Abstract: In a method for removing a substance from a feedstock comprising a solid metal or a solid metal compound, the feedstock is contacted with a fused-salt melt. The fused-salt melt contains a fused salt, a reactive-metal compound, and a reactive metal. The fused salt comprises an anion species which is different from the substance, the reactive-metal compound comprises the reactive metal and the substance, and the reactive metal is capable of reaction to remove at least some of the substance from the feedstock. A cathode and an anode contact the melt, and the feedstock contacts the cathode. An electrical current is applied between the cathode and the anode such that at least a portion of the substance is removed from the feedstock. During the application of the current, a quantity of the reactive metal in the melt is maintained sufficient to prevent oxidation of the anion species of the fused salt at the anode.

Abstract: A method for treating spheroidal graphite iron includes the step: pouring molten spheroidal graphite iron into a pouring electrical furnace (1); covering the molten spheroidal graphite iron (5) with alkali slag (6) which is melted at high temperature and rich in alkali earth metal ion, rare earth metal ion, or mixture of them; connecting the molten spheroidal graphite iron (5) with the negative pole of the direct current source by one pole (7); connecting the alkali slag (6) with the positive pole of the direct current source by another pole (4), treating the molten spheroidal graphite iron (5) with the alkali slag (6) which is used as electrolyte. The method can prevent the spheroidized fading velocity of the spheroidal graphite iron. The pouring electrical furnace can be used for treating the molten spheroidal graphite iron.

Abstract: A method for treating spheroidal graphite iron includes the step: pouring molten spheroidal graphite iron into a pouring electrical furnace (1); covering the molten spheroidal graphite iron (5) with alkali slag (6) which is melted at high temperature and rich in alkali earth metal ion, rare earth metal ion, or mixture of them; connecting the molten spheroidal graphite iron (5) with the negative pole of the direct current source by one pole (7); connecting the alkali slag (6) with the positive pole of the direct current source by another pole (4), treating the molten spheroidal graphite iron (5) with the alkali slag (6) which is used as electrolyte. The method can prevent the spheroidized fading velocity of the spheroidal graphite iron. The pouring electrical furnace can be used for treating the molten spheroidal graphite iron.

Abstract: A method for the regeneration of etching solutions containing iron for the use in etching or pickling copper or copper alloys and an apparatus for carrying out the method is described. The method involves feeding the etching solution to be regenerated from the etching system into an electrolysis cell being hermetically sealed or having an anode hood (8), the electrolysis cell comprising a cathode (1), an inert anode (2), means (3) for removing the electrolytically deposited copper from the cathode and means (4) for collecting the removed copper and applying a potential to the removed copper, wherein the electrolysis cell does not have an ion exchange membrane or a diaphragm.

Abstract: A cathodic protection polymeric compound is disclosed. The compound has flowable material to serve as a binder, carbonaceous conductive media dispersed in the flowable material, sacrificial metal particles also dispersed in the flowable material. The carbonaceous conductive media serve as a carbon-based electron transfer agent and are in the form of particles, platelets, fibers, tubes, or combinations thereof. A galvanic circuit is formed by the metal particles serving as anodes, a metal substrate to be protected serving as the cathode, and the conductive media serving as the electron transfer agent. The flowable material can also include an ionically conductive or an inherently conductive polymer to further enhance the galvanic circuit.

Abstract: A process for electrolytic pickling of stainless steel of the ferritic, martensitic, austenitic and duplex series as well as superaustenitic and superferritic steels, nickel or Ni/Cr-based super alloys, and titanium and its alloys is provided. The process utilizes an electrolytic pickling solution containing H2SO4 in a concentration of from 20 to 140 g/l and Fe3+ ions in a concentration of from 15 to 80 g/l, the Fe2+ ions being present a quantity corresponding to a Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio of >1 and preferably >3.

Abstract: A process including: (a) creating an electrolytic cell composed of a metal surface as a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electrolytic solution, wherein the metal surface has a plurality of metal fibers connected to the metal surface; and (b) treating electrochemically the metal surface with externally supplied power to the electrolytic cell to sever a number of the metal fibers from the metal surface to result in severed metal fiber fragments unconnected with the metal surface.

Abstract: A process for regeneration of electrolytes, in particular Na2SO4, from waste pickles created during picking of stainless steel, in particular stainless steel strips. The electrolytes are regenerated by adding NaxHySzOv in an acid solution whereby Cr6+ is reduced to Cr3+. Variables x, y, z and v having the following values: x=0 to 2, y=0 to 2, z=1 to 6, v=2 to 6.

Abstract: A process including: creating a galvanic cell composed of a substrate as an anode, a cathode, and an electrolytic solution, wherein the substrate includes a metal surface having a plurality of metal fibers connected to the metal surface, wherein the cathode is selected to be more noble than the metal surface resulting in the anode being the working electrode, wherein the galvanic cell spontaneously electrochemically treats the metal surface in the absence of power externally supplied to the galvanic cell; and allowing the spontaneous electrochemical treatment of the metal surface to continue for a time sufficient to sever a number of the metal fibers from the metal surface to result in severed metal fiber fragments unconnected with the metal surface.

Abstract: The electrodes have jet openings which jet the electrolyte to the steel strip, that is to say, the electrode is integrated with the nozzle which jets an electrolyte.

Abstract: A process for removing zinc from galvanized steel. The galvanized steel is immersed in an electrolyte containing at least about 15% by weight of sodium or potassium hydroxide and having a temperature of at least about 75° C. and the zinc is galvanically corroded from the surface of the galvanized steel. The material serving as the cathode is principally a material having a standard electrode potential which is intermediate of the standard electrode potentials of zinc and cadmium in the electrochemical series. The steel scrap is carried through the electrolyte by a conveyor which is electrically isolated from ground and which comprises a cathodic material which has a standard electrode potential which is intermediate of the standard electrode potentials of zinc and cadmium in the electrochemical series.

Abstract: Disclosed is ice having a hypohalogenous acid concentration of 10 ppm or more and a melting point of −0.03° C. This ice has sufficient sterilizing power resulting from hypohalogenous acid having the above concentration and can be used in the state of ice for along time due to the above melting point. A method of manufacturing the ice is also disclosed.

Abstract: Corrosible metallic elements of pipe are protected by an anodic encasement sleeve. The anodic encasement sleeve employs an inner sacrificial anodic layer and an outer environmental barrier layer to provide both cathodic and barrier protection against corrosion. Following application of the sleeve, typically by drawing or wrapping, the anodic encasement sleeve remains substantially unbonded from the pipe, though it is electrically connected by conductive means. Because of the substantially unbonded relationship between the sacrificial anodic layer and the metallic elements of the pipe, if electrolyte is present under the environmental barrier (due to breaches, installation error, condensation, etc.), the electrolyte may enter the unbonded area between the pipe and the anodic material. This increases the ratio of anodic material to pipe available, which makes the cathodic protection more efficient and effective for an extended duration.

Abstract: A process for the delacquering and detinning of a metal substrate is presented comprising the fully electrochemical removal of both an outer polymeric coating and an inner tin coating from a metal substrate. The disclosed method provides a clean metal substrate, and results in wastes which are easily disposed of with minimal cost and minimal environmental impact. In one embodiment, the present invention comprises a one-stage process for removing an outer polymeric coating and an inner tin coating from a metal substrate in a single electrolyte bath through electrolytic removal of both the polymeric and tin layers from the metal substrate. An electrically conductive container having the electrolyte bath therein acts as an anode in the process, and the removed tin is plated out on the cathode. In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a two-stage process for removing an outer polymeric coating and an inner tin coating from a metal substrate.

Abstract: A device and method for removing metal or mineral deposits from surfaces (eg. surfaces of oil drilling equipment) by creating an electrochemical cell of which the contaminated surface is a part.

Abstract: A method of electrolytically separating a paint coating from a metal surface comprising the steps of providing a metal member having a surface having a paint coating thereon and contacting the member with an essentially neutral electrolytic solution. The metal member is made cathodic in an electrolytic cell and current is passed from an anode electrode pad through the electrolytic solution to the metal member for a time sufficient to cause the paint coating to separate from the metal member. The pad is comprised of a first blanket for contacting the paint coating, a second blanket to cover the first blanket and an electrode mesh positioned between the first and second blankets.

Abstract: The method is provided for hardening carbon steel by using electrolysis and a pulsed direct current supply.

Abstract: During filtration, periodic application of a potential difference between an electrically conducting filter medium and counter electrode (as anode) generates a gaseous product at the filter and cleans the filter. To minimise corrosion the counter electrode is of low chromium stainless steel, for example 9% chromium.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for inhibition of growth of organisms on faces of constructions (11) submerged in a liquid. In themethod, an electrically conductive structure (11) to be protected is connected as the cathode of a source (14) of direct current, or an electrically non-conductive structure (111) to be protected is first coated with an electrically conductive material (111a) and connected as the cathode of a source of direct current (14), respectively, and, as the anode (12), an anode is used that has been isolated from the structure (11) to be protected or that is placed separate from said structure, which anode is connected as the anode of the source (14) of direct current.

Abstract: A process for removing zinc from galvanized steel. The galvanized steel is immersed in an electrolyte containing at least about 15% by weight of sodium or potassium hydroxide and having a temperature of at least about 75.degree. C. and the zinc is galvanically corroded from the surface of the galvanized steel. The material serving as the cathode is principally a material having a standard electrode potential which is intermediate of the standard electrode potentials of zinc and cadmium in the electrochemical series. The steel scrap is carried through the electrolyte by a conveyor which is electrically isolated from ground and which comprises a cathodic material which has a standard electrode potential which is intermediate of the standard electrode potentials of zinc and cadmium in the electrochemical series.

Abstract: A process for treating the surface of material composed of high-grade steel, particularly strip-shaped material, wherein the material is treated with a pickling solution in a least one container and is subsequently rinsed. The solution used as the pickling solution contains a hydrochloric acid as the only acid and the material to be treated is subjected in at least one container to a least one spray treatment with the pickling solution containing the hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: Impressed current anodes such as cathodic protection anodes comprise iron based alloys including less than 70% iron and less than 0.1% carbon. Additional components may include molybdenum, chromium, nickel and others. The iron based alloy may itself comprises the anode or it may provide a substrate to which an electrolytic coating is applied.

Abstract: An electrically conducting filter medium (20) is cleaned in situ by applying, at intervals, a brief voltage pulse between the medium (20) and a counter electrode (18) so the process liquid undergoes electrolysis. The cleaning process is significantly improved by occasionally applying a voltage of reverse polarity. For example a 5 second cleaning pulse making the filter medium (20) cathodic might be applied every quarter of an hour, and a reverse polarity pulse of similar duration applied every two hours. This process can significantly increase permeation rates.