Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for reducing the sulphur content of hydrocarbon feedstocks such as Natural Gas Condensate, Kerosene, Jet Fuel, Diesel, Vacuum Gas Oil and Fuel Oil. The process uses a tailored oxidation process comprising one or two oxidation steps to produce sulphoxides and/or sulphones. These sulphoxides and sulphones, while being still present in the liquid hydrocarbon streams, are subsequently extracted thereby producing a low sulphur hydrocarbon stream and optionally following further treatment of the sulphoxides and/or sulphones, produce a low sulphur aromatic hydrocarbon stream and an aqueous stream of sodium sulphite or sulphuric acid. The low sulphur hydrocarbon stream and low sulphur aromatic hydrocarbon stream may be individually recycled or combined for recycling.

Abstract: A method of improving air release in lubricant base stocks and lubricating oils is provided. The method includes providing a Group I base stock, a Group II base stock or a combination thereof and adding to the base stock an effective amount of C7 to C80 paraffin, wherein the lubricant base stock provides air release according to the ASTM D3427 test at least 20% lower than the same lubricant base stock not including the C7 to C80 paraffin. Also provided are lube base stocks and lubricating oils with improved air release and methods of making such base stocks and oils.

Abstract: A crude oil which contains at least 0.1 wt % unstable sulfur compounds is treated in a reaction zone at low temperature to convert at least 50 wt % of the unstable sulfur compounds contained therein. The reaction and removal of sulfur from the crude may be facilitated by contacting the crude oil with a catalytic material in the presence of a stripping fluid.

Abstract: In crude oil fractions, fossil fuels, and organic liquids in general in which it is desirable to reduce the levels of sulfur-containing and nitrogen-containing components, the process reduces the level of these compounds via the application of heat, an oxidizing agent and, preferably, sonic energy. The invention is performed either as a continuous process or a batch process, and may further include optional steps of centrifugation or hydrodesulfurization.

Abstract: Catalysts amenable to oxidizing sulfur compounds and systems and methods of using these catalysts to effect the removal of sulfur from crude oil and crude oil distillates are disclosed. The catalyst is disposed with a titanyl moiety which serves to selectively coordinate sulfur compounds and affect their oxidation. The titanyl may be bound within a polymer or on the surface of a polymer or on the surface or in the pores of an inorganic support. The resulting oxidized sulfur compounds are readily separated from the initial crude oil or crude oil distillate streams by traditional separation techniques arrayed as described in the systems and methods disclosed.

Abstract: A method of removing sulfur from sour oil by subjecting sour oil having a first sulfur content to high shear in the presence of at least one desulfurizing agent to produce a high shear treated stream, wherein the at least one desulfurizing agent is selected from the group consisting of bases and inorganic salts, and separating both a sulfur-rich product and a sweetened oil product from the high shear-treated stream, wherein the sulfur-rich product comprises elemental sulfur and wherein the sweetened oil product has a second sulfur content that is less than the first sulfur content. A system for reducing the sulfur content of sour oil via at least one high shear device comprising at least one rotor and at least one complementarily-shaped stator, and at least one separation device configured to separate a sulfur-rich product and sweetened oil from the high shear-treated stream.

Abstract: A method for increasing a cetane number of fuel may comprise using a sonication device to expose fuel flowing through the sonication device to ultrasonic wave energy for a period of time, thereby increasing the cetane number of the fuel. The cetane number of the fuel may be increased just prior to supplying the fuel to an end user. An apparatus for increasing a cetane number of fuel may comprise a fuel dispensing system and a sonication device coupled to the fuel dispensing system. The sonication device may include a housing disposed within the fuel dispensing system, a flow conduit disposed through the housing, and one or more transducers operable to provide ultrasonic wave energy to fuel flowing through the flow conduit.

Abstract: Processes and systems associated with hydrodynamic cavitation-catalyzed oxidation of sulfur-containing substances in a fluid are described. In one example method, carbonaceous fluid is combined with at least one oxidant to form a mixture and then the mixture is flowed through at least one local constriction in a flow-through chamber at a sufficient pressure and flow rate to create hydrodynamic cavitation in the flowing mixture having a power density of between about 3,600 kWatts/cm2 and about 56,000 kWatts/cm2 measured at the surface of the local constriction normal to the direction of fluid flow. The creation of hydrodynamic cavitation in the flowing mixture initiates one or more chemical reactions that, at least in part, oxidize at least some of the sulfur-containing substances in the carbonaceous fluid.

Abstract: In crude oil fractions, fossil fuels, and organic liquids in general in which it is desirable to reduce the levels of sulfur-containing and nitrogen-containing components, the process reduces the level of these compounds via the application of heat, an oxidizing agent and, preferably, sonic energy. The invention is performed either as a continuous process or a batch process, and may further include optional steps of centrifugation or hydrodesulfurization.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a multi-stage system and a process utilizing said system with the design of reducing the sulfur-content in a liquid comprising hydrocarbons and organosulfur compounds. The process comprising at least one of the following states: (1) an oxidation stage; (2) an extraction state; (3) a raffinate washing stage; (4) a raffinate polishing stage; (5) a solvent recovery stage; (6) a solvent purification stage; and (7) a hydrocarbon recovery stage. The process for removing sulfur-containing hydrocarbons from gas oil, which comprises oxidizing gas oil comprising hydrocarbons and organosulfur compounds to obtain a product gas oil.

Abstract: A process is described for the extractive oxidation of contaminants present in raw fuel streams rich in heteroatomic polar compounds and catalyzed by iron oxides contained in natural limonitic goethite, said process comprising contacting said streams with an oxidation pair which is a peroxide in solution/organic acid in amount of at least 3 and an amount between 0.01 and 10 wt % of an iron oxide, both based on the feed, the iron oxide being made up of a reduced natural limonitic goethite. The goethite reduction by a hydrogen stream has the advantage of lowering the migration of non-contaminating polar hydrocarbons from the fuel stream to the aqueous phase, at the same time obtaining higher mass yield of final product fuel while the level of target contaminants to be removed is maintained relative to the state-of-the-art process. Process yields attain 98% weight/weight.

Abstract: A diesel desulfurization method has various steps including: implementing a modified oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) process. The UAOD has the steps of: mixing diesel fuel with room temperature ionic liquid, oxidant, phase transfer catalyst, and acid catalyst in a tank in a mix; recycling the ionic liquid and recycling the acid catalyst in aqueous phase. A step is to move the sulfur from the diesel fuel in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) having bed reactor material. The process can be improved with ultrasound during mixing, or a high shear mixer. The bed reactor is preferably acidic alumina for adsorbing oxidized sulfur. The oxidant is preferably hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The acid catalyst is preferably a mixture of Acetic acid and Tri-fluoro acetic acid.

Abstract: The reduction in the sulfur-containing content of diesel fuel is achieved by oxidation in the presence of a catalyst followed by a liquid-liquid countercurrent extraction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the elimination of sulphur compounds from the diesel fraction, which is characterized in that an oxidising reaction of said sulphur compound is carried out by using at least an organic-inorganic composite as catalyst, said composite comprising Si, Ti; and silicon bonded to carbon, and organic and inorganic hydroperoxides as oxidizing agents. According to the inventive process, said organic-inorganic composite can be obtained by a method comprising a post-synthesis silylation step.

Abstract: The present invention provides for steam generation replacing natural gas with a selected refined product of a feedstock of bitumen, asphaltines or heavy oil using locally produced surplus bitumen, asphaltine or heavy oil, separating the asphaltines and other components of the feedstock for use in providing a liquid fuel for steam generation. The lighter products from the separation equipment not used for liquid fuel may be blended into the produced bitumen, asphaltines or heavy oil, to increase its API gravity and reduce the diluent required for transportation. This technology may be employed in open pit mining operations for the generation of steam and power. The refined components of the feedstock used to provide liquid fuel are selected to optimize energy output balancing planned energy demand against the value of the components of the feedstock used.

Abstract: A process for the autocatalytic production of organic hydroperoxides and ultra low sulfur diesel boiling range hydrocarbons is disclosed. The organic hydroperoxides react with sulfur compounds to produce sulfones, and the sulfones can be removed from the diesel boiling range hydrocarbons to provide ultra low sulfur diesel.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for selectively desulphurizing thiopene compounds contained in hydrocarbons derived from crude oil distillation, whether refined or not, which consists in oxidising the thiophene sulphur atoms into sulphone in the presence of an oxidising agent and in separating said sulphonated compounds from said hydrocarbons. The invention is characterised in that it consists in oxidising the thiophene compounds in a two-phase turbulent medium comprising a hydrocarbon phase and an aqueous phase, in the presence of at least an oxidising agent soluble in at least one of the two phases and of at least a metal catalyst in soluble or dispersed form in a liquid of in solid form, separation and oxidation occurring simultaneously.

Abstract: This invention is a method of purifying fuel streams containing organosulfur impurities. The fuel stream is oxidized with an organic hydroperoxide in the presence of an oxidation catalyst to form a sulfone product. The alcohol product of the organic hydroperoxide is then removed from the oxidized fuel stream, followed by extraction of the sulfone product by solid-liquid extraction using solid adsorbents. The alcohol removal step is found to improve the adsorption capacity of the solid adsorbents.

Abstract: In crude oil fractions, fossil fuels, and organic liquids in general in which it is desirable to reduce the levels of sulfur-containing and nitrogen-containing components, the process reduces the level of these compounds via the application of sonic energy. The process can be performed both with and without the added presence of an oxidizing agent, and with or without elevated temperature and/or pressure. The invention is performed either as a continuous process or a batch process.

Abstract: Economical processes are disclosed for the production of components for refinery blending of transportation fuels by selective oxidation of feedstocks comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons, sulfur-containing and nitrogen-containing organic compounds. Oxidation feedstock is contacted with a soluble quaternary ammonium salt containing halogen, sulfate, or bisulfate anion, and an immiscible aqueous phase comprising a source of hydrogen peroxide, and at least one member of the group consisting of phosphomolybdic acid and phosphotungstic acid, in a liquid reaction mixture under conditions suitable for reaction of one or more of the sulfur-containing and/or nitrogen-containing organic compounds. Blending components containing less sulfur and/or less nitrogen than the oxidation feedstock are recovered from the reaction mixture. Advantageously, at least a portion of the immiscible acid-containing phase is recycled to the oxidation.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is a process for the elimination of sulphur compounds from the gasoline fraction, characterized in that it comprises carrying out an oxidation reaction of said sulphur compounds using at least one organic-inorganic composite as a catalyst which comprises at least: Si, Ti and silicon linked to carbon and using organic or inorganic hydro-peroxides as oxidating agents. According to the process for the present invention, said organic or inorganic composite is obtained by means of a process that comprises a sililation stage during synthesis or by means of a process that comprises a post-synthesis sililation stage.

Abstract: Processes for generating and removing oxidized sulfur species, and in particular sulfoxides, from crude oil and various fractions derived therefrom. Initially, the sulfur species present in the crude oil or fractions derived from the crude oil, is oxidized such that substantially all of the sulfur species are converted to sulfoxides and/or a combination of sulfoxides and sulfones. Thereafter, the fossil fuel containing the oxidized sulfur species are subjected to conventional hydrodesulfurization processes where substantially all of the sulfones are converted to hydrogen sulfide gas.

Abstract: Processes for generating and removing oxidized sulfur species, and in particular sulfones, from crude oil and various fractions derived therefrom. Initially, the sulfur species present in the crude oil or fractions derived from the crude oil, is oxidized such that substantially all of the sulfur species are converted to sulfones. Thereafter, the fossil fuel containing the oxidized sulfur species are subjected to conventional hydrodesulfurization processes where substantially all of the sulfones are converted to hydrogen sulfide gas.

Abstract: This invention is a method of purifying fuel streams containing organonitrogen and organosulfur impurities. The fuel stream is first treated to extract organonitrogen impurities so that the nitrogen content of the fuel stream is reduced by at least 50 percent. After separation and recovery of the nitrogen-depleted fuel stream, the organosulfur impurities in the fuel stream are then oxidized with an organic hydroperoxide in the presence of a titanium-containing silicon oxide catalyst. The resulting sulfones may be more readily removed from the fuel stream than the non-oxidized organosulfur impurities.

Abstract: This invention is a method of oxidizing organosulfur impurites found in fuel streams. The method comprises reacting the organosulfur impurities with an organic hydroperoxide in the presence of a titanium-containing catalyst. The titanium-containing catalyst is obtained by impregnating a siliceous solid with a titanium halide in a hydrocarbon solvent, or a vapor stream of titanium tetrachloride, followed by calcination. The resulting sulfones are more readily removed from the fuel stream than the non-oxidized organosulfur impurities.

Abstract: Process for the desulphurization of a mixture of hydrocarbons containing sulphur compounds, comprising a step of oxidation by means of hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and an acid catalyst in order to oxidize the sulphur compounds, in which the acid catalyst contains an acid solid chosen from cation-exchange resins having a pKa of less than or equal to 4, from solids based on silicon oxide additionally containing a trivalent metal, and from particles of inorganic solid on which acidic organic groups are grafted such that the particles thus grafted have a pKa of less than or equal to 4.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the elimination of sulphur compounds from the diesel fraction, which is characterized in that an oxidising reaction of said sulphur compound is carried out by using at least an organic-inorganic composite as catalyst, said composite comprising Si, Ti; and silicon bonded to carbon, and organic and inorganic hydroperoxides as oxidizing agents. According to the inventive process, said organic-inorganic composite can be obtained by a method comprising a post-synthesis silylation step.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of refinery transportation fuel or components for refinery blending of transportation fuels having a reduced amount of sulfur and/or nitrogen-containing impurities. The process involves contacting a hydrocarbon feedstock containing the above impurities with an immiscible phase containing hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid in an oxidation zone to selectively oxidize the impurities. After a gravity phase separation, the hydrocarbon phase containing any remaining oxidized impurities, is passed to an extraction zone wherein aqueous acetic acid is used to extract a portion of any remaining oxidized impurities. A hydrocarbon stream having reduced impurities can then be recovered. The acetic acid phase effluents from the oxidation and the extraction zones can then be passed to a common separation zone for recovery of the acetic acid and for optional recycle back to the oxidation and extraction zones.

Abstract: In crude oil fractions, fossil fuels, and organic liquids in general in which it is desirable to reduce the levels of sulfur-containing and nitrogen-containing components, the process reduces the level of these compounds via the application of heat, an oxidizing agent and, preferably, sonic energy. The invention is performed either as a continuous process or a batch process, and may further include optional steps of centrifugation or hydrodesulfurization.

Abstract: The desulfurization of petroleum distillates can be carried out by cyclic low-temperature adsorption of oxidized sulfur compounds with activated carbon followed by regeneration of the activated carbon using an organic solvent. The activated carbon used in the process is commercially available and its surface area that ranges from approximately 500 to 2000 m2/g having a substantial portion of its pores in the range between 10 to 100 Angstroms.

Abstract: A method for obtaining oil products such as diesel fuel with improved quality, from a gas oil fraction containing organosulphur compounds such as dibenzenethiophenes and/or their derivatives, with initial and final boiling points generally ranging between about 170 and 480° C. The method includes at least two steps which consist in: (a) liquid-liquid extraction wherein the diesel fuel fraction is contacted with a solvent so as to obtain a gas oil-type raffinate with low content of sulphur and aromatic compounds and an extract rich in solvent and with high content of sulphur and aromatic compounds; (b) oxidation of the extract sulphur compounds so as to obtain, after separation, a heavy gas oil-type hydrocarbon effluent with low sulphur content, and a residue comprising oxidased organosulphur compounds. The invention also concerns oil products obtained by said method which can be used either for the formation of fuel for internal combustion engine with compression ignition (of the diesel type) or as fuel.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is a process for the elimination of sulphur compounds from the gasoline fraction, characterized in that it comprises carrying out an oxidation reaction of said sulphur compounds using at least one organic-inorganic composite as a catalyst which comprises at least:

Abstract: The desulfurization of petroleum distillates can be carried out by cyclic low-temperature adsorption of oxidized sulfur compounds with activated carbon followed by regeneration of the activated carbon using an organic solvent. The activated carbon used in the process is commercially available and its surface area that ranges from approximately 500 to 2000 m2/g having a substantial portion of its pores in the range between 10 to 100 Angstroms.

Abstract: A method for treating compounds which contain reactive sulfur is disclosed, wherein the treatment produces compounds which contain sulfur in a non reactive form. The method is based on the use of an oxidizing compound selected from the group consisting of water soluble inorganic persulfates, water soluble inorganic and organic adducts of hydrogen peroxide and mixtures thereof. The method is particularly useful in preventing stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel and in preventing auto-ignition of pyrophoric iron sulfide.

Abstract: The demercaptanizaiton of petroleum distillates can be carried out by sorption of the mercaptan with activated carbon and oxidation of the sorbed mercaptan to disulfide at between approximately 20° C. to 55° C. The activated carbon used in the process is commercially readily available. Its surface area typically ranges from between approximately 500 to 1500 m2/g and has substantial percentage of the pores in the 10 to 100 Angstrom range.

Abstract: The demercaptanizaiton of petroleum distillates can be carried out by sorption of the mercaptan with activated carbon and oxidation of the sorbed mercaptan to disulfide at between approximately 20° C. to 55° C. The activated carbon used in the process is commercially readily available. Its surface area typically ranges from between approximately 500 to 1500 m2/g and has substantial percentage of the pores in the 10 to 100 Angstrom range.

Abstract: A process for desulfurizing hydrocarbons such as gasoline and similar petroleum products to reduce the sulfur content to a range of from about 2 to 15 ppm sulfur without affecting the octane rating is described. The sulfur containing hydrocarbon is contacted at slightly elevated temperatures with an oxidizing/extracting solution of formic acid, a small amount of hydrogen peroxide, and no more than about 25 wt % water.

Abstract: A process for desulfurizing fuels such as diesel oil and similar petroleum products to reduce the sulfur content to a range of from about 2 to 15 ppm sulfur is described. The sulfur containing fuel is contacted at slightly elevated temperatures with an oxidizing/extracting solution of formic acid, a small amount of hydrogen peroxide, and no more than about 25 wt % water. A removal process for separating substituted dibenzothiophene oxidation products from tile fuel is also described.

Abstract: Fossil fuels are combined with a hydroperoxide in an aqueous-organic medium and subjected to ultrasound, with the effect of oxidizing the sulfur compounds in the fuels to sulfones. Due to their high polarity, the sulfones thus formed are readily removed from the fuels by polar extraction. The process is thus highly effective in removing sulfur compounds from the fuels.

Abstract: A process for the desulfurization of hydrocarbonaceous oil wherein the hydrocarbonaceous oil and a recycle stream containing sulfur-oxidated compounds is contacted with a hydrodesulfurization catalyst in a hydrodesulfurization reaction zone to reduce the sulfur level to a relatively low level and then contacting the resulting hydrocarbonaceous stream from the hydrodesulfurization zone with an oxidizing agent to convert the residual, low level of sulfur compounds into sulfur-oxidated compounds. The residual oxidizing agent is decomposed and the resulting hydrocarbonaceous oil stream containing the sulfur-oxidated compounds is separated to produce a stream containing the sulfur-oxidated compounds and a hydrocarbonaceous oil stream having a reduced concentration of sulfur-oxidated compounds. At least a portion of the sulfur-oxidated compounds is recycled to the hydrodesulfurization reaction zone.

Abstract: A process for the desulfurization of hydrocarbonaceous oil wherein the hydrocarbonaceous oil is contacted with a hydrodesulfurization catalyst in a hydrodesulfurization reaction zone to reduce the sulfur level to a relatively low level and then contacting the resulting hydrocarbonaceous stream from the hydrodesulfurization zone with an oxidizing agent to convert the residual, low level of sulfur compounds into sulfur-oxidated compounds. The resulting hydrocarbonaceous oil stream containing the sulfur-oxidated compounds is separated after decomposing any residual oxidizing agent to produce a stream containing the sulfur-oxidated compounds and a hydrocarbonaceous oil stream having a reduced concentration of sulfur-oxidated compounds.

Abstract: Sulfur-containing carbonaceous materials are desulfurized by reaction with a mixture of an oxidizing agent and a carbonyl compound under alkaline conditions at a temperature ranging from ambient temperature to about 250.degree. F. and a pressure of about 1 atmosphere to 2 atmospheres. The products of the reaction are a desulfurized carbonaceous material in which the sulfur content is less than about 1%, and gaseous sulfur compounds. The carbonyl compound can be recovered and reused.

Abstract: A composition and a process for substantially reducing or removing sulfide from a sulfide-containing fluid are disclosed. The composition comprises, or is prepared by combining components comprising, a sulfide-containing fluid and a sulfide-scavenging amount of a sulfide scavenger selected from the group consisting of bromates, iodates, and combinations of two or more thereof. The process comprises contacting a sulfide-containing fluid with a sulfide-scavenging amount of a sulfide scavenger under a condition sufficient to substantially reduce the sulfide concentration in the fluid.

Abstract: Organic sulphides are extremely malodorous compounds that are found in gaseous or aqueous effluents from many industries such as paper and pulp manufacture, hydrocarbon refinering, tanneries, and in the synthesis of organic sulphur compounds. Their removal is necessary before such effluents can be discharged into the environment.In the present invention their removal is effected using hydrogen peroxide at a pH controlled to pH 8.5 to 11.5 and in the presence of a catalytic amount of a soluble tungstate. Such a process is especially applicable to the removal of dialkyl disulphides, which are regarded as being especially difficult to remove oxidatively. In especially preferred conditions, the pH is about pH 11 and about 3-4 moles H.sub.2 O.sub.2 is used per mole equivalent of sulphur, in the presence of at least 20 ppm sodium tungstate (as W).

Abstract: A catalyst is disclosed for oxidizing mercaptans to disulfides, or inorganic sulfides to elemental sulfur. The catalytic agent is a compound consisting of a metal atom bonded to a chelate such as phthalocyanine, and also to axial ligands. The compound preferably is composited on an inert granular solid support. The catalyst is an improvement over existing catalysts in that its use does not require basic agents such as caustic.

Abstract: A process is provided for substantially complete elimination of hydrogen sulphide from the organic phase of natural gas, crude oil or mixtures thereof, by reaction with aqueous hydrogen peroxide in the absence of any catalyst or organic compounds or of compounds that yield them at a pressure of at least 90 kPa gage. The process is particularly useful with crude materials as they are pumped directly from the earth.

Abstract: An improved process for reducing mercaptan (thiol) concentrations of sour petroleum distillates includes the treatment of these sour distillates with peroxy compounds, preferably tertiary butyl hydroxide and cumene hydroperoxide in the presence of oil-dispersible organic amine compounds such as quaternary ammonium hydroxide salts and alkalene polyamines. The preferred organic amine catalyst is Primene 81-R.

Abstract: Hydrogen peroxide is solubilized in a micellar dispersion, i.e. stable systems containing hydrocarbon, aqueous medium, and surfactant. The hydrogen peroxide-containing micellar dispersion is then admixed with any liquid media in which hydrogen peroxide is to be used as a reactant or catalyst to effect intimate contact and dispersion of the hydrogen peroxide within the liquid media. In this manner sour hydrocarbon streams are sweetened, for instance.