Abstract: The claimed subject matter relates to the stabilization of 1,2-quinone mediators, especially those containing 1,10-phenanthroline quinone (PQ) and more especially transition metal complexes of PQ, in the presence of enzymes when contained in dry reagent layers for biosensor electrodes, through the use of various metal salts, particularly those of lithium.

Abstract: An ion-exchange membrane having excellent resistance against organic fouling by high molecular weight organic ions etc. and showing low electric resistance is provided. Said ion-exchange membrane is characterized by that a polyether compound containing polyalkylene glycol chain, such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, their derivatives, etc., is fixed on the surface and/or inside of the membrane. As examples of the mode of the fixation there are mentioned fixation by entanglement of the molecules forming the membrane and the molecules of the polyether compound, physical fixation of both molecules by the anchor effect, and chemical fixation of both molecules by the formation of covalent bond or ionic bond. Said ion-exchange membrane can be preferably used in case of removing low molecular weight electrolytes from an aqueous solution containing low molecular weight electrolytes and high molecular weight organic ions etc. through electrodialysis.

Abstract: A process for the production of hydrogen from anaerobically decomposed organic materials by applying an electric potential to the anaerobically decomposed organic materials, including landfill materials and sewage, to form hydrogen, and for decreasing the time required to treat these anaerobically decomposed organic materials. The organic materials decompose to volatile acids such as acetic acid, which may be hydrolyzed by electric current to form hydrogen. The process may be continuously run in sewage digestion tanks with the continuous feed of sewage, at landfill sites, or at any site having a supply of anaerobically decomposed or decomposable organic materials.

Abstract: The invention is a process for desalting aqueous solutions, which are initially acidified to a pH of about 3 or less. Then, the acidified solution is fed into a desalting compartment of an electrodeionization cell which contains a suitable ion exchange material and is isolated from an adjacent concentrating compartments by an anion and a cation exchange membrane. The concentrate compartment contains a netting or another suitable material that promotes turbulence in a flowing feed stream. Water is supplied to the concentrate compartment. A DC current passes through the electrodeionization cell to produce a substantial desalination of the feed solution. A less acidic desalted solution and a concentrate waste solution are withdrawn from the electrodeionization cell.

Abstract: There are disclosed a process for the electrochemical decomposition of organic pollutants in an acidic solution to carbon dioxide performed in a electrochemical system comprising a working electrode and an auxiliary electrode with oxygen at ambient temperature and at a reductive potential or current, wherein the working electrode used is a graphite-containing electrode.

Abstract: An electric current is passed through a mixed solution containing a saccharide(s) and an organogermanium compound, in a compartment whose anode side is defined by an anion exchange membrane and whose cathode side is defined by a cation exchange membrane, to separate and remove said organogermanium compound. In the present invention, an organogermanium compound can be very effectively separated and recovered from a mixed solution containing a saccharide(s) and said organogermanium compound. The present invention is particularly effective for separation and recovery of an organogermanium compound from a reaction mixture obtained when a compound having an aldose structure is isomerized into a compound having a ketose structure in the presence of said organogermanium compound.

Abstract: A method for the electrochemical determination of the reducing sugars content of an aqueous solution in a thin layer electrochemical measuring device, preferably a capillary fill device, wherein an inner surface of the device is coated with a soluble redox mediator, the device including means for producing an alkaline environment within the device. In a preferred method the redox mediator comprises potassium ferricyanide providing ferricyanide ions in saturated solution and lithium hydroxide providing hydroxide ions in an excess amount of from 1 to 3 molar. The invention also provides a capillary fill device having a guard electrode between the reference and working electrodes.