Abstract: A process for dechlorination of a hydrocarbon stream and/or a hydrocarbon stream precursor comprising introducing the hydrocarbon stream and/or hydrocarbon stream precursor, a first zeolitic catalyst, and a stripping gas to a devolatilization extruder (DE) to produce an extruder effluent, wherein the hydrocarbon stream and/or hydrocarbon stream precursor comprises one or more chloride compounds in an amount of equal to or greater than about 10 ppm chloride, based on the total weight of the hydrocarbon stream and/or hydrocarbon stream precursor, and wherein the extruder effluent comprises one or more chloride compounds in an amount of less than the chloride amount in the hydrocarbon stream and/or hydrocarbon stream precursor.

Abstract: Naphthene-containing distillate compositions are provided herein. Methods of improving fuel compositions and blends using the naphthene-containing distillate compositions are also provided herein.

Abstract: A system is provided for removing dimethyl ether (DME) from oil, water or brine and gas that includes a gas-oil-water separation module, a DME absorber, a water stripper, a liquid-liquid extractor, a water source, and an oil stripper, and a process is provided for separating DME from a mixture of DME, crude oil, water or brine, and a gas containing alkane hydrocarbons. A DME lean oil containing at most 1 ppmwt may be produced by the process.

Abstract: A process for treating a pitch fraction from coal tar is described. The pitch fraction is contacted with a solvent, an extraction agent, or an adsorbent to remove at least one contaminant, such as oxygenate compounds, nitrogen containing compounds, and sulfur containing compounds. The solvent can be an ionic liquid, the extraction agent can be at least one of amphiphilic block copolymers, cyclodextrins, functionalized cyclodextrins, and cyclodextrin-functionalized polymers, and the adsorbent can be exfoliated graphite oxide, thermally exfoliated graphite oxide or intercalated graphite compounds.

Abstract: A process for removing at least one contaminant from coal tar is described. The process involves extraction with an extraction agent or adsorption with an adsorbent. The extraction agent includes at least one of amphiphilic block copolymers, inclusion complexes of poly(methyl methacrylate) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cyclodextrins, functionalized cyclodextrins, and cyclodextrin-functionalized polymers, and the adsorbent includes exfoliated graphite oxide, thermally exfoliated graphite oxide or intercalated graphite compounds.

Abstract: Methods are provided for characterizing crude oils, crude fractions, or other potential feedstocks for forming lubricating base oils in order to determine the suitability of a feedstock for lubricating base oil production. One type of characterization is to determine the isoparaffin, naphthene, and/or aromatics contents of the distillate portion of a feedstock. A second characterization is to determine the viscosity index of a distillate portion of a feedstock after dewaxing the distillate portion to a target pour point.

Abstract: High energy (e.g., ultrasonic) mixing of a liquid hydrocarbon feedstock and reactants comprised of an oxidation source, catalyst and acid yields a diesel fuel product or additive having substantially increased cetane number. Ultrasonic mixing creates cavitation, which involves the formation and violent collapse of micron-sized bubbles, which greatly increases the reactivity of the reactants. This, in turn, substantially increases the cetane number compared to reactions carried out using conventional mixing processes, such as simple mechanical stirring. Alternatively, an aqueous mixture comprising water and acid can be pretreated with an oxidation source such as ozone and subjected to ultrasonic cavitation prior to reacting the pretreated mixture with a liquid hydrocarbon feedstock.

Abstract: The invention relates to a class of novel surfactants that have utility in the recovery and/or extraction of oil.

Abstract: A method of upgrading a heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed by removing heteroatom contaminants is disclosed. The method includes contacting the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed with an oxidant to oxidize the heteroatoms, contacting the oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed with caustic and a selectivity promoter, and removing the heteroatom contaminants from the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed. The oxidant may be used in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: There is provided an additive and method for removal of calcium from crude oil or its blends containing calcium naphthenate at low pH as well as at high pH varying from 5 to 11, preferably from 6 to 11, more preferably from 7 to 11, wherein the additive is glyoxal and said pH is of the wash water for crude oil processing systems. There is also provided an additive and method for removal of calcium from crude oil or its blends containing calcium naphthenate, wherein crude oil is treated with wash water containing alkaline medium selected from the group comprising sodium hydroxide (NaOH or caustic), ammonia or amine compound, or mixture thereof, and wherein pH of the wash water or of the processing mixture in the desalter varies from 5 to 11, preferably from 6 to 11, preferably from 7 to 11, characterized in that the additive is glyoxal and the crude oil or its blend is treated with glyoxal.

Abstract: Methods are provided for characterizing crude oils, crude fractions, or other potential feedstocks for forming lubricating base oils in order to determine the suitability of a feedstock for lubricating base oil production. One type of characterization is to determine the isoparaffin, naphthene, and/or aromatics contents of the distillate portion of a feedstock. A second characterization is to determine the viscosity index of a distillate portion of a feedstock after dewaxing the distillate portion to a target pour point.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of recovering a low molecular weight alcohol or alcohol containing fluid in natural gas and oil production and transmission. Disclosed herein are also methods of recovering hydrocarbon fluid from a well, using fluids comprising an effective foam-forming amount of a fluorosurfactant compound.

Abstract: A system and process are provided for integrated deasphalting and desulfurization of hydrocarbon feedstock in which the hydrocarbon feedstock, an oxidant, and an oxidation catalyst are mixed prior to passage into a primary settler of a solvent deasphalting unit. Oxidation products, including oxidized organosulfur compounds, are discharged with the asphalt phase.

Abstract: There is provided an additive and method for removal of calcium from crude oil or its blends containing calcium naphthenate at low pH as well as at high pH varying from 5 to 11, preferably from 6 to 11, more preferably from 7 to 11, wherein the additive is glyoxal and said pH is of the wash water for crude oil processing systems. There is also provided an additive and method for removal of calcium from crude oil or its blends containing calcium naphthenate, wherein crude oil is treated with wash water containing alkaline medium selected from the group comprising sodium hydroxide (NaOH or caustic), ammonia or amine compound, or mixture thereof, and wherein pH of the wash water or of the processing mixture in the desalter varies from 5 to 11, preferably from 6 to 11, preferably from 7 to 11, characterized in that the additive is glyoxal and the crude oil or its blend is treated with glyoxal.

Abstract: A process for removing a nitrogen compound from a fuel feed, such as vacuum gas oil or diesel fuel, wherein the process includes contacting the fuel feed comprising the nitrogen compound with a fuel-immiscible caprolactamium ionic liquid to produce a fuel and fuel-immiscible caprolactamium ionic liquid mixture, and separating the mixture to produce a vacuum gas oil or a diesel effluent having a reduced nitrogen content relative to the vacuum gas oil or diesel feed. The invention provides an alternate use for caprolactamium ionic liquid that is produced in large quantities for the manufacture of caprolactam.

Abstract: Provided herein are processes for deasphalting and extracting a hydrocarbon oil. The processes comprise providing an oil comprising asphaltenes and/or other impurities, combining the oil with a polar solvent an extracting agent to provide a mixture, and applying a stimulus to the mixture so that at least a portion of any asphaltenes and/or impurities in the oil precipitate out of the oil.

Abstract: The invention involves a process for hydrocarbon conversion. The process can include providing a feed to a primary upgrading zone and then treating the product from the primary upgrading zone with a feed-immiscible ionic liquid to remove carbon residue compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lubricant composition for a process for reducing the paraffin content of mineral oil compositions, by providing a mineral oil composition with a dewaxing aid, cooling to form a paraffin precipitate and at least partly removing the paraffin precipitate formed. The dewaxing aid used is a copolymer mixture comprising at least three copolymers, the copolymers differing in the composition of the repeat units.

Abstract: Provided are a substrate plating apparatus and a substrate plating method. In the substrate plating apparatus, a substrate support member supports a substrate to allow a plating surface to look up. A plating solution containing positive ions dissolved from a positive electrode is supplied from a plating solution supply member onto the substrate at an upper side of the substrate support member. A plating bath surrounds the substrate support member. The substrate support member is rotated in a state where it is immersed into the plating solution and an additive. The substrate can be supported by the substrate support member without reversing the substrate. Also, a pattern defect due to bubbles generated during a plating process can be prevented.

Abstract: A composition useful for reducing catalyst fines in an FCC slurry oil from a fluid catalytic cracking process is disclosed wherein the composition comprises a first resin which is an nonyl-phenol formaldehyde resin that has been ethoxylated and a second resin which is a p-t-amyl-phenol formaldehyde resin that has been ethoxylated.

Abstract: The present invention involves a process for removing one or more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds from a vacuum gas oil comprising contacting the vacuum gas oil with a vacuum gas oil-immiscible phosphonium ionic liquid to produce a mixture comprising the vacuum gas oil and the vacuum gas oil-immiscible phosphonium ionic liquid; and separating the mixture to produce a vacuum gas oil effluent and a vacuum gas oil-immiscible phosphonium ionic liquid effluent, the vacuum gas oil-immiscible phosphonium ionic liquid effluent comprising the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound.

Abstract: A method for separating polar hydrocarbon compounds from a hydrocarbon oil containing polar hydrocarbon compounds comprising the steps of: a) forming a gel in the hydrocarbon oil, and thereafter b) separating the gel from the hydrocarbon oil to produce a separated gel and a separated hydrocarbon oil.

Abstract: It has been discovered that metals can be removed or transferred from a hydrocarbon phase to a water phase in an emulsion breaking process by using a composition that contains a demulsifier (for instance, an oxyalkylated alkyl resin and/or a crosslinked polypropylene glycol), a surfactant, a diketone and a solvent (for instance an aromatic solvent). The method may also include introducing a hydroxyl carboxylic acid and/or at least one mineral acid to reduce the pH of the desalter wash water. The method permits transfer of metals into the aqueous phase with little or no hydrocarbon phase undercarry into the aqueous phase. The composition is particularly useful in treating crude oil emulsions, and in removing iron therefrom.

Abstract: A method for processing an acidic hydrocarbon feed comprising a hydrocarbon material and an acidic constituent soluble in the feed is provided. The method may comprise contacting the feed under a first condition with an active agent having an initial solubility in the feed and the acidic constituent and providing a second condition wherein the active agent has a secondary solubility in the feed lesser than the initial solubility to form a separable enriched active agent phase. The acidic constituent solubility in the active agent may be greater than its solubility in the hydrocarbon material under both the first and second conditions such that the acidic constituent dissolves in the active agent. The acidic constituent solubility in the active agent under the second condition may be greater than its solubility in the active agent under the first condition.

Abstract: The invention provides for processing a dehydrated and salty hydrocarbon feed having a solid salt dispersed in a hydrocarbon material by contacting the feed with an active agent under a first operating condition under which the active agent has an initial active agent solubility in the hydrocarbon material, and modulating operating conditions to provide a second operating condition under which the active agent has a secondary active agent solubility in the hydrocarbon material that is less than the initial active agent solubility so as to form a separable active agent phase, wherein the salt solubility in the active agent is substantially greater than the salt solubility in the hydrocarbon material under both the first and second operating conditions such that the salt dissolves in the active agent, allowing the separable active agent phase to separate from the hydrocarbon material depleted in the salt.

Abstract: The preparation of Group II and Group III lube base oils wherein liquid-continuous hydrotreating is used to treat a lube oil raffinate. The hydrotreated lube oil raffinate is then sent to a dewaxing stage that can be either a solvent or catalytic dewaxing stage.

Abstract: Methods and systems for controlling the pressure of distillation columns, for example those operating under vacuum pressure and conventionally equipped with a steam ejector system, are described. Representative distillation columns are used in the separation of thermally unstable components, such as the physical solvent sulfolane, having relatively low volatility. Such columns are employed in aromatic hydrocarbon extraction processes for the recovery of purified C6-C8 aromatic hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon feed stream (e.g., obtained from the catalytic reforming of naphtha).

Abstract: The present invention provides for a demulsifying composition comprising the reaction product of an oxirane or oxetane compound (I) comprising at least two oxirane or oxetane groups; a compound (II) comprising silicon and one or more amino groups; and optionally a polyamine (III); and a secondary amine (IV).

Abstract: A method of upgrading a heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed by removing heteroatom contaminants is disclosed. The method includes contacting the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed with an oxidant to oxidize the heteroatoms, contacting the oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed with caustic and a selectivity promoter, and removing the heteroatom contaminants from the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed. The oxidant may be used in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: A supported and sulphur-containing catalyst is described, comprising; a porous support constituted by an organic-inorganic hybrid material for which the covalent bond between the organic and inorganic phases conforms to the formula M-O—Z—R where M represents at least one metal constituting the inorganic phase, Z at least one heteroelement from among phosphorus and silicon and R an organic fragment, at least one metal of group VIB and/or of group VB and/or of group VIII. The invention also relates to the use of this catalyst for the hydrorefining and the hydroconversion of hydrocarbon-containing feedstocks such as petroleum fractions, fractions from coal or biomass or hydrocarbons produced from natural gas.

Abstract: A method of deresinating a crude oil comprises contacting the crude oil with a carbon dioxide containing fluid, the crude oil having an initial API gravity and comprising an oil phase, resins, and asphaltenes, and wherein the carbon dioxide containing fluid enters the oil phase of the crude oil In a manner such that the resins and asphaltenes precipitate out of the crude oil such that the final API gravity of the crude oil is higher than the initial API gravity of the crude oil.

Abstract: A method for recovering NH3 present in a sour water stream containing odiferous compounds such as pyridines, indoles, ketones and mercaptans produced during an upgrading process for upgrading bitumen from oil sands into synthetic crude comprising treating the sour water stream in a sour water treatment unit to produce a NH3-rich stream and a H2S-rich stream; and hydrotreating the NH3-rich stream in a hydrotreater in the presence of hydrogen to remove the odiferous compounds such as pyridines, indoles, ketones and mercaptans and produce a treated NH3-rich stream.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the treatment of crude oil or aged crude oil residue comprising the steps of (a) contacting the oil or residue with a phenol resin and with a diluent, to provide a diluted phenol resin treated oil or residue; and (b) optionally removing solid material from the diluted phenol resin treated oil or residue.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process to separate butadiene dimers from a mixture comprising butadiene dimers and alkyl-3-pentenoate and/or isomers thereof wherein the butadiene dimers are separated from said mixture by distillation in the presence of an alcohol and in that the distillation is effected at a bottom temperature of between 80 and 200° C. Examples of frequent occurring butadiene dimers are 4-vinylcyclohexene and 1,3,7-octatriene. Examples of the alcohol are monohydroxy aliphatic alcohols.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the elimination of sulphur compounds from the diesel fraction, which is characterized in that an oxidising reaction of said sulphur compound is carried out by using at least an organic-inorganic composite as catalyst, said composite comprising Si, Ti; and silicon bonded to carbon, and organic and inorganic hydroperoxides as oxidizing agents. According to the inventive process, said organic-inorganic composite can be obtained by a method comprising a post-synthesis silylation step.

Abstract: An improved methanol-to-olefin (MTO) product recovery scheme is provided which enables substantial reduction in the amount of light olefins that are undesirably captured in a dimethylether (DME) recycle stream when a portion of the methanolic feed to the MTO reaction zone is used as the scrubbing solvent in a primary DME absorption zone in order to recycle this DME oxygenate by-product to the MTO reaction zone. In accordance with the present invention, a liquid solvent stream recovered from the primary DME absorption zone is subjected in a stripping zone to light olefin stripping conditions sufficient to lift a substantial portion of the light olefins that are absorbed in the DME solvent without stripping a significant portion of this methanol solvent, thereby increasing the recovery of desired light olefins while simultaneously diminishing the amount of light olefins carried by the DME recycle stream back to MTO conversion step.

Abstract: An improved methanol-to-olefin (MTO) product recovery scheme is provided which enables substantial reduction in the amount of light olefins that are undesirably captured in a dimethylether (DME) recycle stream and improved recovery of methanol when a portion of the methanolic feed to the MTO reaction zone is used as the scrubbing solvent in a primary DME absorption zone in order to recycle this DME oxygenate by-product to the MTO reaction zone. In accordance with the present invention, a liquid solvent stream recovered from the primary DME absorption zone is subjected in a stripping zone to light olefin stripping conditions sufficient to lift a substantial portion of the light olefins that are absorbed in the DME solvent without stripping a significant portion of this methanol solvent, thereby increasing the recovery of desired light olefins while simultaneously diminishing the amount of light olefins carried by the DME recycle stream back to MTO conversion step.

Abstract: In a method of removing acidic compounds, color, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and for removing or converting hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms from petroleum distillates, phase transfer catalyst is employed to facilitate the transfer of inorganic or organic bases to the substrate of the distillate. An inorganic or organic base, a phase transfer catalyst selected from the group including quaternary ammonium salts, polyol ethers and crown ethers, and used oil distillate are mixed and heated. Thereafter, contaminants are removed from the used oil distillate through distillation. A solvent is then mixed with the resulting distillate to extract contaminants therefrom. The solvent is recovered and distilled to separate the contaminants therefrom, and is then reused. The petroleum distillate having the contaminants separated therefrom is also distilled to remove any remaining solvent therefrom, with the recovered solvent being reused.

Abstract: A process for upgrading hydrocarbonaceous oil containing heteroatom-containing compounds where the hydrocarbonaceous oil is contacted with a solvent system that is a mixture of a major portion of a polar solvent having a dipole moment greater than about 1 debye and a minor portion of water to selectively separate the constituents of the carbonaceous oil into a heteroatom-depleted raffinate fraction and heteroatom-enriched extract fraction. The polar solvent and the water-in-solvent system are formulated at a ratio where the water is an antisolvent in an amount to inhibit solubility of heteroatom-containing compounds and the polar solvent in the raffinate, and to inhibit solubility of non-heteroatom-containing compounds in the extract. The ratio of the hydrocarbonaceous oil to the solvent system is such that a coefficient of separation is at least 50%.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of refining crude oils having high acidity by neutralising the organic acidity thereof. The inventive method consists in adding a nitrogenous compound to the crude oil. Said method is characterised in that a nitrogenous compound containing at least three carbon atoms, a secondary amine group and a hydric group is introduced at at least one point of the crude oil pre-treatment units upstream of, or in the atmospheric distillation unit.

Abstract: A treatment for accelerating the settling of finely divided solids in hydrocarbon fluids, including adding to the hydrocarbon a sufficient settling amount of a combination of at least two of (a) a quaternary fatty ammonium compound, (b) a hetero-atom punctuated fatty polymer and (c) an alkylphenol-formaldehyde resin alkoxylate.

Abstract: A process for removing metal ions from crude oil comprising contacting a non-ionic amphiphilic solvent with the crude oil, optionally, in the presence of water, so as to produce a metal ion-containing phase, and separating the metal ion-containing phase from the crude oil.

Abstract: A method for the removal of carbonyl sulfide from liquefied petroleum is disclosed. Removal of carbonyl sulfide is accomplished by contacting a liquid petroleum gas stream containing a carbonyl sulfide as an impurity with a calixarene complexing agent as the principal agent for the removal of the carbonyl sulfide.

Abstract: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other contaminants are removed from petroleum distillates by mixing a solvent with petroleum distillate to extract the contaminants therefrom. The solvent is recovered and distilled to separate the contaminants therefrom, and is then reused. The petroleum distillate having the contaminants separated therefrom is also distilled to remove any remaining solvent therefrom, with the recovered solvent being reused.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for enhancing demetallation of metals containing hydrocarbonaceous feedstocks by contacting a metals containing hydrocarbonaceous feedstock at a sufficient temperature and pressure with an additive containing a polyoxyalkylene moiety said additive having preferential insolubility in alkane deasphalting solvent to produce an additive treated feedstock; and then contacting the resulting product with an effective deasphalting solvent to produce a deasphalted oil having a decreased metals content and an insoluble metals containing phase.

Abstract: The instant invention is directed a process for extracting organic acids from a starting crude oil comprising the steps of: (a) treating the starting crude oil containing naphthenic acids with an amount of an alkoxylated amine and water under conditions and for a time and at a temperature sufficient to form a water-in-oil emulsion of amine salt wherein said alkoxylated amine is selected from the group consisting of alkoxylated amines having the following formulae (A) and (B): ##STR1## where m+n=5 to 50 and R=linear or branched alkyl group of C.sub.8 to C.sub.20.(B) H-(OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2).sub.y -(CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.3 O).sub.p -{NHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 NH}.sub.x -(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.z -(CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.3 O).sub.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for reducing the acidity of a petroleum oil containing organic acids comprising treating said petroleum oil containing organic acids with an effective amount of an alcohol at a temperature and under conditions sufficient to form the corresponding ester of said alcohol and wherein said treatment is conducted in the presence of a metal carboxylate.

Abstract: An alcohol, specifically ethanol, methanol and isopropanol, is used to remove acid from a refrigeration system, a heat pump or an air conditioner. The alcohol vaporizes acid, primarily inorganic acid, in the system and, in the filter/dryer, reacts with surfaces or is adsorbed. The alcohol, the quantity of which is determined from the capacity of the filter/dryer, is introduced into the compressor oil sump for thorough mixing with the oil during compressor lubrication.

Abstract: The invention is a composition for use in deactivating iron species in hydrocarbon fluids, comprising the products resulting from the reaction of (I), with (II) and (III) is disclosed; wherein (I) is a substituted catechol of the structure ##STR1## where R is chosen from alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, or arylalkyl from about 1 to 20 carbon atoms; wherein (II) is a mixture of polyamines having the repeat structure ##STR2## wherein m ranges from 1 to 10 and where X is an alkyl, branched alkyl, cyclic or branched cyclic alkyl of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and where Y is a substituted alkylphenol of structure ##STR3## where R" is chosen from alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl of from about 1 to 22 carbon atoms; wherein (III) is an aldehyde of structure ##STR4## where R' is chosen from hydrogen, and an alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Also disclosed is the function of the said same composition, resulting from the reaction of (I) with (II) and (III), as an antioxidant in hydrocarbon fluids.

Abstract: Dialkylphenylenediamines are used to inhibit oxidation and polymerization of furfural or furfural derivatives. The preferred use of the inhibitor is in the solvent refining of lubricating oils using furfural to extract constituents from the lubricating oils. Prior to and/or during the treatment the acidity of the furfural is adjusted to a level below 0.20 mg KOH/gram furfural.