Abstract: A method for pre-lithiation of an electrode, including a first step of providing a pre-lithiation reaction system which includes a first reaction system including lithium metal, a separator, an electrolyte for pre-lithiation and carbon felt, and a second reaction system including the electrolyte for pre-lithiation and an electrode to be pre-lithiated, wherein the lithium metal and the electrode to be pre-lithiated are not in direct contact with each other. The first reaction system and the second reaction system communicate with each other. The first step is followed by a second step of preparing an electrode including an electrode current collector, and an electrode active material layer formed on at least one surface of the electrode current collector; and a third step of allowing the electrode to pass through the second reaction system by a conveying roll to carry out pre-lithiation of the electrode.

Abstract: Systems and methods for silicon dominant lithium-ion cells with controlled lithiation of silicon may include a cathode, an electrolyte, and an anode. The anode may include silicon lithiated at a level after discharge that is configured to be above a minimum threshold level, where the minimum threshold lithiation is 3% silicon lithiation. The lithiation level of the silicon after charging the battery may range between 30% and 95% silicon lithiation, between 30% and 75% silicon lithiation, between 30% and 65% silicon lithiation, or between 30% and 50% silicon lithiation. The lithiation level of the silicon after discharging the battery may range between 3% and 50% silicon lithiation, between 3% and 30% silicon lithiation, or between 3% and 10% silicon lithiation. The minimum threshold level may be a lithiation level below which a cycle life of the battery degrades. The electrolyte may include a liquid, solid, or gel.

Abstract: A method for direct recycling of degraded lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathodes includes relithiating degraded lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) by mixing the cathode particles with a eutectic molten-salt solution and heating the mixture at ambient pressure over a period of time, followed by a short-time thermal annealing. Combining low-temperature relithiation using the eutectic molten-salt solution with thermal annealing provides successful regeneration and full recovery of the LIB to its original storage capacity, cycling stability and rate capability to the levels of the pristine materials. The method is useful to recycle and remanufacture degraded cathode materials for LIB or sodium-ion batteries.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a negative electrode for a secondary battery, which includes: forming a negative electrode structure including a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on a surface of the negative electrode current collector; providing a pre-lithiation solution in which a lithium metal counter electrode is immersed and immersing the negative electrode structure in the pre-lithiation solution so that the negative electrode structure is spaced apart from the lithium metal counter electrode; and subjecting the negative electrode structure to a pre-lithiation process, which includes an electrochemical charging process and an electrochemical discharging process performed after the electrochemical charging process, wherein a state of charge (SOCp) of the negative electrode structure subjected to the pre-lithiation process is in a range of 5% to 50%.

Abstract: Methods and systems for the electrochemical conversion of halogenated compounds are provided. In some embodiments, a method comprises converting a halogenated compound (e.g., fluorinated gas) to relatively non-hazardous products via one or more electrochemical reactions. The electrochemical reaction(s) may occur under relatively mild conditions (e.g., low temperature) and/or without the aid of a catalyst. In some embodiments, the electrochemical reaction may produce a relatively large amount of energy. In some such cases, systems, described herein, may be designed to facilitate the conversion of the halogenated compound (e.g., SF6, NF3) while harnessing (e.g., storing, converting) the energy associated with the electrochemical reaction. System and methods described herein may be used in a wide variety of applications, including waste management (e.g., environmental remediation, greenhouse gas mitigation), energy recovery (e.g., industrial energy recovery), and primary batteries (e.g., metal-gas batteries).

Abstract: A battery health monitoring system that utilizes adaptive cathode and adaptive anode observers to estimate the ion concentrations at the respective cathode and anode of a battery. Subsequently, the estimated ion concentrations can be used in a battery model to estimate the state of heath and state of charge of the battery. Additionally, the model and ion concentrations can be updated real time as aging components of the battery are evaluated in the output data from the battery.

Abstract: A method of producing graphene sheets from coke or coal powder, comprising: (a) forming an intercalated coke or coal compound by electrochemical intercalation conducted in an intercalation reactor, which contains (i) a liquid solution electrolyte comprising an intercalating agent; (ii) a working electrode that contains the powder in ionic contact with the liquid electrolyte, wherein the coke or coal powder is selected from petroleum coke, coal-derived coke, meso-phase coke, synthetic coke, leonardite, lignite coal, or natural coal mineral powder; and (iii) a counter electrode in ionic contact with the electrolyte, and wherein a current is imposed upon the working electrode and the counter electrode for effecting electrochemical intercalation of the intercalating agent into the powder; and (b) exfoliating and separating graphene planes from the intercalated coke or coal compound using an ultrasonication, thermal shock exposure, mechanical shearing treatment, or a combination thereof to produce isolated graphen

Abstract: Methods and systems for the electrochemical conversion of halogenated compounds are provided. In some embodiments, a method comprises converting a halogenated compound (e.g., fluorinated gas) to relatively non-hazardous products via one or more electrochemical reactions. The electrochemical reaction(s) may occur under relatively mild conditions (e.g., low temperature) and/or without the aid of a catalyst. In some embodiments, the electrochemical reaction may produce a relatively large amount of energy. In some such cases, systems, described herein, may be designed to facilitate the conversion of the halogenated compound (e.g., SF6, NF3) while harnessing (e.g., storing, converting) the energy associated with the electrochemical reaction. System and methods described herein may be used in a wide variety of applications, including waste management (e.g., environmental remediation, greenhouse gas mitigation), energy recovery (e.g., industrial energy recovery), and primary batteries (e.g., metal-gas batteries).

Abstract: An electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy to electrical energy includes a cathode with an active material of fluorinated carbon on a perforated metal cathode current collector, a lithium anode on a perforated metal anode current collector, a stepped header, a stable electrolyte, and a separator. In various embodiments, an anode current collector design, a cathode current collector design, a stepped header design, a cathode formulation, an electrolyte formulation, a separator, and a battery incorporating the electrochemical cell are provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sulfide solid-state battery produced via a first step of doping at least one material selected from graphite and lithium titanate with lithium, to obtain a predoped material; a second step of mixing the sulfide solid electrolyte, the silicon-based active material, and the predoped material, to obtain the anode mixture; and a third step of layering the anode mixture over the surface of the anode current collector that contains copper, to obtain the anode.

Abstract: Electrode for a lithium storage battery, or a lithium battery, including: an active electrode material, made from silicon, a conductive agent, a binder comprising a mixture of two polymers: the first polymer having a first molecular weight, the first polymer being a first polyacrylate or one of its derivatives, the second polymer having a second molecular weight, the second polymer being a second polyacrylate or a carboxymethyl cellulose, or one of their respective derivatives. The first molecular weight is less than or equal to 400,000 g/mol and greater than or equal to 150,000 g/mol. The second molecular weight is greater than or equal to 650,000 g/mol and less than or equal to 4,000,000 g/mol.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to prelithiated Si electrodes, methods of prelithiating Si electrodes, and use of prelithiated electrodes in electrochemical devices are described. There are several characteristics of electrode prelithiation that enable the superior battery performance. First, a prelithiated silicon anode is already in its expanded state during SEI formation, and therefore less of the SEI layer breaks down and reforms during cycling. Second, the prelithiated anode has a lower anode potential, which may also help the cycle performance of an electrochemical device.

Abstract: A method for producing a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including an electrolyte containing an electrolyte salt, a non-aqueous solvent capable of dissolving the electrolyte salt, and plural additives, wherein at least one of the additives has a reduction potential that is nobler than the reduction potential of the non-aqueous solvent. The method includes a first charging step for maintaining battery voltage at a negative electrode potential at which the additive having the noblest reduction potential of the additives is decomposed while the non-aqueous solvent and other additives are not reduced and decomposed and a second charging step for maintaining battery voltage so as to have reduction and decomposition of at least one of the non-aqueous solvents and bring the electrical potential of the negative electrode to at least 0.7 V relative to lithium. By having a uniform reaction in an electrode, a decrease in durability is suppressed.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for dismantling and/or recycling liquid metal batteries. Such methods can include cryogenically freezing liquid metal battery components, melting and separating liquid metal battery components, and/or treating liquid metal battery components with water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes that may be used singly or in combination to prevent lithium (or alkali metal) plating or dendrite buildup on bare substrate areas or edges of electrode rolls during alkaliation of a battery or electrochemical cell anode composed of a conductive substrate and coatings, in which the electrode rolls may be coated on one or both sides and may have exposed substrate on edges, or on continuous or discontinuous portions of either or both substrate surfaces.

Abstract: Examples are disclosed of methods to recycle positive-electrode material of a lithium-ion battery. In one example, the positive-electrode material is heated under pressure in a concentrated lithium hydroxide solution. After heating, the positive-electrode material is separated from the concentrated lithium hydroxide solution. After separating, the positive electrode material is rinsed in a basic liquid. After rinsing, the positive-electrode material is dried and sintered.

Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided a seal step (ST105) storing an electrode laminate in which a separator is disposed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode and an electrolyte within an exterior body constituted by a laminate film and sealing the exterior body; a pressure application step (ST106) of applying a pressure to the exterior body in which the electrode laminate is stored by means of a flat plate press working or so forth; charge step (ST102) of charging up to a full charge; a gas removal step (ST107) of unsealing the exterior body and removing gas generated within the exterior body at the charge step; and a re-seal step (ST108) of sealing the exterior body after the gas removal step. The number of times of the gas removal steps is small and an influence of gas on battery characteristics is suppressed.

Abstract: The gravimetric and volumetric efficiency of lithium ion batteries may be increased if higher capacity materials like tin and silicon are substituted for carbon as the lithium-accepting host in the negative electrode of the battery. But both tin and silicon, when fully charged with lithium, undergo expansions of up to 300% and generate appreciable internal stresses. These internal stresses, which will develop on each discharge-charge cycle, may lead to a progressive reduction in battery capacity, also known as battery fade. The effects of the internal stresses may be significantly reduced by partially embedding tin or silicon nanowires in the current collector. Additional benefit may be obtained if a 5 to 50% portion of the nanowire length at its embedded end are coated or masked with a composition which impedes lithium diffusion. Methods for embedding and masking the nanowires are described.

Abstract: Providing a silicon-containing material having a novel structure being distinct from the structure of conventional silicon oxide disproportionated to use. A silicon-containing material according to the present invention includes at least the following: a continuous phase including silicon with Si—Si bond, and possessing a bubble-shaped skeleton being continuous three-dimensionally; and a dispersion phase including silicon with Si—O bond, and involved in an area demarcated by said continuous phase to be in a dispersed state.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally provides for a solid-state battery, and methods of fabricating embodiments of the solid-state battery. Embodiments of the present disclosure may include an electrode for a solid-state battery, the electrode including: a current collector region including a conductive, lithium electroactive material; and a plurality of nanowires contacting the current collector region.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a reference electrode for a lithium ion battery comprises charging the battery to a threshold state-of-charge, wherein the battery includes a neutral metal can and a negative electrode, and plating a reference electrode on an interior surface of the neutral metal can by electrically connecting the neutral metal can to the negative electrode, a neutral metal can potential being greater than a negative electrode potential.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for manufacturing an electrode of a lithium battery electrode, comprising: (a) providing a substrate; (b) coating a paste on a portion of the substrate; (c) plating a metal film onto the paste or the substrate; (d) disposing a welding point at an end of the substrate; wherein the advantages of the present invention are to conduct current in three-dimensional direction and reduce the problem of electric conductivity because of thermal effect. In addition, the present invention can further avoid the problem of the electrode oxidation.

Abstract: A powder comprises a plurality of carbon nanostructures, with at least a portion of the carbon nanostructures defining an internal cavity that contains metallic lithium, a lithium compound, or a lithium alloy comprising lithium. A method of forming the powder involves the electrolytic disintegration of a graphite electrode in a lithium-bearing molten salt to form the carbon nanostructures, and a step of removing salt from the nanoparticles without removing lithium. A lithium battery anode comprising an anode comprising the powder as a layer on an electrically conductive substrate.

Abstract: A method for electrochemically producing a tin/lithium oxide composite thin film includes providing a solution comprising 10?3 to 10?2 M lithium nitrate and 10?4 to 10?3 M stannic chloride or stannous chloride; electrodepositing the tin/lithium oxide composite thin film on a conductive substrate with a reference electrode of Ag/AgCI and a voltage of 900 to 1500 mV; and drying the tin/lithium oxide composite thin film at a temperature of 15 to 40° C. and a relative humidity of at least 75%.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode material. Said material is characterized in that it contains, as positive electrode active material, at least one sulphate of iron in the +II oxidation state and of alkali metal corresponding to the formula (Na1?aLib)xFey(SO4), (I) in which the subscripts a, b, x, y and z are chosen so as to ensure the electroneutrality of the compound, with 0?a?1, 0?b?1, 1?x?3, 1?y?2, 1?z?3, and 2?(2z?x)/y<3 so that at least one portion of the iron is in the +II oxidation state, with the exclusion of the compound Li2Fe2(SO4)3. It is of use in particular as a positive electrode material in an alkali metal ion battery.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of electrodes from a porous material making it possible to obtain electrodes that are useful in electrochemical systems and that have at least one of the following properties: a high capacity in mAh/gram, a high capacity in mAh/liter, a good capacity for cycling, a low rate of self-discharge, and a good environmental tolerance.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The negative electrode includes a coating derived from lithium bis(oxalate)borate. The coating derived from lithium bis(oxalate)borate includes a coating containing boron element and a coating containing oxalate ion. A ratio of the boron element contained in the coating derived from lithium bis(oxalate)borate to the oxalate ion is equal to or more than 5. Accordingly, it is possible to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery capable of reliably obtaining the effect due to the formation of a coating.

Abstract: Disclosed is an anode for a lithium secondary battery. The anode includes a current collector in the form of a wire and a porous anode active material layer coated to surround the surface of the current collector. The three-dimensional porous structure of the active material layer increases the surface area of the anode. Accordingly, the mobility of lithium ions through the anode is improved, achieving superior battery performance. In addition, the porous structure allows the anode to relieve internal stress and pressure, such as swelling, occurring during charge and discharge of a battery, ensuring high stability of the battery while preventing deformation of the battery. These advantages make the anode suitable for use in a cable-type secondary battery. Further disclosed is a lithium secondary battery including the anode.

Abstract: A method is presented for fabricating an anode preloaded with consumable metals. The method provides a material (X), which may be one of the following materials: carbon, metals able to be electrochemically alloyed with a metal (Me), intercalation oxides, electrochemically active organic compounds, and combinations of the above-listed materials. The method loads the metal (Me) into the material (X). Typically, Me is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or a combination of the two. As a result, the method forms a preloaded anode comprising Me/X for use in a battery comprising a M1YM2Z(CN)N·MH2O cathode, where M1 and M2 are transition metals. The method loads the metal (Me) into the material (X) using physical (mechanical) mixing, a chemical reaction, or an electrochemical reaction. Also provided is preloaded anode, preloaded with consumable metals.

Abstract: The electrochemical regeneration of a replaceable metal electrode of a metal-air battery takes place in a supplementary electrochemical cell with a chemical agent oxidized on the counter electrode. The decrease of the regeneration voltage at the supplementary electrochemical cell results in the growth of the regeneration efficiency. The creation of a commercial product during chemical agent oxidation on the counter electrode decreases the overall cost of the regeneration. Possible chemical agents for regeneration include salts, metal complexes, monomers, conjugated organic molecules, oligomers or polymers.

Abstract: This method enables the use of nanowire or nano-textured forms of Polyaniline and other conductive polymers in energy storage components. The delicate nature of these very high surface area materials are preserved during the continuous electrochemical synthesis, drying, solvent application and physical assembly. The invention also relates to a negative electrode that is comprised of etched, lithiated aluminum that is safer and lighter weight than conventional carbon based lithium-ion negative electrodes. The invention provides for improved methods for making negative and positive electrodes and for energy storage devices containing them. The invention provides sufficient stability in organic solvent and electrolyte solutions, where the prior art processes commonly fail. The invention further provides stability during repetitive charge and discharge. The invention also provides for novel microstructure protecting support membranes to be used in an energy storage device.

Abstract: A composition is provided that includes mesoporous carbon domains. Each of the mesoporous carbon domains is incorporated with particles of metal or metal oxide in an amount of from 40 to 85 total weight percent of the composition. The metal or metal oxide particles can include tin, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, iron, or ruthenium, or an oxide thereof. The resulting composition when combined with a binder from a battery electrode. Such a battery electrode operating as an anode in a lithium ion battery has specific capacities of more than 1000 miliAmperes-hour per gram after 15 of the galvanostatic cycles.

Abstract: The object of an exemplary embodiment of the invention is to provide a negative electrode having excellent cycle property. An exemplary embodiment of the invention a method for doping and dedoping lithium for the first time after a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery comprising silicon oxide as an active material is produced, comprising doping the lithium within the following current value range (A) and within the following doped amount range (B); current value range (A): a range of a current value in which a doped amount in which only one peak appears at 1 V or less on the V-dQ/dV curve becomes maximum, wherein the V-dQ/dV curve represents a relationship between voltage V of the negative electrode with respect to a lithium reference electrode and dQ/dV that is a ratio of variation dQ of lithium dedoped amount Q in the negative electrode to variation dV of the voltage V, and doped amount range (B): a range of a doped amount in which only one peak appears at 1 V or less on the V-dQ/dV curve.

Abstract: A method for using an integrated battery and device structure includes using two or more stacked electrochemical cells integrated with each other formed overlying a surface of a substrate. The two or more stacked electrochemical cells include related two or more different electrochemistries with one or more devices formed using one or more sequential deposition processes. The one or more devices are integrated with the two or more stacked electrochemical cells to form the integrated battery and device structure as a unified structure overlying the surface of the substrate. The one or more stacked electrochemical cells and the one or more devices are integrated as the unified structure using the one or more sequential deposition processes. The integrated battery and device structure is configured such that the two or more stacked electrochemical cells and one or more devices are in electrical, chemical, and thermal conduction with each other.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lithium-ion accumulator precursor and to a method for producing an accumulator from such a precursor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lithium-ion accumulator precursor and to a method for producing an accumulator from such a precursor.

Abstract: A method for making an electrode active material of a lithium ion battery is disclosed. In the method, elemental sulfur is mixed with a polyacrylonitrile to form a mixture. The mixture is heated in vacuum or a protective gas at a heating temperature of about 250° C. to about 500° C., to form a sulfur containing composite. The sulfur containing composite is reacted with a reducing agent for elemental sulfur in a liquid phase medium to remove part of the elemental sulfur from the sulfur containing composite.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for lithiation of an intercalation-based anode or a non-reactive plating-capable foil or a reactive alloy capable anode, whereby utilization of said lithiated intercalation-based anode or a plating-capable foil or reactive alloy capable anode in a rechargeable battery or electrochemical cell results in an increased amount of lithium available for cycling, and an improved reversible capacity during charge and discharge.

Abstract: A positive electrode for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a positive active material, and a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) passivation film including an inorganic material and an organic material, the SEI passivation film having an average thickness of about 1 nm to about 20 nm on a surface of the electrode.

Abstract: A method is provided for forming a metal-ion battery electrode with large interstitial spacing. A working electrode with hexacyanometallate particles overlies a current collector. The hexacyanometallate particles have a chemical formula AmM1xM2y(CN)6·zH2O, and have a Prussian Blue hexacyanometallate crystal structure, where A is either alkali or alkaline-earth cations. M1 and M2 are metals with 2+ or 3+ valance positions. The working electrode is soaked in an organic first electrolyte including a salt including alkali or alkaline earth cations. A first electric field is created in the first electrolyte between the working electrode and a first counter electrode, causing A cations and water molecules to he simultaneously removed from interstitial spaces in the Prussian Blue hexacyanometallate crystal structure, forming hexacyanometallate particles having the chemical formula of Am?mM1xM2y(CN)6·z?H2O, where m?<m and z?<z, overlying the working electrode.

Abstract: A method of preparing a high capacity nanocomposite cathode of FeF3 in carbon pores may include preparing a nanoporous carbon precursor, employing electrochemistry or solution chemistry deposition to deposit Fe particles in the carbon pores, reacting nano Fe with liquid hydrofluoric acid to form nano FeF3 in carbon, and milling to achieve a desired particle size.

Abstract: Disclosed is an anode for a lithium battery comprising a body of carbon, such as graphitic carbon, having a layer of a Group IV element or Group IV element-containing substance disposed upon its electrolyte contacting surface. Further disclosed is an anode comprising a body of carbon having an SEI layer formed thereupon by interaction of a layer of Group IV element or Group IV element-containing substance with an electrolyte material during the initial charging of the battery.

Abstract: A lithium-ion battery including an electrodeposited anode material having a micron-scale, three-dimensional porous foam structure separated from interpenetrating cathode material that fills the void space of the porous foam structure by a thin solid-state electrolyte which has been reductively polymerized onto the anode material in a uniform and pinhole free manner, which will significantly reduce the distance which the Li-ions are required to traverse upon the charge/discharge of the battery cell over other types of Li-ion cell designs, and a procedure for fabricating the battery are described. The interpenetrating three-dimensional structure of the cell will also provide larger energy densities than conventional solid-state Li-ion cells based on thin-film technologies. The electrodeposited anode may include an intermetallic composition effective for reversibly intercalating Li-ions.

Abstract: In order to increase the electrochemical stability of a cathode material for lithium cells, the cathode material includes an iron-doped lithium titanate. A method for manufacturing a lithium titanate includes: a) calcinating a mixture of starting materials to form an iron-doped lithium titanate; and b) at least one of electrochemical insertion and chemical insertion of lithium into the iron-doped lithium titanate.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery which has high charge-discharge capacity, can be charged and discharged at high speed, and has little deterioration in battery characteristics due to charge and discharge is provided. A negative electrode includes a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer. The current collector includes a plurality of protrusion portions extending in a substantially perpendicular direction and a base portion connected to the plurality of protrusion portions. The protrusion portions and the base portion are formed using the same material containing titanium. A top surface of the base portion and at least a side surface of the protrusion portion are covered with the negative electrode active material layer. The negative electrode active material layer may be covered with graphene.

Abstract: Articles and methods for forming protected electrodes for use in electrochemical cells, including those for use in rechargeable lithium batteries, are provided. In some embodiments, the articles and methods involve an electrode that does not include an electroactive layer, but includes a current collector and a protective structure positioned directly adjacent the current collector, or separated from the current collector by one or more thin layers. Lithium ions may be transported across the protective structure to form an electroactive layer between the current collector and the protective structure. In some embodiments, an anisotropic force may be applied to the electrode to facilitate formation of the electroactive layer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method for pre-doping an anode and a lithium ion capacitor storage device including the same. The method of the present invention includes: disposing lithium metal films and anodes alternately; and charging the lithium metal films and the anodes to directly pre-dope lithium metal contained in the lithium metal films onto the anodes. The lithium ion capacitor storage device is manufactured by the method. According to the present invention, the lithium ion capacitor storage device including the anode can provide a high-capacitance capacitor capable of operating even at a high voltage range of up to 3.8V to 2.0V, and ensure high reliability even in a high-temperature (60° C.) cycle.

Abstract: A method for producing a secondary cell according to the present invention includes step (A) of putting a solution having an electrochemically reversibly oxidizable/reducible organic compound and a supporting electrolyte dissolved therein into contact with a positive electrode active material, thereby oxidizing or reducing the positive electrode active material; and step (B) of accommodating the oxidized positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material in a case in the state of facing each other with a separator being placed therebetween, and filling the case with an electrolyte solution. By oxidizing or reducing the positive electrode active material, lithium ions or anions as the support electrode are incorporated into the positive electrode active material.

Abstract: A method of stabilizing a metal oxide or lithium-metal-oxide electrode comprises contacting a surface of the electrode, prior to cell assembly, with an aqueous or a non-aqueous acid solution having a pH greater than 4 but less than 7 and containing a stabilizing salt, for a time and at a temperature sufficient to etch the surface of the electrode and introduce stabilizing anions and cations from the salt into said surface. The structure of the bulk of the electrode remains unchanged during the acid treatment. The stabilizing salt comprises fluoride and at least one cationic material selected from the group consisting of ammonium, phosphorus, titanium, silicon, zirconium, aluminum, and boron.

Abstract: Supplemental lithium can be used to stabilize lithium ion batteries with lithium rich metal oxides as the positive electrode active material. Dramatic improvements in the specific capacity at long cycling have been obtained. The supplemental lithium can be provided with the negative electrode, or alternatively as a sacrificial material that is subsequently driven into the negative electrode active material. The supplemental lithium can be provided to the negative electrode active material prior to assembly of the battery using electrochemical deposition. The positive electrode active materials can comprise a layered-layered structure comprising manganese as well as nickel and/or cobalt.