Abstract: A reference electrode which is stable over a wide range of temperatures, pressures and chemical conditions is provided. The subject reference electrode according to the present invention comprises a tubular enclosure composed of quartz having a distal, closed end and a proximal, open end. An insulating ceramic rod is seemingly connected to the opening in the closed distal end of the enclosure to form micro-cracks between the ceramic rod and the quartz enclosure (called a cracked junction, CJ). The CJ gives a very tortuous path for ion conduction from inside the reference electrode (RE) to a working electrode (WE). Inside the tubular enclosure is an electrical lead (e.g., a silver wire) disposed in an electrolyte comprising a mixture of alkaline metal salts (e.g., AgCl and KCl), extending from the electrolyte upward through a sealing means at the proximal end of the quartz enclosure.

Abstract: A sensor arrangement for melted materials includes an upper part and a detachable lower part. A tube extends coaxial to a longitudinal axis of the lower part, is closed on its end facing away from the upper part, and is open on the other end. The tube is arranged on an immersion end of the lower part facing away from the upper part. A guide tube, extending coaxial to a longitudinal axis of the upper part and being open on both ends, is arranged in a guide sleeve. A pressure acting in the direction of the lower part is applied to the guide tube by an elastic body and the guide tube touches against the lower part. One opening of the guide tube and the open end of the tube of the lower part are arranged adjacent to each other and coaxial to the longitudinal axis of the lower part.

Abstract: A measuring probe is provided for taking measurements in molten metal or slag, the probe including a measuring head having an immersion end and a rear end. At least one electrochemical sensor, one thermocouple, and one bath contact of the electrochemical sensor are arranged at the immersion end, and the thermocouple and electrochemical sensor each protrude from the immersion end adjacent to each other. The bath contact is formed from a strip of metal arranged around and between the thermocouple and the electrochemical sensor in appropriate manner, such that two chambers are formed that are open at the immersion end. The thermocouple is arranged in one chamber and the electrochemical sensor is arranged in the other chamber and both are held by fixation material.

Abstract: An array-type sensor that senses NH3 includes non-Nernstian sensing elements constructed from metal and/or metal-oxide electrodes on an O2 ion conducting substrate. In one example sensor, one electrode may be made of platinum, another electrode may be made of manganese (III) oxide (Mn2O3), and another electrode may be made of tungsten trioxide (WO3). Some sensing elements may further include an electrode made of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 and another electrode made of LaCr0.95Mg0.05O3.

Abstract: The invention relates to a probe (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600) for the measurement of the oxygen activity of metal melts, in particular steel melts, comprising a reference substance (2) of known oxygen activity in electrically conducting contact (3) with a measuring device; and comprising a solid electrolyte predominantly oxygen ion conducting and negligibly electron conducting at high temperatures and separating the reference substance (2) from the metal melt and having an entry surface (4) for oxygen ions which is in contact with the metal melt, wherein the entry surface (4) of the probe ready for operation is covered by a functional foil arrangement (10,20) in close contact to the entry surface (4).

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a gas sensor, the gas sensor including a gas detecting element, cylindrical metal shell, and cylindrical protector as defined herein, the process comprising: applying a lubricant to an outer circumference of a leading end portion of the metal shell; assembling the metal shell having the lubricant applied thereto and the protector, so that a fitting portion, in which the leading end portion of the metal shell and the protector fit on each other, and a space-forming portion, in which the leading end portion of the metal shell and the protector overlap each other through an annular space, are formed along an axial direction; and welding the metal shell and the protector by forming a welded portion extending from an outer circumference of the protector through the annular space.

Abstract: An electrochemical gas probe capable of measuring an amount of gas in a molten metal. The probe comprises a sensing unit that includes a reference electrode, a sensing electrode, a solid-state reference mixture adjacent to the reference electrode, and a conductor between the reference electrode and a sensing electrode. The probe also comprises a supporting unit that includes a main support, a protection cover and a stabilizing material, wherein the stabilizing material is between the sensing unit and the protection cover of the supporting unit. By using a solid-state reference material, the change of hydrogen content in molten aluminum may be conveniently monitored during a degassing process.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for mounting a device to a pipe. The apparatus is particularly useful for the installation and/or replacement of retrofit sensors and injectors to the piping of engine exhaust systems and emission control systems, and is designed to be used on pipes of different dimensions.

Abstract: A sensor is disclosed that comprises an electrolyte disposed between and in intimate contact with a sensing electrode and a reference electrode. A protective coating is disposed on the protective layer adjacent to the sensing electrode. The protective coating comprises a mixture of a metal oxide, a zeolite, and an alumina. A method for making the sensor is also disclosed.

Abstract: A gas sensor comprises a first pump cell 6 including first internal and external electrodes 10 and 11 so formed as to face from inside and outside a first flow passage 2, respectively, for pumping oxygen out from, and into, the first flow passage, and a second pump cell 8 including second internal and external electrodes 14 and 15 so formed as to face from inside and outside a second flow passage 4 communicating with the first flow passage through a diffusion resistance, wherein a measurement gas component undergoes reaction inside the second flow passage 4 and a current corresponding to the concentration of the measurement gas component flows between the electrodes 14 and 15 through the oxygen ion conductor. At least a part of the first internal electrode 10 contains a platinum group element and Cu.

Abstract: An oxygen sensor is constituted by a ceramic separator being placed so that the rear thereof enters the inside of a filter holding part and the front enters the inside of a casing and formed with a plurality of lead insertion holes axially penetrating the ceramic separator and an elastic seal member being fitted elastically into a rear opening of the filter holding part and having seal lead insertion holes for inserting leads for sealing the gap between the outer faces of the leads and the inner face of the filter holding part. The rear end face of the ceramic separator is positioned on the rear side behind a gas introduction hole in the axial direction and a predetermined gap is formed between the elastic seal member and the ceramic separator at least at the lead insertion position.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor for ascertaining a gas concentration of a measuring gas includes an electrochemical element, including a first solid electrolyte body having an electrochemical pump cell and a first and a second electrode, and having a gas compartment which is connected via a gas access opening to the measuring-gas compartment, and in which one of the two electrodes is arranged. The electrochemical element further includes a second solid electrolyte body having an electrochemical sensor cell (Nernst cell) and a third and a fourth electrode. The surface of the first solid electrolyte body faces the measuring-gas compartment, and the gas access opening is covered by a porous protective layer. The electrochemical sensor includes a layer that exhibits a higher density or a lower porosity compared to the protective layer and that is allocated to the porous protective layer.

Abstract: An electrochemical field probe for measuring solute concentrations of elements dissolved in a liquid, such as a molten metal bath, generally including a base having a first end, a second end, an external surface, and extending about a longitudinal axis, a reference electrode positioned between the first and second ends of the base, and a glassy electrolyte positioned adjacent the reference electrode, wherein the reference electrode is a Mo substrate coated with a electrode reference material selected from a group including NiAl, graphite, Cr, a compound of Mo and Mo3Si, a compound of Cr and Cr2O3, a compound of Ti and TiN, a compound of Ti and TiS, and a compound of Th and ThP and the glassy electrolyte is selected from a group including a compound of 38% CaO, 42% SiO2, and 20% Al2O3, soda glass, pyrex powder, and a pre-fused mixture of cryolite (Na3AlF6) admixed with approximately 5% to 10% CaF2 (fluorspar) and approximately 4% to 7% Al2O3.

Abstract: A decorative receptacle for retaining at least one decorative bobby pin. The decorative bobby pin has opposed first and second ends wherein a decorative element is disposed on the first end thereof. The receptacle further includes a container with an open end in communication with an interior chamber. Disposed within the interior chamber is a quantity of retention material, such as moss. The retention material is adapted to maintain the bobby pin in a substantially vertical orientation upon the advancement of the second end thereinto. Additionally, the retention material maintains the first end of the bobby pin and the decorative element disposed thereon above the open end of the container. Typically, the decorative element attached to the bobby pin is a silk flower and the container is a terra cotta pot. Therefore, when multiple bobby pins are inserted into the pot, a simulated pot or bouquet of flowers is created.

Abstract: A process as well as an immersion sensor for measuring an electrochemical activity of a layer lying on a melt is provided, using an electrochemical sensor, which has a measuring cell and a counter electrode. In order to make possible reliably reproducible and accurate measurements in the layer, the measuring cell and counter electrode are first immersed in the melt, wherein the measuring cell and counter electrode are protected from contact with the layer and wherein the measuring cell and counter electrode are brought into contact with the melt and are heated. After that, the measuring cell is pulled up to perform the measurement in the layer, wherein the counter electrode is located in the melt during the measurement. For this purpose, the measuring cell and the counter electrode have a protective cover, and the measuring cell is arranged, in the immersion position of the sensor, above the counter electrode.

Abstract: A system is provided for measuring the concentration of an element in molten metal such as silicon, chromium, manganese or aluminum. The system includes a probe with a sensor having a solid electrolyte, a reference electrode in contact with a first surface of the electrolyte and an auxiliary electrode at a second surface thereof. The auxiliary electrode includes an oxide of the element to be measured and a metal-silicate selected from the group consisting of alkali metal-silicates, alkaline earth metal-silicates and mixtures thereof. The metal-silicate has a working point at about the temperature of the molten metal so as to form a viscous semi-molten mass adjacent the second surface of the electrolyte. The metal-silicate is capable of diffusing oxygen in the semi-molten state. Preferably the metal-silicate is in the form of a fibrous material so that it can be easily applied to the surface of the electrolyte.

Abstract: A a process as well as an immersion sensor for measuring an electrochemical activity of a layer lying on a melt is provided, using an electrochemical sensor, which has a measuring cell and a counter electrode. In order to make possible reliably reproducible and accurate measurements in the layer, the measuring cell and counter electrode are first immersed in the melt, wherein the measuring cell and counter electrode are protected from contact with the layer and wherein the measuring cell and counter electrode are brought into contact with the melt and are heated. After that, the measuring cell is pulled up to perform the measurement in the layer, wherein the counter electrode is located in the melt during the measurement. For this purpose, the measuring cell and the counter electrode have a protective cover, and the measuring cell is arranged, in the immersion position of the sensor, above the counter electrode.

Abstract: A device for conducting electrochemical measurements in glass or salt melts has at least one indicator electrode and one reference electrode arrangement. In order to be able to conduct very exact measurements, the tip of the indicator electrode intended to be immersed in the melt is constructed of a noble metal or noble metal alloy with at least one another noble metal, preferably iridium or an iridium alloy with other noble metals, and is mounted gas-tight in a heat-resistant tube. The indicator electrode is passed through the heat-resistant tube.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method to measure an electro-chemical activity of a non-metallic liquid layer lying on a molten bath by means of a measuring cell with an electro-chemical element which has an active part and with a counter electrode. The invention also relates to a measuring cell to measure an electro-chemical activity. In order to achieve exact measuring results of an electro-chemical activity with the least possible expenditure, the measuring cell is dipped through a non-metallic liquid layer into a molten bath, the active part of the electro-chemical element being surrounded by the non-metallic liquid layer of the material of this layer on insertion, this material being held at the electro-chemical element until after measuring the electro-chemical activity and the measurement being carried out after dipping the electro-chemical element into the molten metal within the molten bath. The electro-chemical element is especially developed to enable that the material to be measured adheres to it.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte sensor to measuring the amount of trace elements, such as sulfur, in molten metals such as steel is provided wherein zirconia toughened strontium .beta.-alumina is used as the solid electrolyte. The resulting sensor is highly resistant to thermal shock, and is suitable for use with molten metals at temperatures of 1350.degree. C. or higher.

Abstract: The method of electrochemical determination of oxygen partial pressure in ionic melts includes providing a metal/metal oxide reference electrode consisting of an electrode body made of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Hf, Nb and Ta and alloys thereof and a layer of an oxide of that metal on the electrode body; immersing a pure platinum electrode and the metal/metal oxide reference electrode in a glass melt; measuring a potential across the metal/metal oxide reference electrode and the pure platinum electrode immersed in the glass melt to obtain a measured potential characteristic of the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt; obtaining a calibration curve relating the potential across said reference electrode and the pure platinum electrode to the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt as a function of temperature; and obtaining the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt from the measured potential and the calibration curve.

Abstract: On the inner surface of sensor element made of proton conductive solid electrolyte with perovskite structure and enclosed at its lower end, a reference electrode constituted of porous electrode is formed, and a measuring electrode constituted of porous electrode is formed on the outer surface thereof. And, the reference electrode and the measuring electrode are gas-tightly separated by sealing material. The sensor prove is inserted into ceramic sensor holding cup and both are fixed in such a way that a part of the measuring electrode extrude into said holding cup. Then, by dipping the holder into molten metal by facing its opening part downwards, a space contacting with molten metal is enclosed in the holding cup. Thereby, reduction of solid electrolyte constituting the sensor element can be prevented, and hydrogen concentration in molten metal can be accurately measured without direct dipping the sensor element into molten metal.

Abstract: A planar, solid-state electrochemical oxygen sensor having a substrate, conductive strips deposited on the substrate, and a dielectric layer insulating portions of the conductive strips except those portions which define a working electrode and at least one second electrode. The working electrode may be defined by an open printed region of the dielectric, or by a needle-punched or laser-burned hole or opening in the dielectric which exposes a small region of one of the conductive strips. A solid electrolyte contacting the electrodes is covered by a semipermeable membrane which may comprise an acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer or an acrylate-based copolymer. A sample chamber is defined by the membrane, a cover member, and a gasket therebetween, and has a volume of from about 1 to about 2 .mu.l. The gasket is formulated from the highly cross-linked polymerization product of epichlorohydrin. All sensor components are selected such that a sensor operable for at least 2 days under normal conditions is produced.

Abstract: A biosensor device for detecting electrolytes in liquid samples includes a capillary tube having a lumen extending therethrough. This lumen receives and retains liquid to be sampled for electrolytes. A tube holder is engaged at one end of the tube. This tube holder includes a bore therethrough in fluid communication with the lumen of the tube. A biosensor is positioned within the lumen of the tube. The biosensor is capable of generating an electrical signal responsive to the presence of one or more electrolytes in the liquid sample. Electrical contact elements are associated with the biosensor for measuring the electrical signal for the detection of electrolytes in the sample.

Abstract: A zirconia oxygen sensor for measuring oxygen potential in the molten bath of a metal or alloy having a melting point of 350-550.degree. C., which comprises a reference electrode which is of a substance having a melting point of the same level as or lower than the metal or alloy of which the oxygen potential is to be measured and being liquid at the measurement temperature and is open to the atmosphere, a vessel of a zirconia solid electrolyte containing 5-10% yttria or 10-20% of calcium oxide (CaO) and a lead wire which connects the reference electrode and said molten metal or alloy and its use are disclosed.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor for determination of the activity of a certain metal in a metal or alloy being tested comprises a solid electrolyte consisting of a solid solution of strontium fluoride and lanthanum fluoride to which is added a dispersed phase of a fluoride of such certain metal, a reference electrode of known concentration of such certain metal placed in contact with one face of the electrolyte, an opposite face of the solid electrolyte being in contact with the metal or alloy being tested, and a device for measuring the chemical potential difference between the reference electrode and the metal or alloy being tested.

Abstract: An improved expendable oxygen sensor particularly useful for measuring the dissolved oxygen content of an aluminum killed, high silicon steel bath is disclosed. The device has the typical closed end tube of solid electrolyte containing oxygen reference material, but differs from previous sensors in that a shield is provided which protects the solid electrolyte from being in contact with the bath until the solid electrolyte has had a chance to heat up more closely to the temperature of the steel. This shield, in one form, consists of a closed end tube positioned to surround the solid electrolyte and spaced from the solid electrolyte in order to prevent erroneous outputs from the sensor due to oxidation of the shield material.

Abstract: A solid state electrode for the determination of sodium ion concentrations in solutions, with a solid state electrolyte having a high conductivity for sodium ions being provided as the sodium sensitive membrane. The solid state electrode and a reference electrode forms a sensor.The advantages of the sensor of invention are, in particular, high selectivity combined with economical production in thick-film technology. The sensor may be constructed in cylindridcal form.

Abstract: The concentration of an element in a molten metallurgical phase (3) is measured by applying an electrical potential across two electrodes (1, 2) separated by a solid electrolyte (7) containing cations of the element to be measured immersed in the melt, and measuring the current flowing between them. The solid electrolyte is preferably of .beta.-alumina or zirconium silicate or phosphate.

Abstract: A reference electrode utilizes a small thin, flat membrane of a highly conductive glass placed on a small diameter insulator tube having a reference material inside in contact with an internal voltage lead. When the sensor is placed in a non-aqueous ionic electrolytic solution, the concentration difference across the glass membrane generates a low voltage signal in precise relationship to the concentration of the species to be measured with high spatial resolution.

Abstract: An expandable immersion oxygen sensor for molten metal is provided with an improved oxygen reference electrode including Cr, Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3, NiO, and Fe and the oxygen electrode and thermocouple are secured in the face of the sensor by resin-sand to reduce initial overshoot and failure due to thermal shock.

Abstract: Use of a sensor in the electro-chemical determination of silicon dissolved in a molten metal, said sensor comprising a layer of a solid electrolyte capable of conducting oxygen ions, a reference electrode in contact with one surface of said layer of the solid electrolyte for providing a constant oxygen potential at a particular temperature of measurement, and an auxiliary electrode comprising SiO.sub.2 disposed in the immediate vicinity of the other surface of said layer of the solid electrolyte.

Abstract: A sensor comprising a solid electrolytic having oxygen ion conductivity to measure the amount of oxygen in molten metal by forming an oxygen concentration cell in which the solid electrolytic element is coated on the surface thereof with mixture which is composed of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 powders and metallic fluoride powders such as MgF.sub.2 or CaF.sub.2.The present coating does not exfoliate at immersing the sensor into the molten metal and fully maintains wettability of the solid electrolytic element 1 and the molten metal, and since it does not hinder oxygen ion conductivity of the solid electrolytic element 1, the sensor rapidly reaches up to the thermal and electrical equilibrium state, thereby to obtain satisfactory emf wave.