Abstract: A potentiometric cell capable of selectively measuring potassium comprising an ion-selective working electrode composition prepared from a carrier solvent composition comprising between 1.5 and 2.4 mg of Valinomycin, between 0.4 and 0.6 mg of potassium Tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate (KTFPB), between 52.48 and 78.72 mg of Poly(vinylchloride) (PVC), and between 103.52 and 155.28 mg of Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS) per ml of the carrier solvent in combination with a specially adapted reference electrode. The cell exhibits improved precision in potassium ion determinations and high selectivity for potassium ions over other cations in a sample specimen such as whole blood or saliva. The electrode compositions exhibits improved properties over a long period of time and therefore has greater shelf life.

Abstract: An infrared non-linear optical crystal has the following molecular formula: A18X21Y6M48, in which A is Ba, Sr or Pb; X is Zn, Cd or Mn; Y is Ga, In or Al; and M is S, Se or Te. The crystal belongs to trigonal system and has space group R3. The crystal Ba18Zn21Ga6S48 is a type I phase matching non-linear optical material, in a particle size range of 150˜210 ?m, its powder frequency doubling intensity and the laser damage threshold are respectively 0.5 times and 28 times those of the commercial material AgGaS2. Other crystals have the same or similar structure and properties such as optical property. The infrared non-linear optical crystal of the present application has important prospects in military and civilian applications, and can be used in electro-optical countermeasures, resource detection, space antimissile and communications, etc.

Abstract: An integrated ion-sensitive probe is provided. In an example, an ion-sensitive probe can include a semiconductor substrate and a first passive electrode attached to the semiconductor substrate. The first passive electrode can be configured to contact a solution and to provide a first electrical voltage as function of a concentration of an ion within the solution. In certain examples, a passive reference electrode can be co-located on the semiconductor substrate. In some examples, processing electronics can be integrated on the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: A potentiometric sensor apparatus, comprising: a measuring half-cell having a measuring membrane; a reference half-cell; and a measurement circuit for registering a potential difference between the measuring half-cell and the reference half-cell. The measuring membrane has, covering at least one portion of the measuring membrane during dry storage of the sensor apparatus, a coating, which is embodied, upon immersion of at least one immersion region of the sensor apparatus (which region comprises the measuring membrane and is intended for immersion in a measured medium) in a liquid, especially a water containing liquid, in the case of continued contact with the liquid, to dissolve, at least partially, off of the measuring membrane.

Abstract: A purpose of this invention is to provide an electrode that is extremely preferably used for measuring a pH of a cell culture medium. This electrode is designed to be inserted into an insertion bore arranged on a container into which a sample solution as being a measuring object is put, and comprises an internal electrode, a storage that houses the internal electrode, a gelled or liquefied internal liquid that is filled into the storage so as to contact the internal electrode, and a sensor part that is electrically connected to the internal electrode through the internal liquid and arranged at a distal end surface of the storage as to detect a electric potential of the sample solution. The storage has a positioning surface for positioning the storage at a mounting position at which the inner wall surface of the container and the distal end surface of the storage are on the same plane.

Abstract: An ion sensor for sensing an ion concentration in a bulk solution comprises a reference electrode embedded in an reference electrolyte solution, and a first ion-selective electrode. The ion sensor moreover comprises a second electrode sensitive to the reference ions or to an ion different from the ion to be measured, whereby the second electrode is in direct contact with the bulk solution when the ion sensor is immersed therein. The potential difference between the first electrode and the reference electrode is a measure for the ion concentration in the bulk solution and is corrected with the potential difference between the second electrode and the reference electrode to compensate for the drift of the reference electrode.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a glass assembly comprises the steps: lowering of a dip pipe that gas may flow through vertically to the surface of a glass melt; determining when the surface of the glass melt is encountered by the dip pipe end showing towards the glass melt by detecting an increase of the gas pressure found inside the dip pipe; continued lowering of the dip pipe until a predetermined depth of entry of the dip pipe end showing towards the glass melt is reached; obtaining a predetermined pressure inside the dip pipe while the dip pipe first stays at the given immersion depth for the given duration and after the predetermined duration is completed, is lifted with a given speed vertically to the surface of the glass melt, thus creating a gas bubble in the glass melt whose walls are attached to the end of the dip pipe; continued lifting of the dip pipe vertically to the surface of the glass melt until the gas bubble is separated from the glass melt, with the wall of the gas bubble remaining at the dip

Abstract: An electrosurgical probe with internal cooling for use in systems and methods for lesioning in bone and other tissue is disclosed. The probe includes a distal electrical insulator, a proximal electrical insulator, a distal electrical conductor defining a distal electrode with a closed distal end and a proximal electrical conductor defining a proximal electrode, the distal electrode longitudinally spaced apart and electrically isolated from the proximal electrode by the distal electrical insulator. The distal electrode has a closed proximal end formed by a distal face of the distal electrical insulator to thereby define a closed distal inner lumen for circulating the cooling fluid. The proximal electrode has a closed distal end formed by a proximal face of the distal electrical insulator and a closed proximal end formed by a distal face of the proximal electrical insulator to thereby define a closed proximal inner lumen for circulating the cooling fluid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lamp having synthetic ceramic glass electrodes, which comprises a glass tube, a plurality of synthetic ceramic glass electrodes, and a plurality of connecting members. The plurality of connecting members are disposed between the glass tube and the plurality of synthetic ceramic glass electrodes. The plurality of connecting members have different thermal expansion coefficients. Thereby, by using the plurality of connecting members to connect the plurality of synthetic ceramic glass electrodes, the glass tube and the plurality of synthetic ceramic glass electrodes can be sealed tightly.

Abstract: A combination electrode for ion concentration measurement is provided including a glass electrode and a reference electrode whose internal electrode is made of silver-silver chloride, wherein a sealing means is provided configured to seal an upper surface of a reference electrode chamber formed in an outer tube which houses an internal electrode and an internal solution of the reference electrode, and around a glass support tube penetrating the outer tube along a substantially center axis thereof an annular silver member which the glass support tube penetrates along a center axis thereof, annular sealing elastic members for liquid-tightly sealing a space between the silver member and the glass support tube, and a space between the silver member and the outer tube, respectively, and the reference electrode internal electrode is connected to a terminal for a reference electrode through the silver member.

Abstract: This invention provides a reference electrode that can be downsized and stable in voltage. The reference electrode in accordance with this invention is a reference electrode that does not require an internal aqueous solution such as a KCl aqueous solution and comprises a metal body, a slightly soluble salt film that comprises a slightly soluble salt of the metal body and that coats the metal body and a hydrophobic ionic liquid that is arranged to make contact with both the slightly soluble salt film and a sample to be measured.

Abstract: A unitary ionic probe is provided. The unitary ionic probe includes a substantially elongate body including a central axis (AA), a proximal end, and a distal end. The unitary ionic probe further includes an active ion sensitive region that is located on and bonded into an exterior of the elongate body in a region of the proximal end and an active electrode in ionic communication with the active ion sensitive region. The unitary ionic probe further includes a reference ion sensitive region that is located on and bonded into the exterior of the elongate body and is spaced-apart from the active ion sensitive region and a reference electrode in ionic communication with the reference ion sensitive region.

Abstract: A combination electrode for ion concentration measurement is provided including a glass electrode and a reference electrode whose internal electrode is made of silver-silver chloride, wherein a sealing means is provided configured to seal an upper surface of a reference electrode chamber formed in an outer tube which houses an internal electrode and an internal solution of the reference electrode, and around a glass support tube penetrating the outer tube along a substantially center axis thereof an annular silver member which the glass support tube penetrates along a center axis thereof, annular sealing elastic members for liquid-tightly sealing a space between the silver member and the glass support tube, and a space between the silver member and the outer tube, respectively, and the reference electrode internal electrode is connected to a terminal for a reference electrode through the silver member.

Abstract: Provided are fabrication, characterization and application of a nanodisk electrode, a nanopore electrode and a nanopore membrane. These three nanostructures share common fabrication steps. In one embodiment, the fabrication of a disk electrode involves sealing a sharpened internal signal transduction element (“ISTE”) into a substrate, followed by polishing of the substrate until a nanometer-sized disk of the ISTE is exposed. The fabrication of a nanopore electrode is accomplished by etching the nanodisk electrode to create a pore in the substrate, with the remaining ISTE comprising the pore base. Complete removal of the ISTE yields a nanopore membrane, in which a conical shaped pore is embedded in a thin membrane of the substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sensitive glass for use in a pH-sensitive glass electrode, which comprises at least Me2O3 (Me represents a lanthanoid) and further comprises Y2O3 or Sc2O3 in an amount smaller than that of the Me2O3. Also disclosed is a sensitive glass for use in a cation-sensitive glass electrode, which comprises at least Y2O3 or Sc2O3.

Abstract: An electrode comprising: a least a first, preferably cylindrical, glass body, in which at least a first chamber is formed; at least a first electrolyte, which is located in the first chamber; at least a first potential-forming element, which is arranged in the chamber, and forms a first potential when contacted by the first electrolyte; at least a first closing element, which is axially fixed in the first chamber for enclosing the first electrolyte and the first potential-forming element and sealedly closes the first chamber; wherein, additionally, the first closing element is conductive, the first potential-forming element conductingly contacts the first closing element, and the electrode furthermore includes at least a first electrical conductor, which electrically contacts the first closing element on the side of the first closing element facing away from the first electrolyte.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ion-selective electrode having excellent mechanical strength, excellent durability, low membrane resistance and good ion response accuracy. This ion-selective electrode comprises a response glass membrane which has ion selectivity and is made of an oxynitride glass containing Li.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell for producing copper having a dense graphite anode electrode and a dense graphite cathode electrode disposed in a CuCl solution. An anion exchange membrane made of poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) and polyethylenimine cross-linked with a cross-linking agent selected from the group consisting of acetone, formaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, and mixtures thereof is disposed between the two electrodes.

Abstract: A combination electrode, including: A first tube; a measuring membrane, which sealedly closes the first tube to form a measuring chamber; a second tube, which surrounds the first tube and is connected borderingly with the first tube to form an annular reference chamber; a buffer solution located in the measuring chamber; an electrolyte solution located in the reference chamber; a first tapping electrode in contact with the buffer solution; and a second tapping electrode in contact with the electrolyte; wherein, additionally, arranged in the reference chamber is an axially shiftable, annular, sealing element, which bounds the volume occupied by the electrolyte solution, the sealing element is biased by means of an electrically conductive, elastic, deformation element, which surrounds the first tube, and the second tapping electrode is electrically connected with the deformation element, in order to tap the potential of the second electrode via the deformation element.

Abstract: An improved combination ion-selective electrode has a thin ion-sensing body extending from an outer reference body. The exposed portion of the ion-sensing body is encompassed by a sleeve which effectively forms an extension of the reference body and also provides mechanical stability to the ion-sensing body. One or more fluid channels are formed interior to the sleeve to provide an electrically conductive path from the reference solution within the reference body to the tip of the electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sensitive glass film for a pH electrode, which is not deteriorated in its glass strength or pH-measuring function, which is hardly stained, and from which any stain can be removed easily. Also disclosed is a pH electrode having the sensitive glass film. A microparticle comprising rutile-type or brookite-type titanium dioxide or a microparticle comprising amorphous titanium dioxide is adhered directly on the glass film surface of a sensitive glass film for a pH electrode.

Abstract: Provided are fabrication, characterization and application of a nanodisk electrode, a nanopore electrode and a nanopore membrane. These three nanostructures share common fabrication steps. In one embodiment, the fabrication of a disk electrode involves sealing a sharpened internal signal transduction element (“ISTE”) into a substrate, followed by polishing of the substrate until a nanometer-sized disk of the ISTE is exposed. The fabrication of a nanopore electrode is accomplished by etching the nanodisk electrode to create a pore in the substrate, with the remaining ISTE comprising the pore base. Complete removal of the ISTE yields a nanopore membrane, in which a conical shaped pore is embedded in a thin membrane of the substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ion-selective electrode having excellent mechanical strength, excellent durability, low membrane resistance and good ion response accuracy. This ion-selective electrode comprises a response glass membrane which has ion selectivity and is made of an oxynitride glass containing Li.

Abstract: The present claimed invention is to provide a reference electrode wherein variations of a potential difference at a liquid junction can be removed almost completely, contamination of a sample solution can be minimized, a frequency to supply and replace an internal solution is lessened, the liquid junction is prevented from being clogged, high durability for a long term can be maintained and a measurement with high accuracy can be conducted, and comprises an internal electrode 21, an internal solution 22 that makes a contact with the internal electrode 21 and a liquid junction 23 that continues into the internal solution 22, wherein the liquid junction 23 is made by the use of a gelled hydrophobic ionic liquid.

Abstract: The present claimed invention intends to provide a responsive glass membrane for ion selective electrode glass and an ion selective electrode comprising the responsive glass membrane that produces a self-cleaning function when the ultraviolet rays are irradiated although no change is brought in a composition of a sample solution as being an object to be measured and that is low in electric resistance value and superior in responsivity under an ordinary measurement environment. The responsive glass membrane for ion selective electrode is made of the titanium-containing oxide glass that contains 20˜80 mol % of titanium dioxide and lithium oxide.

Abstract: A method for producing a pH measuring probe includes: providing an electrode wire protruding out of both sides of a recording device, the electrode wire being fixed to the recording device with the first end thereof, placing a glass tube over a second end of the electrode wire until reaching a cavity of the recording device, the glass tube and the recording device being fixed together; providing another electrode wire protruding from both sides of a base plate including a recess for the recording device, the other electrode wire being fixed to the base plate with its end protruding; providing a casing comprising first and second openings, the casing and base plate being sealed together, forming the housing; and guiding the glass tube through the recess in the base plate until it protrudes out of an opening in the casing and the recording device is inserted into the base plate.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved ion measuring composite electrode, measuring instrument incorporating the composite electrode, and a manufacturing method for forming a preform of a composite double glass pipe for forming the ion measuring composite electrode. A hollow inner pipe and a hollow outer pipe are axially aligned with an elongated member having liquid absorption capacity. The inner pipe is welded to the outer pipe to form an annular space there between for receiving reference electrode liquid. The elongated member insures electrical conductivity even in the presence of air bubbles so that the measuring instrument is operatable and an appropriate weld can be easily manufactured to improve productivity.

Abstract: An electronic sensor is provided for detecting the presence of one or more analytes of interest in a sample. The sensor preferably comprises a field effect transistor in which conductance is enhanced by analyte binding to receptors in the active region. An array of sensors may be formed to analyze a sample for multiple analytes.

Abstract: An ion sensor has a flow path through which a sample flows. An ion-exchange membrane is in contact with the sample in the sample flow path. An internal solution is provided on one side of the ion-exchange membrane. An internal electrode is provided so as to come in contact with the internal solution. The surface of the ion-exchange membrane that does not come in contact with the sample is coated with a two-liquid-mixed epoxy resin.

Abstract: Methods for fabricating ion sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs) with SnO2 extended gates. A SnO2 detection film is formed on a substrate by sol-gel technology to serve as an extended gate. The SnO2 detection film is electrically connected to a conductive wire, and an insulating layer is formed on the surface of the ISFET but part of the SnO2 detection film and the conductive wire are left exposed. The exposed conductive wire is electrically connected to a gate terminal of a MOS transistor.

Abstract: An improved ion-selective electrode with enhanced sensitivity and reliability. The electrode is readily formed from an electrode assembly sealingly joined to the upper end of an electrode chamber whose lower end opens into in a tube bore of substantial path length that provides a conductive path between the electrode assembly and a sensing tip of the electrode. The electrode assembly itself takes the form of a generally helical coil formed on a post extending from the upper end of the assembly and positioning a substantial length of conductive lead remote from the sensing tip of the electrode. The electrode chamber is thermally insulated from the main body of the electrode, and adverse temperature effects are thus greatly minimized. A self-cleaning junction has also been developed. Increased reliability for a given sensitivity have been found to result from the construction.

Abstract: The invention provides a sensor with a reference electrode and a flowing electrolyte which is particularly useful for measuring the ion concentration of a process solution. The invention includes a sensor having a pressurized reservoir which provides flow of an electrolyte, a non-metallic solution ground and a resistance temperature device bonded to a non-metallic solution ground. The invention provides sensors with greater accuracy and stability by minimizing or eliminating ingress of contaminants from a process solution through the external junction of the sensor.

Abstract: The invention provides a sensor with a reference electrode and a flowing electrolyte which is particularly useful for measuring the ion concentration of a process solution. The invention includes a sensor having a pressurized reservoir which provides flow of an electrolyte, a non-metallic solution ground and a resistance temperature device bonded to a non-metallic solution ground. The invention provides sensors with greater accuracy and stability by minimizing or eliminating ingress of contaminants from a process solution through the external junction of the sensor.

Abstract: A miniature reference electrode with improved stability and durability formed of a miniature silver/silver chloride reference electrode with high stability and general applicability as a reference electrode. The miniature reference electrode includes, on electrode substrate, a thin-film backbone metal pattern and a thin-film silver pattern formed in electrical contact with a portion of the thin-film backbone metal pattern. A silver chloride layer is set on a portion of the thin-film silver pattern. The silver chloride layer is in contact with a portion of thin-film electrolyte layer via hydrophobic thin-film insulating layer. The thin-film electrolyte layer is impregnated with a saturated solution of potassium chloride for making contact to the outside via a thin-film liquid junction pattern. When in use, the thin-film liquid junction pattern (31) is impregnated with the electrolyte, while its end portion is recessed in an aqueous solution.

Abstract: The present invention is drawn generally to an improved electrochemical sensor. The reference cell within the sensor can be a salt bridge comprising at least two chambers for containing an electrolyte fluid, preferably containing a semipermeable plug impregnated with an electrolyte, an essentially fluid impermeable plug for separating the at least two chambers, and a narrow opening through the plug providing a non-axial flow path for ionic communication between the at least two chambers when the electrolyte fluid is present.

Abstract: An improved combination ion-selective electrode apparatus is provided that comprises an electrode body, a reference electrode, and an ion-sensing electrode. The reference electrode comprises a ion-permeable junction. A removable membrane cap contains a ion-selective membrane. The membrane cap can be removed from the ion-selective electrode apparatus without endangering the integrity of the reference electrode and is distinct from the ion-permeable junction. The membrane cap contains a removable ion-sensitive membrane that can be replaced if the ion-sensitive membrane fails to thereby place the combination ion-selective electrode apparatus back into service. Moreover, a single combination ion-selective electrode apparatus can be used to measure a variety of analyte ions by simple replacement of the membrane cartridge.

Abstract: A sensor for measuring pH of a solution includes a housing with an exterior surface for exposure to the solution. A measuring glass electrode within a tubular circuit ground electrode extends through the exterior surface. A reference glass electrode is received in a neutral pH solution in the housing and is coupled by a salt bridge to the exterior surface. An electric circuit within the housing has a first preamplifier connected by a first conductor to the measuring glass electrode and has a second preamplifier connected by a second conductor to the reference glass electrode. The first and second conductors have substantially equal lengths so that ambient electrical noise equally affects signals from the electrodes. The electrical cable that carries output signals from the electric circuit passes through a ferrite sleeve which inhibits high frequency electric noise that is induced in the cable from reaching the electric circuit.

Abstract: The proposed multipurpose ion-selective sensor is designed to be operational in any spatial position in harsh environment and incorporates a housing tube (1) where a number of elements are fixed and electrically connected to a measurement transmitter; these members include: a detachable indicator electrode (3) which employs a solid indicator system (33) with a solid membrane contacting the analysed liquid; a detachable reference electrode (4) with a hollow body (20) accommodates a potential-forming semi-element (21), a connecting member (22) and electrolyte (29) filled with a solid dispersed material forming a spatial structure (30) in the electrolyte (29), whereby the structure is rigidly linked with internal surface (31) of the reference electrode (4) body (20), the potential-forming semi-element (21) and with the connecting member (22).

Abstract: The apparatus of the invention includes a flow chamber having an inlet, an outlet, and a removable cover. The cover includes fittings for mounting a reference electrode assembly, a measuring electrode assembly, and a combined counter electrode/thermistor probe. According to the one illustrative embodiment invention, the flow chamber is substantially cylindrical with the inlet located near the bottom of the chamber and the outlet located near the top of the chamber. The axes of the inlet and outlet lie in the same plane as and are parallel to a diameter of the chamber. The inner diameter of the inlet is reduced to approximately ⅛″ so that the velocity of water entering the chamber is increased. The inner diameter of the outlet is approximately ¼″ so that the velocity of water exiting the chamber is less than the velocity of water entering the chamber.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reference electrode solution containing ammonium salts and phosphonium salts for the potentiometric measurement of pH and method of using the same. The use of the ammonium salts and the phosphonium salts to replace potassium chloride or sodium chloride as reference electrolytes in a standard reference electrode minimizes the formation of precipitates in sample solutions containing cation-sensitive compounds. Disruption of ion flow through the reference electrode is eliminated, and accurate pH measurements may be obtained in solutions that contain compounds having a strong affinity for hard cations.

Abstract: The accuracy and temperature-independence of ion-selective electrode meters having a logarithm resistance temperature correction incorporated therein is enhanced by using a microprocessor controlled and measured circuit with switched reference and switched capacitor filter, and by adding a linear membrane resistance term to the algorithm to improve accuracy across a wide temperature range.

Abstract: An ion concentration measuring electrode unit includes a body member having a plurality of capillary tubes extending through the body member to provide a plurality of passageways for a sample fluid to be tested. The gaps between the hollow tubes are sealed to maintain an internal solution complimentary to the ion to be measured. An internal electrode is immersed within the internal solution whereby a large internal surface area is provided to enable a reduced impedance in measurement of a sample fluid. An ion concentration meter assembly is thereby provided when combined with a sample flow conduit directing fluid through the body member with a liquid junction connected to the conduit and to a reference electrode unit whereby outputs of the internal electrode and a reference electrode can be used to measure an ion concentration.

Abstract: A pH electrode arrangement comprises an inner wire electrode of silver sulfide, and a fill solution comprising a solution of sodium thiosulphate, a buffer, and an antioxidant. The arrangement has a fast response to a change in temperature, a half cell near .+-.500 mV, and an isopotential point near 7 pH.

Abstract: A method of producing a medium-tight connection between interior and exterior concentrically-arranged glass tubes includes the steps of providing a longitudinally extending electrical conductor strip between the interior and exterior tubes, forming a bulge extending radially outwardly from the interior tube by heating the tube, inserting the interior tube into the exterior tube, and forming a constriction in the exterior tube which extends radially inwardly and connects with the radially outwardly extending bulge to form a closure area, whereby the conductor strip passes through the closure area. An electrochemical sensor for measuring pH values or redox potentials formed according to this method includes an elongated housing which contains an interior chamber defined by the interior tube, a glass membrane cap, and a closure member, and an annular exterior chamber defined by the interior and exterior tubes.

Abstract: A method of producing a medium-tight connection between interior and exterior concentrically-arranged glass tubes includes the steps of providing a longitudinally extending electrical conductor strip between the interior and exterior tubes, forming a bulge extending radially outwardly from the interior tube by heating the tube, inserting the interior tube into the exterior tube, and forming a constriction in the exterior tube which extends radially inwardly and connects with the radially outwardly extending bulge to form a closure area, whereby the conductor strip passes through the closure area. An electrochemical sensor for measuring pH values or redox potentials formed according to this method includes an elongated housing which contains an interior chamber defined by the interior tube, a glass membrane cap, and a closure member, and an annular exterior chamber defined by the interior and exterior tubes.

Abstract: A single rod measuring probe has a hollow probe portion which contains an electrolyte solution and an electrical connector plug. The hollow probe portion and electrical connector plug are joined by a refill unit which receives the probe portion and plug in opposite ends thereof. The refill unit includes a lateral opening for filling the probe portion with electrolyte solution and a slidable cover for closing the opening. The slidable cover includes an elastic seal which seals the lateral opening when the cover is over the lateral opening. Preferably, the refill unit is non-circular in cross-section to facilitate venting.

Abstract: An elcctrobiochemical system for the determination of the presence and optionally concentration of an analyte in a liquid medium, the system comprising an electrode having immobilized thereon a member of a recognition pair, the other member of said pair being said analyte, the presence of said analyte in the medium resulting in formation of a pair complex, being a complex between said immobilized member and said analyte; the system further comprising redox molecules capable of changing their redox state by accepting electrons from or donating electrons to the electrode; the formation of the pair complex on the electrode bringing a change in the electrical response of the system, whereby the presence and optionally the concentration of said analyte in the medium can be determined.

Abstract: An ion concentration measuring apparatus having a housing member with a measuring electrode assembly movably mounted within the housing member is provided. A calibration fluid reservoir is also mounted within the housing member. The measuring electrode assembly can be extended for a measuring mode of operation of retracted within the housing member and appropriately sealed so that it will contact the calibration fluid for a calibration operation.

Abstract: A small glass electrode and process for preparation thereof, the small glass electrode having a bonded structure and comprising a reference electrode composed of silver/silver chloride, a glass substrate having a pad embedded therein, the pad being composed of gold or platinum and circuit-connected to the reference electrode, and a silicon substrate having a (100) plane selectively etched by the anisotropic etching technique and comprising a groove for injecting an electrolyte composed of an aqueous solution containing chlorine such as KCA, or HCA, at least one hole for holding the electrolyte and a glass film formed in a portion corresponding to the reference electrode. The structure of the small glass electrode may be produced by the disclosed process easily and at low cost. Additionally, the small glass electrode, in differing embodiments, may include a reference electrode and a temperature sensor.

Abstract: An electronic sensor is provided for detecting the presence of one or more analytes of interest in a sample. The sensor preferably comprises a field effect transistor in which conductance is enhanced altered by analyte binding to receptors in the active region. An array of sensors may be formed to analyze a sample for multiple analytes.