Abstract: A multi-stage process for reducing the environmental contaminants in a ISO 8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil involving a core desulfurizing process and an ionic liquid extraction desulfurizing process as either a pre-treating step or post-treating step to the core process. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil is compliant with ISO 8217A for residual marine fuel oils and has a sulfur level has a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05% wt. to 0.5% wt. A process plant for conducting the process is also disclosed.

Abstract: A system and method of sorting mineral streams, for example laterite mineral ores, into appropriately classified valuable and waste streams for maximum recovery of value from the mineral stream, e.g., a stream of minerals includes receiving response data indicating reflected, absorbed or backscattered energy from a mineral sample exposed to a sensor, where the mineral sample is irradiated with electromagnetic energy. The system determines spectral characteristics of the mineral sample by performing spectral analysis on the response data of the mineral sample and identifies a composition of the mineral sample by comparing the spectral characteristics of the mineral sample to previously developed spectral characteristics of samples of known composition. The system then generates a sort decision for the mineral sample based on the comparison, where the sort decision is used in diverting the mineral sample to a desired destination e.g. pyrometallurgical treatment stages, or to a waste stream.

Abstract: Products having the general formula A, particularly useful as non-coloring markers in a process for tagging mineral oils, petroleum derivatives in general and solvents. A method is also described for synthesizing the products by resorting to a classical diazocoupling reaction between a derivative of an aromatic amine and a coupling agent, preferably a functionalized ester. The invention also relates to the use of these tagging and dyeing molecules and mixtures which comprise them. In particular, the mixtures comprise the markers according to the invention and the markers and/or dyes classically used in the petroleum sector.

Abstract: A set of polymer particles stained with at least two fluorescent dyes is presented. At least 16 subsets of particles can be resolved on the basis of variable emission from the at least two fluorescent dyes where emission from at least one dye derives from a fluorescent dye covalently attached to the particle surface. All particles in the set of polymer particles can bind a uniform amount of a capture reagent. A method for the preparation of the set of polymer particles as well as a kit including the set of polymer particles is also presented as well as methods and uses of the set of polymer particles.

Abstract: A process for preparing a gasoline including blending appropriate components together to prepare a gasoline having a final boiling point of less than 200° C. and contacting the blended gasoline as a whole with a decolorizing, activated carbon. The carbon removes at least some of the following trace impurities: indanes, naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, pryene, alkylbenzene, and mixtures thereof. The prepared gasoline, when combusted, can provide reduced deposits.

Abstract: A method for upgrading heavy oils by contacting the heavy oil with an inhibitor additive and then thermally treating the inhibitor additized heavy oil. The invention also relates to the upgraded product from the inhibitor enhanced thermal treatment process.

Abstract: A process for producing a product aromatic compound is disclosed which uses an on-stream alkylation reactor and an off-stream alkylation reactor, and in which at least a portion of the feed aromatic compound in the effluent stream of off-stream alkylation reactor undergoing regeneration is passed to the on-stream alkylation reactor. An embodiment of this process that uses on-stream and off-stream aromatic byproducts removal zones is also disclosed.

Abstract: Two or more dyes or markers, including a dye or marker having an absorbance peak in the 400 to 500 nm range and including a dye or marker having an absorbance peak in the 560 to 700 nm range are mixed together in appropriate ratios so when added to a liquid, such as a petroleum fuel, at combined levels of from 5 to 100 ppm, the colors of the dyes and/or markers cancel each other such that a “water-white” liquid still appears “water-white”.

Abstract: Petroleum products are marked with a marker such as thymolphthalein or cresolphthalein. When the marked petroleum products are contacted with a developing reagent, a color develops.

Abstract: Azo dyes of the formula ##STR1## where the ring A may be benzofused,n is 0 or 1, and R.sup.1 -R.sup.8 are as defined,as pH-dependent markers for hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons containing the above-mentioned azo dyes, and a method for detecting these azo dyes in hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process for simultaneously removing heteroatoms, such as sulfur, from a virgin distillate stream and a light catalytic cyclic stream in two reaction zones in a hydrotreating process unit. One reaction zone will be a low temperature reaction zone and the other will be the high temperature zone. In the low temperature reaction zone, the cracked stream is reacted with a hydrotreating catalyst at a predetermined temperature and in high temperature reaction zone, the virgin distillate stream is reacted with a catalyst which is less reactive than that of the first reaction zone. When catalyst in the high reaction zone is replaced with fresh catalyst the temperature is lowered so that it now becomes the low temperature zone in which the cracked stream is redirected.

Abstract: A dye which is either 2-naphthalenol (phenylazo) phenyl azo alkyl derivatives and 1,4-dialkylamino anthraquinone is added to sufficient non-ionic surfactant to compatibilize it with ethanol and an solvent to produce a homogeneous solution. The homogeneous solution is added to ethanol in an amount to provide a desired amount of coloration to the ethanol.

Abstract: This process for the desulfurization and denitration of light oil is effected by extraction with an organic solvent containing nitrogen. The invention also relates to light oil desulfurized and denitrated by said process as well as an organic solvent containing nitrogen for the extraction. The solvent is selected from among, for example, hetrocyclic compounds containing nitrogen, such as pyrrolidones, imidazolidinones, pyrimidinones and pyridinium salts, and acid amides. The combination of the process of this invention with any ordinary process for hydrodesulfurization enables the production of light oil having a sulfur content not exceeding 0.01% by weight. Light oil still containing benzothiophenone and dibenzothiophenone derivatives after hydrodesulfurization can be easily desulfurized to yield a desulfurized product not having any undesirable color, or any offensive smell. Also, the extraction of nitrogen compounds and aromatic compound from light oil is effected by the same process.

Abstract: The monoazo compound represented by formula I is excellent in compatibility with, solubility in, and coloring power for, almost all water-immiscible organic liquids, has a low melting point, and is suitable for use to color molten plastics, synthetic fiber spinning solutions, etc., and to color thermal transfer ink. ##STR1## wherein R represents sec-butyl; Cp represents a coupling component residue.The dense solution of at least one kind of said monoazo compound in a hydrocarbon solvent diffuses and dissolves quickly and uniformly in coloring subjects such as petroleum products, and is capable of coloring fuel oil etc. to a desired distinguishable color density with small amounts.

Abstract: Mid-distillate hydrocarbon fuels, preferably having initial boiling points above 350.degree. F., are separated e.g. by prep-HPLC into non-aromatic and aromatic fractions which are used to set 0% aromatics (the non-aromatics) and 100% aromatics (the aromatics) on an NIR spectrophotometer. From NIR aromatic band absorbances of unknown samples, their percent aromatics is determined using this two-point calibration and the Beer-Lambert equation. Preferred NIR bands of 1650-1700 and 2120-2256 exhibit excellent correlation with aromatics content. Also similar techniques measure sulfur through correlation with the benzothiophenic band and its overtones and combination bands, or possibly directly.

Abstract: A hydrofinishing process for improving the color, thermal and oxidative stability of a base stock for lubricating oil wherein the lubricating oil stock is contacted with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel-molybdenum catalyst, at a pressure in the range of 400 psi to 3000 psi, at a weight hourly space velocity in the range of 0.25-4.5 and at a temperature in the range of 550.degree. F. to 750.degree. F.

Abstract: Azo dyes useful for marking mineral oils have the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy,R.sup.3 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl which may be substituted by hydroxyl and interrupted by from 1 to 3 oxygen atoms,R.sup.4 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl which may be substituted by hydroxyl and interrupted by from 1 to 3 oxygen atoms, andX is cyano or substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxycarbonyl,with the proviso that the molecule contains at least one hydroxyalkyl radical.

Abstract: A hydrogenation process for the hydrogenation of macro- and microcrystalline feeds in a mixed bed is disclosed, the first bed containing a catalyst of the demetallization kind, while the second bed contains a hydrotreatment catalyst. During the operation with microcrystalline feed, after the decrease in Saybolt color index, macrocrystalline feed is substituted for microcrystalline feed, whereby is restored the bed catalytic activity which in turn allows the return to the microcrystalline feed, and successively, so that operation is continuous with high Saybolt color index levels maintained for extended periods.

Abstract: Marked mineral oils containing basic dyes which have at least two, optionally substituted, amino groups and which, on addition of a protogenic acid and, optionally, a metal halide, experience a bathochromic shift of their absorption maximum and an increase in absorbance, and a method of marking mineral oils with basic dyes.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for improving the color and color stability of a hydrocarbon fraction. The process involves contacting the hydrocarbon fraction with a selective hydrogenation catalyst in the presence of hydrogen at reaction conditions. This results in the selective hydrogenation of conjugated unsaturates, thereby improving the color and color stability of the hydrocarbon fraction. The process uses small quantities of hydrogen and is run under mild conditions. A preferred selective hydrogenation catalyst is sulfided nickel on an alumina/clay support.

Abstract: A vapor/liquid separator and liquid distributor which is especially suitable for small catalytic hydrodewaxing reactors is disclosed. A mixed phase stream is discharged into a V/L separator above a vessel. A liquid level is maintained in the V/L separator using a liquid level controller. Preferably the liquid is filtered, then passed through a spray nozzle for distribution over a fixed bed of contact material in the vessel, e.g., catalyst. The vapor phase from the V/L separator is added to the top of the reactor. The process and apparatus is especially useful in catalytic hydrodewaxing.

Abstract: Treatment of diesel or jet fuel with a non-ionic, macroreticular, cross-linked, acrylic aliphatic ester resin reduces polar impurities and (diesel) color.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for improving the color and color stability of a hydrocarbon fraction. The process involves contacting the hydrocarbon fraction with a selective hydrogenation catalyst in the presence of hydrogen at reaction conditions. This results in the selective hydrogenation of conjugated unsaturates, thereby improving the color and color stability of the hydrocarbon fraction. The process uses small quantities of hydrogen and is run under mild conditions.

Abstract: A colorant of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 independently of one another are each C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 -alkenyl, C.sub.4 -C.sub.9 -alkoxyalkyl, C.sub.4 -C.sub.9 -aryloxyalkyl, C.sub.9 -C.sub.11 -aralkoxyalkyl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.11 -aralkyl, C.sub.4 -C.sub.13 -acyloxyalkyl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 -alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.12 -alkylaminocarbonyloxyalkyl or C.sub.4 -C.sub.9 -dialkylaminoalkyl, with the proviso that the sum of the carbon atoms of the radicals R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 is from 14 to 36 and the sum of the ether oxygen atoms in these radicals ranges from 0 to 2. The present dye compound is useful in the coloring of coating compositions, organic solvents and mineral oil products.

Abstract: A heavy mineral oil having a relatively high viscosity is employed as an immersion oil for use in fluorescence microscopy. The oil exhibits no auto fluorescent characteristics while exhibiting a compatible refractive index to allow the same to be used with condenser/objective lens systems in fluorescence microscopy.

Abstract: Azo compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl, aryl or hetaryl,R.sub.2 is hydrogen or alkyl,R.sub.3 is hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, OR.sub.1 etc.R.sub.4 is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl,R.sub.5 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl,Y is cyano, halogen, trifluoromethyl, nitro or SO.sub.2 R.sub.1,Y.sub.1 is halogen or preferably cyano,X.sub.1 is hydrogen or a substituent with a Hammet .sigma. para value of -0.3 to +0.3,X.sub.2 is hydrogen, halogen etc., are useful for dyeing polyester fibre materials in clear red to violet shades with good general fastness properties.

Abstract: A mixture, soluble in organic solvents, of compounds of the formula ##STR1## where D is a radical of the formula ##STR2## n is 0, 1, 2 or 3 and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently of one another are hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, methoxy or ethoxy;with the proviso that the mixture contains compounds with n=0, 1 and 2 and, optionally, 3; is disclosed as being exceptionally suitable for dyeing petroleum products, waxes and greases.

Abstract: Nahcolite-containing ore particles are separated from oil shale particles in a mixture of particles of nahcolite-bearing oil shale ore by irradiating the mixture of ore particles with electromagnetic energy in the infrared region of the spectrum and sorting the particles according to energy reflected at one or more selected wavelengths within that region to separate the nahcolite-containing ore particles from the oil shale particles.

Abstract: Mixtures of dyes of the formula ##STR1## where R is hydrogen or methyl and n is a number from 0 to 6 are exceptionally suitable--especially when used in the form of stock solution--for coloring mineral oil products.

Abstract: Mixtures of dyestuffs of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are hydrogen, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy and A is hydroxy phenyl or .beta.-hydroxy naphthyl. These dyestuff mixtures are prepared in usual manner by diazotizing and coupling. They allow to prepare highly concentrated mother solutions in hydrocarbons which are useful for coloring hydrocarbons, oils, fuels.

Abstract: Novel disazo colorants or dyes for marking organic liquids, the colorants having the general formula ##STR1## where R.sub.1 is H, CF.sub.3, or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,R.sub.2 is H, or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each H, OCH.sub.3, OC.sub.2 H.sub.5 or CH.sub.3, andR.sub.5, r.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are each H, or alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, at least one of said R.sub.5, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 being alkyl.The novel compound of the general formula ##STR2## where R.sub.5, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are as described above is provided and is useful as an intermediate in the preparation of said disazo colorants. Methods for the preparation of the colorants are disclosed together with qualitative and quantitative procedures for detecting these colorants in the marked liquids.

Abstract: Liquid dyestuffs of the general formula: ##STR1## in which y represents 0 or 1, x and z each represent a whole number in which the sum x + y + z is a whole number from 5 to 17; a process for the preparation of such dyestuffs in which the bis-diazo derivative of bis-(4-amino-phenyl)-sulphide is coupled in aqueous medium with a 2-N-alkylamino-naphthalene of the formula: ##STR2## x, y and z having the same significance as above, in the proportion of two molecules of naphthalene derivative to one molecule of bis-diazo derivative; and the use of these dyestuffs for the coloration of petroleum products, inks, fats, waxes and plastics materials.

Abstract: A plastosoluble fluorescent organic dye is disclosed that is derived from benzanthrone, and having the general formula: ##STR1## wherein X = --H or --Br; and Y = --H, --OCH.sub.3 or --OC.sub.2 H.sub.5. A process for the preparation of a dye of the general formula (I) is also disclosed. These dyes are useful in the bulk dyeing of polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, rigid PVC, polyethylene, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymers, polycarbonates or mineral oils.

Abstract: A fluorescent azabenzanthronic dye is disclosed having the general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein X = --NH-- or --S--; and Y = --OCH.sub.3 or --OC.sub.2 H.sub.5. A process for the preparation of a dye of the general formula (I) is also disclosed. These dyes are useful in the bulk dyeing of polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, rigid PVC, polyethylene, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymers, polycarbonates or mineral oils.

Abstract: Novel disazo colorants or dyes for marking organic liquids, the colorants having the general formula ##STR1## where R.sub.1 is H, CF.sub.3, or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,R.sub.2 is H, or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each H, OCH.sub.3, OC.sub.2 H.sub.5 or CH.sub.3, andR.sub.5, r.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are each H, or alkyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, at least one of said R.sub.5, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 being alkyl.The novel compound of the general formula ##STR2## where R.sub.5, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are as described above is provided and is useful as an intermediate in the preparation of said disazo colorants. Methods for the preparation of the colorants are disclosed together with qualitative and quantitative procedures for detecting these colorants in the marked liquids.

Abstract: Dyestuffs of the general formula: ##STR1## in which the radical --CH=CH--CN is fixed in the 4- or 5- position, X represents a hydrogen or chlorine atom, the benzene nucleus A is unsubstituted or substituted by at least one chlorine atom or alkyl, alkoxy or acylamino group, m is the number 0 or 1, and B represents the residue of a coupling compound containing no sulphonic or carboxylic acid group.The dyestuffs in which m represents zero may be prepared by diazotizing a base of the formula: ##STR2## and coupling the diazo derivative with a coupling compound BH wherein X and B have the same significance as set out above.The dyestuffs in which m is equal to 1 may be prepared by coupling the diazo derivative of a base of the formula: ##STR3## with an amine of the formula: ##STR4## diazotizing the amino-monoazo dyestuff thus obtained and coupling with a coupling compound BH wherein ##STR5## have the same significance as set out above.