: an organic solvent; an inorganic salt in the form of a fine powder able to pass through a screen printing mesh, the salt powder being dispersed in the organic solvent; and polyvinyl pyrrolidone dissolved in the organic solvent. A miniaturized oxygen electrode having an oxygen sensing site filled with the electrolyte composition. A process for producing a miniaturized oxygen electrode, including a step of patterning or selectively removing an oxygen gas-permeable membrane at a pad region by removing or peeling off an underlying cover film formed thereunder.

Abstract: A miniaturized sensor component for measuring concentrations of substances in liquids comprises a support that contains cavities accommodating a membrane. The membrane is produced in situ by polymerization or by precipitation from a solution. An electric lead is either mechanically connected to or integrated into the membrane and is in contact with the membrane. The membrane support is a capillarized solid and the membrane is produced in the capillaries by impregnating the support with a liquid that subsequently either polymerizes or evaporates leaving a residue.

Abstract: An efficient method for the microfabrication of electronic devices which have been adapted for the analyses of biologically significant analyte species is described. The techniques of the present invention allow for close control over the dimensional features of the various components and layers established on a suitable substrate. Such control extends to those parts of the devices which incorporate the biological components which enable these devices to function as biological sensors. The materials and methods disclosed herein thus provide an effective means for the mass production of uniform wholly microfabricated biosensors. Various embodiments of the devices themselves are described herein which are especially suited for real time analyses of biological samples in a clinical setting. In particular, the present invention describes assays which can be performed using certain ligand/ligand receptor-based biosensor embodiments.

Abstract: An anion exchange membrane for ionic macromolecules, specifically heparin, which is formed of a polymeric matrix material and an anion exchange material suitable for heparin detection can be employed in an electrochemical sensor arrangement to directly measure the concentration of heparin ions in blood or blood fluid. Potentiometric response to heparin has been observed with membranes comprising 30-70 wt. % polymeric matrix material, such as polyvinyl chloride, 0.1-12 wt. % quaternary ammonium salt, such as tridodecyl methyl ammonium chloride, and 30-70 wt. % of a plasticizer, such as dioctyl sebacate. Moreover, a solid state sensor employs tridodecyl methyl ammonium chloride (TDMAC) dissolved in a polymeric compound, such as silicone rubber, to form a membrane which is responsive to heparin concentration.

Abstract: Device for prolonging the effective usage time (service life), arrangement and process for minimizing temperature effects in any ion-selective polymer membrane electrode measuring chain (ISPE measuring chain), wherein one solution or both solutions directly adjoining the polymer membrane (outer measuring solution and inner potential drain solution) are saturated or supersaturated with the compounds which normally tend to bleed out; and wherein the isotherm intersection of an ion-selective measuring chain with redox drain elements is optimally located in the middle of the measuring range such that this middle is located at ca. 0 mV.The device may be used for monitoring of groundwater with opposite changes in the concentrations of nitrate and ammonium, evaluated in a special device, with electronic data processing and intermediate data storage (in RAM pack) at the site of the measurement and data polling as needed to a central unit by telemetry.

Abstract: An analytical method for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a liquid medium is provided in which electrons are transferred from an electrode material of an electrode to the redox center of an enzyme, by the mediation of an electron mediator, whereby in the presence of an analyte the enzyme calalyzed a redox reaction in which the analyte is converted into a product. By measuring either the concentration or the product or the charge which flows in this process, the presence and/or concentration of the analyte in the medium is determined. Either or both of the enzyme and the electron mediator are immobilized on the electrode.

Abstract: An electrode consists of a cathode matrix material and a biocatalyst immobilized on the matrix material. A water under treatment is treated by disposing the electrode as a cathode and an anode opposed thereto in the water, and applying an electric current between the cathode and the anode.

Abstract: An electrode arrangement includes at least one potentiometric measuring electrode located in a sample channel, a reference electrode located in a branch line, and a suction pump downstream of the diaphragmless entrance opening of the branch line into the sample channel the reference electrode being an ion-sensitive, i.e., preferably chloride-sensitive, membrane electrode.

Abstract: A small oxygen electrode and a method of bonding a fluorine resin film are disclosed. This small oxygen electrode includes a flat electrode substrate having at least two electrodes (a working electrode and a counter electrode) formed thereon, and a container substrate having dents formed to confront the two electrodes and contain an electrolyte therein. The container substrate is bonded to the flat electrode substrate, so that the dent confronting the electrode constituting the working electrode has a through hole extending to the side opposite to the flat electrode substrate and a gas-permeable film is formed to cover the through hole. By using this dent structure, the preparation of an oxygen electrode can be conducted while maintaining a wafer form throughout the process, and formation of an electrode pattern can be facilitated.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a given compound or changes in the concentration of such compound from a baseline concentration by means of a solid phase, film electrolyte, and being operable in a dissociative, galvanic or amperometric mode.

Abstract: This invention relates to enhanced selectivity anion membrane electrodes useful in determining the amount of an anion of interest in a biological sample. The enhanced selectivity anion membrane formulation contains fumed silica, a polymer material, and an anion selective agent. The presence of fumed silica surprisingly minimizes or reduces the effect of interfering substances, such as salicylate which may be present in biological samples and which interfere with the determination of various anions of interest, such as chloride (Cl.sup.31).

Abstract: An electrically conductive polymer gel is composed of a crosslinked polyacrylamide polymer including an electrolytic salt, water and a polyhydric alcohol uniformly dissolved therein, wherein the water and the polyhydric alcohol are major components of said polymer gel. The polyacrylamide series polymer in the gel has properties of being hydrophilic and being a nonelectrolyte. Therefore, a desirable connection between the gel and the electrode can be achieved with low impedance. Moreover, the polyhydric alcohol reduces the drying speed of the electrically conductive polymer gel, thereby preventing an increase in the impedance due to the dryout of the gel. Therefore, the electrically conductive polymer gel of the present invention permits an accurate measurement of an electrical phenomenon in an organism for long periods of time.

Abstract: A polyimide matrix is employed to form a substance-sensitive membrane which is particularly suited for installation on a solid state sensor. Polyimide, dissolved in a solvent, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (polyimide encapsulant), is combined with an ionophore, plasticizer, and a lipophilic additive. The ionophore may be a calcium ionophore, an ammonium ionophore, or any other ionophore. The membrane may also incorporate, or may be covered by, a bioactive agent, such as an enzyme, an immunochemical, bacteria, antibody, virus, or antigen. The plasticizer is one or both of dimethyl phthalate and diethylene glycol dibenzoate. The lipophilic additive may be potassium tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl)borate. The resulting substance-sensitive membrane has electrochemical properties which compare favorably to those of conventional PVC membranes, and exhibit significantly greater adhesion to glasses and semiconductor substrate materials.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for performing enhanced selectivity potentiometric ion determinations using an asymmetric ion membrane electrode having an asymmetric membrane with a hydrophilic layer fused to an ion-selective layer.

Abstract: An ion-selective electrode comprises an ion-sensing membrane, an internal electrode adhered to the ion-sensing membrane, and a lead connected to said internal electrode. The internal electrode used comprises a plurality of metallic wires arranged into a grating or a mesh. The wires comprises a metal core and a surface layer of a salt of the metal. The metal of the core is silver and the salt of the metal is a silver halide selected from the group consisting of silver bromide, silver chloride and silver iodide. At least a part of the internal electrode is buried inside the ion-sensing membrane. Various components, the ion-sensing membrane, the internal electrode, the lead, an external terminal, are disposed in a flow-through cell having a flow path formed therein, through which path a sample solution is passed, to constitute the ion-selective electrode. In the flow-through cell is disposed a means of maintaining the humidity to feed water vapor therefrom to the ion-sensing membrane.

Abstract: A potentiometric biosensor, test strip, reagent and a potentiometric method for detection or measurement of an analyte from a fluid sample. The biosensor includes indicating and reference electrodes, and a reagent, which overlays a portion of the surface of the indicating electrode. The reagent generally includes an enzyme and a redox mediator. When a fluid sample (e.g., blood) containing an analyte (e.g., glucose) is added to the reagent, the enzyme (e.g., glucose oxidase) catalyzes a reaction involving enzyme, redox mediator (e.g., potassium ferricyanide), and analyte.This reaction may be monitored by monitoring the electrical potential at the indicating electrode surface. (Electrical potential at the indicating electrode surface changes as the concentration of oxidized and reduced forms of the redox mediator change at the indicating electrode surface.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor having multiple measuring zones (34) that are sequentially insulatable, disposed on the circumference of an insulating disc (1) and associated with each other by peripheral current collectors (16, 17) which extend radially inward up to central zones where they form contacts (23, 24) for a measuring apparatus. The disc-sensor also has a device (6) for rotating the disc, and guide marks for positioning (11) and for isolating (7) the measuring zones (34), and may be contained in a housing (40). The invention is useful in the quantitative analysis of glucose.

Abstract: An ion-selective electrode having an ion-selective membrane in direct contact with an electrical conductor is provided in which the membrane coats an uninsulated zone surrounded by insulation on the surface of a conductor which is coated with a layer of electrical insulation. The membrane overlays the insulation surrounding the insulation free zone and comprises a polymer which is generally of sufficiently similar composition to that comprising the electrical insulation layer so that it adheres to the insulation forming a membrane with increased structural strength. Embodiments of the electrode containing phosphatidylcholine in the ion-selective membrane have increased sensitivity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrode membrane combinations for use in biosensors. The membrane is attached to the electrode by means of a linker molecule in a manner such that a hydrophilic space is provided between the membrane and the electrode. The linker molecule comprises within the same molecule a hydrophobic region which constitutes at least a proportion of the amphiphilic molecules making up the membrane or is attached to or is embedded in the membrane, an attachment region attached to the electrode and a hydrophilic region intermediate said hydrophobic and attachment regions. The hydrophilic region spans the space between the membrane and the electrode.

Abstract: A current-detecting type dry-operative ion-selective electrode having a working electrode and a counter electrode which are mounted on an insulating substrate, a first electrolyte layer containing a hydrophilic polymer and an ion-sensitive layer containing a hydrophobic polymer which are formed on the working electrode, and a second electrolyte layer containing a hydrophilic polymer which is laminated over the whole electrode system.

Abstract: A cation-sensitive electrode which comprises an internal reference electrode, an internal reference solution and a cation-responsive membrane, characterized in that the internal reference solution contains a saturated solution of a salt of a cation other than the cation for which the cation-responsive membrane is primarily selective, the internal reference solution being formed in situ by hydration of a combination of the salt of the cation with a hygroscopic material, bu absorption of water from the atmosphere and/or by hydration of the hygroscopic material when the electrode is put into use, thereby forming the internal reference solution.

Abstract: A small sensor for an electrochemical measuring system composed of a measuring apparatus (50) having an electronic circuit (60), a connecting device (64), a positioning and advancing device (56, 57) and an eliminating device (59, 53). The apparatus is adapted to receive the sensor (40), which has a plurality of active, successively disposable measuring zones (34). The sensor has applications in the quantitative analysis of glucose in the blood.

Abstract: Disclosed is the use of 9H-acridin-2-one and 11H-dibenz-[b,f][1,4]oxazepin-8-one compounds as mediators suitable for the electrochemical regeneration of the co-enzymes dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) or analogs thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing miniaturized chemical and biological sensor elements with ion-selective membranes. To simplify production in the micro range, an aperture (5,6) starting from the front (3) and tapering toward the back (4) is made in a thin silicon substrate (1) so that the front and back are interconnected. A liquid with which the ion-selective membrane is formed is poured into the containment (2) thus formed. Vertical ISFETs may also be made on the above principle.

Abstract: An electro-immunosensor which can be used to determine the presence of a wide range of analytes in solution is described. Also described are methods of determining subnanogram levels of analytes in a one-step procedure. This novel immunosensor comprises an analyte binding agent bound to an electrode and a analyte/enzyme conjugate bound to the analyte binding agent as part of a catalytic electrical circuit. Displacement of the conjugate by analyte causes a proportional decrease in current. The immunosensor may also be adapted to detect two analytes in a single step by using different enzymes conjugated to the analyte binding agents.

Abstract: A bio-sensor employs an ion senstive field effect transistor (ISFET) comping a source 1 and a drain 3 formed in a substrate, an ion sensitive gate 2 placed between the source 1 and drain 3, an ion sensitive film 4 formed on the ion sensing gate 2, an immobilized enzyme membrane 5 defined on the ion sensitive film 4 and, a Pt electrode 6 formed on the ion sensitive film 4. The sensor has a Pt eleletrode being capable of sensing all biological substances which generate H.sub.2 O.sub.2 in enzyme reaction, whereby having the high sensitivity and the rapid reaction time.

Abstract: A planar reference electrode for chemical sensors, which are able to be supplied with a measuring fluid and a calibrating fluid. The planar reference electrode has the following components: an internal reference element situated on a flat substrate; a layer covering the substrate in the vicinity of the internal reference element and consisting of a structured polymer and having at least one trench, which serves as a diffusion channel and extends in the lateral direction from the internal reference element to a region that comes in contact with the measuring fluid or calibrating fluid to be supplied to the chemical sensor, where the diffusion in the diffusion channel is determined by the channel geometry and/or by a diffusion layer; and a covering which seals off the trench.

Abstract: A highly specific and sensitive electrode for the determination of ultra-low levels of mercury and an analytical system based on such electrode. The electrode is a glassy carbon electrode spin-coated with a monolayer of a highly sensitive reagent for the detection of mercury. The analytical method based on the use of this type of electrode is a voltammetric method. Concentrations of the order of as low as about 2.10.sup.-12 Moles mercury can be detected and measured. The reagent is 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo-[8.8.8]hexacosane.

Abstract: A biosensor is provided with a memory for storing data including a data and a time of fabricating the biosensor, a lot number of the biosensor, an effective period of the biosensor, the biosensor characteristics, and administrative data of the biosensor. The memory may store additional data such as the measured date, the consecutive (total) measuring time, the measured results, etc.

Abstract: A biosensor which electrochemically detects a material which relates to a reaction of a specific compound in a liquid sample with a biologically active substance or its related substance, in which the biologically active material or an optionally used mediator is placed at a part which is remote from a position of an electrode which acts as electrochemical detector means, and optionally the biological active material or the mediator is covered with a polymer layer.

Abstract: A working micro-electrode with a reference electrode prepared by coating a working micro-electrode with an insulating material except a working electrode portion, forming a silver layer on the coated surface, and then changing a portion of the silver layer into silver chloride which is the reference electrode; a working micro-electrode with a reference electrode and a counter electrode prepared by coating the working micro-electrode with the reference electrode with an insulating material, and then forming the counter electrode on the surface of the insulating material; and methods for preparing these composite micro-electrodes.Heretofore, even if the working electrode is thinly constituted, the merit of the micro-electrode has not been sufficiently utilized, since the reference electrode and the counter electrode have been thick. However, the present invention can solve this problem and can facilitate experiments in which the micro-electrode is necessary.

Abstract: The invention relates to a membrane that is selective for anions, particularly phosphate, comprising an ionophore based on a uranyl complex with the annexed general formula, whereinA, B, C, D=RA+B+C+D=(C.sub.5 -C.sub.7) aryl, (C.sub.5 -C.sub.7) cycloalkyl,(C.sub.1 -C.sub.30) alkyl (C.sub.5 -C.sub.10) aryl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.30) alkyl (C.sub.5 -C.sub.10) cycloalkyl,E+E', G+G'=aryl, such as phenyl and naphthyl, or aryl substituted with a substituent (C.sub.1 -C.sub.30) alkoxy, or aryl substituted with the individual substituent or the substituent joined by ring closure K and/or K--CONH--L, whereinK, L=H --R--(CH.sub.2).sub.m --, --R--(CH.sub.2).sub.m --R, --X--(CH.sub.2).sub.m --, --X(CH.sub.2).sub.m --R, --X--(CH.sub.2).sub.m --X, --X(CH.sub.2).sub.m --X--R, --RX(CH.sub.2).sub.m --, --RX(CH.sub.2).sub.m --XR, --X--(R--X).sub.n --,wherein X=O, S; m= 0-10 and n= 0-10R=(C.sub.1 -C.sub.30) alkyl, (C.sub.5 -C.sub.10) aryl, (C.sub.5 -C.sub.10) cycloalkyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.30) alkyl (C.sub.5 -C.sub.10) aryl, (C.sub.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ion sensor with its electrode covered with a water-repelling organic chemically adsorbed film, which is formed with at least one hole permitting the passage of ions and preventing the passage of biopolymers, thereby accurately measuring ion concentrations over a long period. In forming a silane-based chemically adsorbed monomolecular film on the surface of the electrode, a hole dozens of angstroms in diameter is formed on an organic thin film by physically adsorbing the mask compound and then washing it away. This ion sensor can prevent the passage of macromolecules such as proteins in a living body. The sensor can also be used in a solution containing numerous impurities, and can be applied for monitoring activities in the body by implanting it in a body.

Abstract: A neural modeling device comprising an electrolyte, a lipid or lipid-impregnated membrane which is situated in the electrolyte and in which an ion pump and an ion channel are buried, and an electrode for transmitting a potential of the lipid or lipid-impregnated membrane as an electrical signal. The ion pump actively transports selected ions in the electrolyte through the membrane from one side to the other side in response to an external stimulus such as light irradiation. When the difference in potential between the opposite sides of the membrane reaches a threshold, the ion channel opens to passively transport selected ions in a direction reverse to the ion transporting direction of the ion pump. When this device is exposed to light, the ion pump actively transports ions to generate a potential in the lipid or lipid-impregnated membrane.

Abstract: A planar gas sensor, in particular a pCO.sub.2 or pO.sub.2 sensor, has the following components: a pH sensor located on a flat substrate, or at least one noble metal electrode located on the substrate; a reference electrode adjacent to the pH sensor or noble metal electrode; an electrolyte layer, covering the reference electrode and the pH sensor or noble metal electrode, which is delimited by a first polymer structure; and a layer of hydrophobic material, covering the electrolyte layer and a surface region of the substrate outside the first polymer structure, which is delimited by a second polymer structure.

Abstract: A small oxygen electrode and a method of bonding a fluorine resin film are disclosed. This small oxygen electrode includes a flat electrode substrate having at least two electrodes (a working electrode and a counter electrode) formed thereon, and a container substrate having dents formed to confront the two electrodes and contain an electrolyte therein. The container substrate which is bonded to the flat electrode substrate, so that the dent confronting the electrode constituting the working electrode has a through hole extending to the side opposite to the flat electrode substrate and a gas-permeable film is formed to cover the through hole. By using this dent structure, the preparation of an oxygen electrode can be conducted while maintaining a wafer form throughout the process, and formation of an electrode pattern can be facilitated.

Abstract: A biosensor for electrochemically detecting an electrochemically active material generated by a reaction of a compound to be analyzed in a liquid sample and at least one compound which specifically reacts with the compound to be analyzed, in which a working electrode has at least two electrode parts and the supplied liquid sample contacts the electrode parts successively at an interval, and with which, the electrochemically active material and the compound to be analyzed are quantitatively analyzed separately.

Abstract: A pH electrode suitable for in vivo use is provided in a cannula 10, and comprises a reference electrode 14 consisting of a chloridized silver wire surrounded by a solid unbuffered internal reference material 16 comprising potassium chloride, silver chloride, citric acid and sorbitol as a hygroscopic agent. The material 16 is surrounded by a PVC sleeve 12. The tip of the cannula 10 has a pH sensitive polymer-based membrane 20 across its end. The reference material has a pH when hydrated of about 2 which is below the range of pH response of the membrane 20.

Abstract: A process for producing a surface gate comprising a selective membrane for an integrated chemical sensor comprising a field effect transistor, and the integrated chemical sensor thus produced, wherein the surface gate is particularly sensitive to alkaline-earth species, and more particularly, sensitive to the calcium ion. The process comprises forming grafts on the surface gate, and making the grafts operative utilizing phosphonate-based, iono-sensitive molecules.

Abstract: A macrocyclic compound coated electrode may be used advantageously to detect and measure the concentration of sulfide in aqueous samples. The electrode is substantially unaffected by other interfering species which may be present in the aqueous sample. Use of the electrode provides for fast, accurate, on-line monitoring of sulfide concentration in aqueous effluents from, inter alia, pulp and paper plants, and oil and gas refineries.

Abstract: A nanostructured composite film comprising a plurality of nanostructured elements, wherein the nanostructured elements are either two-component sub-microscopic structures comprised of whiskers conformally coated with a conducting, preferentially catalytically active material or one component sub-microscopic structures comprised of a conducting preferentially catalytically active material, such that the nanostructured elements are embedded in an encapsulant, wherein the encapsulant can be a solid electrolyte. The composite film can be used as an electrode membrane in an electrochemical cell or sensor.

Abstract: The sensor apparatus of the present invention includes on a nonconducting substrate electrically conductive pathways leading to at least two analyte electrodes and one reference electrode. The analyte electrodes each have sensitivities for both analytes but each has a membrane and/or electrolyte that favors the conversion of ionic potential to electronic potential for a different analyte. The apparatus has an fluid circuit means for liquid contact between the electrodes so that electric signals can be sent by electric circuitry to an analyzing means.

Abstract: Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilized on colloidal gold and then deposited on an electrode surface can be reduced at a convenient rate at low voltage (Ag/AgCl) without an electron transfer mediator. Bioelectrodes combining both a colloidal gold-adsorbed oxidase and colloidal gold-adsorbed HRP located on an electrode surface are efficient biodetectors, particularly for the measurement of low glucose levels in samples when glucose oxidase is employed as the sensing enzyme. The biodetectors may be employed for mediatorless detection of a wide variety of analytyes depending on the oxidase employed.

Abstract: A sensor device for measuring the concentration of an analyte in solution is described. The device includes a composite membrane which incorporates a porous membrane containing an immobilized biologically-active protein and at least one other membrane. The other membrane may optionally be a blocking membrane, partly embedded in the porous membrane, which is adapted to exclude low molecular weight interfering species such as ascorbic acid. The other membrane may optionally be a protecting membrane which is useful for preventing high molecular species from fouling the porous membrane. Both a blocking membrane and a protecting membrane may be included in the composite membrane, simultaneously. The composite membrane is attached and reliably sealed to a housing by means of ultrasonic welding.These features operate synergistically so that the device exhibits relatively fast response and recovery times, is reliably leak-proof, and may be constructed in relatively small sizes.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing Ag/Ni composite ion selective electrode on polymer substrates. By utilizing a nitrogen glow discharge pretreatment of the polymer substrate, silver may be deposited directly thereon. Further, because of the glow discharge pretreatment, aging of the silver layer prior to nickel deposition and bleaching operation is not necessary.

Abstract: An improved perfluorinated, ion-exchange polymer, either in the form of a membrane or a thin film useful as the electrolyte in chemical sensors. The polymer is treated with an acid, such as boric acid or a mixture of boric acid and phosphoric acid, to maintain the ionic conductivity of the polymer to approximately 180 degrees Centigrade. The improved polymer electrolyte is utilized to sense moisture by a two electrode structure with the electrodes arranged in interdigital fashion and the electrolyte film cast over the electrodes. The electrolyte is included in a 3 electrode sensor for sensing various types of gases.

Abstract: An amperometric biosensor and method for the detection of hydrogen peroxide, NADH, or NADPH with high sensitivity includes an electrode having on its testing surface a three-dimensional redox polymer network in which peroxidase is immobilized.

Abstract: An electrochemical measuring cell has a three-electrode system including electrode, counter electrode and reference electrode in an electrolyte. The measuring cell has an additive promoting the electrochemical reaction and is selective and highly sensitive for the detection of hydrogen halides and also provides a stable measuring signal. A measuring cell of this kind has an additive of tetrachloroauric acid in the electrolyte for detecting hydrochloric acid with all electrodes being made of gold. The counter electrode is protected by a cation exchange membrane to provide a further improvement.